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Lin DJ, Fang Y, Li LY, Zhang LZ, Gao SJ, Wang R, Wang JD. The insecticidal effect of the botanical insecticide chlorogenic acid on Mythimna separata (Walker) is related to changes in MsCYP450 gene expression. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1015095. [PMID: 36311076 PMCID: PMC9597446 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1015095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The oriental armyworm Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) can feed on the leaves of many crops, resulting in vast areas of damage and severe losses. Therefore, this insect has become a significant agricultural pest in north Asia. In this study, we fed 3rd instar larvae with artificial diets containing different concentrations of chlorogenic acid and found a significant lethal effect and the mortality increased with increasing chlorogenic acid concentration. Next, we measured the sublethal effect of chlorogenic acid at LC20 on the growth and development of M. separata larvae. The durations of the 4th and 5th instar were longer than those of the control group (prolonged by 0.8 and 0.6 days, respectively), and the 6th instar was shorter (by 1.1 days). The total survival rate, pupation rate, eclosion rate, sex ratio, and oviposition amount in the LC20 chlorogenic acid-treated group were significantly lower than those in the control group. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis of 3rd instar larvae fed various concentrations of chlorogenic acid revealed that several MsCYP450 genes were significantly up-regulated, and this finding was further validated by qRT-PCR. In addition, various concentrations of chlorogenic acid and different treatment times significantly affected the enzyme activity of CYP450 in 3rd instar larvae. Importantly, dietary ingestion of dsMsCYP450 significantly reduced the mRNA level of MsCYP450 genes and increased mortality in the presence of chlorogenic acid. Our results revealed that MsCYP6B6, MsCYP321A7, and MsCYP6B7-like play an essential role in the detoxification of chlorogenic acid by M. separata. This study provides evidence of control effect by botanical insecticide chlorogenic acid on M. separata, and potential detoxification mechanism mediated by P450 of botanical insecticide in arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-jiang Lin
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yong Fang
- Hunan Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agriculture Science, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-yun Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li-zhao Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - San-ji Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-da Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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2
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Pereira RC, Nocchi N, Konno TUP, Soares AR. Diverse traits of aquatic plants cannot individually explain their consumption by the generalist gastropod Biomphalairia glabrata. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12031. [PMID: 34616600 PMCID: PMC8459730 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several experimental studies on aquatic plants have reported the prevalence of chemical defense mechanism against herbivory, as opposed to structural, life-forms or other traits. Here, our laboratory feeding experiments and integrative analysis explored the relationship among palatability (fresh or reconstituted plants used as artificial diet) and various chemical/nutritional traits (i.e., contents of dry mass, ash, nitrogen, protein, and phenols) of diverse aquatic plants and their susceptibility to consumption by the generalist gastropod Biomphalaria glabrata. Biomphalaria glabrata consumed all of the assayed aquatic plants in a hierarchical yet generalized way, with the consumption of fresh plants, their reconstituted forms and defensive properties of lipophilic extracts not being significantly correlated with plant physical or chemical traits to determine the feeding preference of the gastropod. Our results do not reveal a prevalence for a specific plant attribute contributing to herbivory. Instead, they indicate that the susceptibility of aquatic plants to generalist consumers is probably related to a combination of their chemical and physical properties, resulting in moderate grazing rates by generalist consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Crespo Pereira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nathália Nocchi
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Grupo de Produtos Naturais de Organismos Aquáticos, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana U P Konno
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM)/Grupo de Produtos Naturais de Organismos Aquáticos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Angelica R Soares
- Grupo de Produtos Naturais de Organismos Aquáticos, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM)/Grupo de Produtos Naturais de Organismos Aquáticos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ecology and Environmental Impact of Myriophyllum heterophyllum, an Aggressive Invader in European Waterways. DIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/d12040127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The submerged evergreen aquatic plant Myriophyllum heterophyllum is among the worst invasive species in Europe, causing severe problems especially in navigation channels but also lentic systems. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview and update on the current distribution and risks associated with this species in Europe and elsewhere. We provide an evaluation of current identification keys since misidentification can underestimate the extent of its spread. In addition, hybridization with other milfoil species has been reported in North America but seems unlikely in Europe. We further describe in detail the ecology, specifically resource requirements and biotic interactions with other plants, herbivores and pathogens as well as the spread potential of the species. Good knowledge of the autecology and synecology of this species should allow some conclusions about environmental factors possibly related to its invasive growth and is mandatory for the preparation of species-specific management measures. Finally, we outline the status of regulations coming into effect in member states of the European Union (EU) and provide an overview of applied and potential management practices.
