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Bruelheide H, Nadrowski K, Assmann T, Bauhus J, Both S, Buscot F, Chen X, Ding B, Durka W, Erfmeier A, Gutknecht JLM, Guo D, Guo L, Härdtle W, He J, Klein A, Kühn P, Liang Y, Liu X, Michalski S, Niklaus PA, Pei K, Scherer‐Lorenzen M, Scholten T, Schuldt A, Seidler G, Trogisch S, Oheimb G, Welk E, Wirth C, Wubet T, Yang X, Yu M, Zhang S, Zhou H, Fischer M, Ma K, Schmid B. Designing forest biodiversity experiments: general considerations illustrated by a new large experiment in subtropical
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hina. Methods Ecol Evol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hargrave CW, Hambright KD, Weider LJ. Variation in resource consumption across a gradient of increasing intra- and interspecific richness. Ecology 2011; 92:1226-35. [DOI: 10.1890/09-1948.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Carey MP, Wahl DH. Determining the mechanism by which fish diversity influences production. Oecologia 2011; 167:189-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-1967-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Carey MP, Wahl DH. Fish diversity as a determinant of ecosystem properties across multiple trophic levels. OIKOS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Campbell V, Murphy G, Romanuk TN. Experimental design and the outcome and interpretation of diversity-stability relations. OIKOS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18768.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ball BA, Bradford MA, Hunter MD. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Release from Mixed Litter Layers is Lower than Predicted from Single Species Decay. Ecosystems 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-008-9208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Brett Mattingly W, Hewlate R, Reynolds HL. Species evenness and invasion resistance of experimental grassland communities. OIKOS 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2007.15406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lanta V, Lepš J. Effect of functional group richness and species richness in manipulated productivity–diversity studies: a glasshouse pot experiment. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2005.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Srivastava DS, Vellend M. Biodiversity-Ecosystem Function Research: Is It Relevant to Conservation? ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2005. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diane S. Srivastava
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4;
| | - Mark Vellend
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, Santa Barbara, California 93101-3351
- Current address: Departments of Botany and Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4;
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Rudgers JA, Mattingly WB, Koslow JM. Mutualistic fungus promotes plant invasion into diverse communities. Oecologia 2005; 144:463-71. [PMID: 15942761 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-005-0039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2004] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Reducing the biological diversity of a community may decrease its resistance to invasion by exotic species. Manipulative experiments typically support this hypothesis but have focused mainly on one trophic level (i.e., primary producers). To date, we know little about how positive interactions among species may influence the relationship between diversity and invasibility, which suggests a need for research that addresses the question: under what conditions does diversity affect resistance to invasion? We used experimental manipulations of both plant diversity and the presence of an endophytic fungus to test whether a fungal mutualist of an invasive grass species (Lolium arundinaceum) switches the relationship between plant community diversity and resistance to invasion. Association with the fungal endophyte (Neotyphodium coenophialum) increased the ability of L. arundinaceum to invade communities with greater species diversity. In the absence of the endophyte, the initial diversity of the community significantly reduced the establishment of L. arundinaceum. However, establishment was independent of initial diversity in the presence of the endophyte. Fungal symbionts, like other key species, are often overlooked in studies of plant diversity, yet their presence may explain variation among studies in the effect of diversity on resistance to invasion.
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BENEDETTI-CECCHI L. Increasing accuracy of causal inference in experimental analyses of biodiversity. Funct Ecol 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0269-8463.2004.00908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wardle DA, Yeates GW, Williamson WM, Bonner KI, Barker GM. Linking aboveground and belowground communities: the indirect influence of aphid species identity and diversity on a three trophic level soil food web. OIKOS 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.13523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Riihimäki J, Kaitaniemi P, Koricheva J, Vehviläinen H. Testing the enemies hypothesis in forest stands: the important role of tree species composition. Oecologia 2004; 142:90-7. [PMID: 15322903 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-004-1696-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2004] [Accepted: 07/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies conducted in agro-ecosystems support the enemies hypothesis, which states that predators and parasites are more efficient in controlling pest densities in polycultures than in monocultures. Few similar studies, however, have been conducted in forest ecosystems, and we do not yet have evidence as to whether the enemies hypothesis holds true in forests. In a 2-year study, we investigated whether the survival of autumnal moth ( Epirrita autumnata) larvae and pupae differs between silver birch monocultures and two-species mixtures of birch with black alder, Norway spruce and Scots pine. We placed young larvae on birch saplings and monitored their survival until the end of the larval period, when we checked whether they had been parasitized. After the larvae had pupated, pupal survival was tested in a field trial. In 2002, the larvae disappeared earlier and their overall survival was lower in birch-pine mixtures than in other stand types. In 2003, survival probability was lowest in birch-pine stands only during the first week and there were no differences between stands in overall survival. Larval parasitism was not affected by tree species composition. Pupal weight and pupal survival were likewise not affected by stand type. Among the predators, wood ants were more abundant on birches growing in birch-pine mixtures than in other stand types probably because colonies of myrmecophilic aphids were common on pines. In contrast, spider numbers did not differ between stand types. Ant exclusion by means of a glue ring around the birch trunk increased larval survival, indicating that ants are important predators of the autumnal moth larvae; differences in larval survival between stands are probably due to differential ant predation. Our results provide only partial support for the enemies hypothesis, and suggest that it is both tree species composition and species diversity which affect herbivore survival and predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Riihimäki
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
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Roscher C, Schumacher J, Baade J, Wilcke W, Gleixner G, Weisser WW, Schmid B, Schulze ED. The role of biodiversity for element cycling and trophic interactions: an experimental approach in a grassland community. Basic Appl Ecol 2004. [DOI: 10.1078/1439-1791-00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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COVICH ALANP, AUSTEN MELANIEC, BÄRLOCHER FELIX, CHAUVET ERIC, CARDINALE BRADLEYJ, BILES CATHERINEL, INCHAUSTI PABLO, DANGLES OLIVIER, SOLAN MARTIN, GESSNER MARKO, STATZNER BERNHARD, MOSS BRIAN. The Role of Biodiversity in the Functioning of Freshwater and Marine Benthic Ecosystems. Bioscience 2004. [DOI: 10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0767:trobit]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Rudgers JA, Koslow JM, Clay K. Endophytic fungi alter relationships between diversity and ecosystem properties. Ecol Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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