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4
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Combined allelopathic effects of Spirogyra (Zygnematales: Zygnemataceae) and Ceratophyllum demersum (Ceratophyllales: Ceratophyllaceae) on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa (Chroocolales: Microcystaceae). Biologia (Bratisl) 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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5
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Thouvenot L, Gauzens B, Haury J, Thiébaut G. Response of Macrophyte Traits to Herbivory and Neighboring Species: Integration of the Functional Trait Framework in the Context of Ecological Invasions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1981. [PMID: 30687373 PMCID: PMC6335397 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With the increase in the number of introduced species each year, biological invasions are considered as one of the most important environmental problems for native biodiversity. In invaded habitats, the establishment of exotic plant species depends on the abiotic and biotic environment. Herbivores and neighboring plants (native or exotic) comprise an important part of the latter. Herbivores cause trophic and non-trophic damage to focal plants, which respond to herbivory by varying their different traits quantitatively (e.g., growth rate and biomass changes) and qualitatively (e.g., variation in morphological and chemical defenses strategies affecting plant palatability). Neighboring plant species also affect functional traits and the fitness of focal plant species, thus herbivore effects on a focal plant could also depend indirectly on the palatability and defensive traits of the neighboring species inside the community. Here, in a first step toward the integration of associational susceptibility/resistance theories in the field of ecological invasion, we performed a microcosm experiment to consider the effects of an exotic crayfish on the growth rate, morphological traits and damage level of three macrophytes (two exotic, one native) growing in pairwise combinations. We found that (i) the response to herbivore presence and to neighboring species identity seemed to be species specific, and (ii) crayfish enhance the fragmentation rate of the two exotic macrophytes Ludwigia grandiflora and Egeria densa in the presence of the native macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum, which could indirectly facilitate their invasion success. Indeed, fragmentation can increase dispersal abilities of the exotic macrophytes considered in this study as they are able to generate new plants from their fragments. However, our results showed that the interaction herbivore-neighbor species was hardly significant. Our paper presents some first results on associational resistance/susceptibility and lays the foundation for developing a general framework that combines plant community ecology and biological invasion ecology to explain invasive species success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Thouvenot
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Benoit Gauzens
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jacques Haury
- National Institute of Agricultural Research, UMR ESE, Rennes, France
- Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France
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Marko MD, White JC. Direct Comparison of Herbicidal or Biological Treatment on Myriophyllum spicatum Control and Biochemistry. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1814. [PMID: 30619395 PMCID: PMC6295576 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Myriophyllum spicatum or Eurasian watermilfoil (hereafter, milfoil) is among the most problematic invasive aquatic plant species throughout much of North America. M. spicatum infestations can result in reduced diversity and abundance of native plant populations. Control of the invader is essential to promoting healthy ecosystems. Several treatment alternatives are available for milfoil control, although cost and efficacy vary significantly, with some treatments resulting in more harm to the native population than no treatment at all. A series of field-based microcosms containing actively growing milfoil were constructed in order to directly compare the impact of two herbicides (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and fluridone) and the milfoil weevil (Euhrychiopsis lecontei) on weed control and plant biochemistry. Herbicide concentrations in water, plants, and sediments were monitored, as were weevil population dynamics and resulting invertebrate damage to milfoil stems. The impact of the different treatments on levels of polyphenols, carbohydrates, ash, and overall carbon and nitrogen levels in the milfoil were determined. Total biomass of the untreated milfoil increased by more than 2.7-fold during the 53-day experimental period. Conversely, the biomass of milfoil subjected to chemical or biological treatment either remained constant or decreased significantly during the experiment. The herbicide 2,4-D resulted in nearly 100% milfoil mortality by day 20, whereas fluridone toxicity was significantly slower but reached 75% by the end of the trial. Similarly, milfoil growth in the weevil-amended tanks was somewhat erratic but by the end of the trial, the total plant biomass was 71% less than that of un-amended controls. Although the total biomass remaining at the end of the fluridone and weevil treatments was similar, the carbohydrate and starch content of the shoots in the insect treatment were nearly 4.6- and 4.8-fold greater, respectively, than that of the herbicide treated plants. The higher starch content in insect-treated plants could lead to increased autofragmentation and spread of M. spicatum. However, herbicide treatments are frequently required for several years. Therefore, integrated pest management, which combines the long-term benefits of biological controls with the short-term benefits of herbicides may provide the best solution to the control of M. spicatum and the conservation of native plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D. Marko
- Department of Biology, Concordia College, Moorhead, MN, United States
| | - Jason C. White
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, United States
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Stephan JG, Pourazari F, Tattersdill K, Kobayashi T, Nishizawa K, De Long JR. Long-term deer exclosure alters soil properties, plant traits, understory plant community and insect herbivory, but not the functional relationships among them. Oecologia 2017; 184:685-699. [PMID: 28669001 PMCID: PMC5511341 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3895-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Evidence of the indirect effects of increasing global deer populations on other trophic levels is increasing. However, it remains unknown if excluding deer alters ecosystem functional relationships. We investigated how sika deer exclosure after 18 years changed soil conditions, the understory plant community, the traits of a dominant understory plant (Sasa palmata), herbivory by three insect-feeding guilds, and the functional relationships between these properties. Deer absence decreased understory plant diversity, but increased soil organic matter and ammonium concentrations. When deer were absent, S. palmata plants grew taller, with more, larger, and tougher leaves with higher polyphenol concentrations. Deer absence led to higher leaf area consumed by all insect guilds, but lower insect herbivory per plant due to increased resource abundance (i.e., a dilution effect). This indicates that deer presence strengthened insect herbivory per plant, while in deer absence plants compensated losses with growth. Because plant defenses increased in the absence of deer, higher insect abundances in deer absence may have outweighed lower consumption rates. A path model revealed that the functional relationships between the measured properties were similar between deer absence versus presence. Taken together, deer altered the abiotic and biotic environment, thereby changing insect herbivory, which might impact upon nutrient cycling and primary productivity. These results provide evidence that deer can alter interactions between trophic levels, but that functional relationships between certain ecosystem components may remain constant. These findings highlight the need to consider how increasing global deer populations can have cascade effects that might alter ecosystem dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg G Stephan
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fereshteh Pourazari
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristina Tattersdill
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Takuya Kobayashi
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Keita Nishizawa
- Department of Environment and Natural Sciences, Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Jonathan R De Long
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, England, UK. .,Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
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8
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Grutters BMC, Saccomanno B, Gross EM, Van de Waal DB, van Donk E, Bakker ES. Growth strategy, phylogeny and stoichiometry determine the allelopathic potential of native and non-native plants. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bart M. C. Grutters
- Dept of Aquatic Ecology; Netherlands Inst. of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10; NL-6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Benedetta Saccomanno
- Dept of Aquatic Ecology; Netherlands Inst. of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10; NL-6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth M. Gross
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), Univ. de Lorraine; Metz France
| | - Dedmer B. Van de Waal
- Dept of Aquatic Ecology; Netherlands Inst. of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10; NL-6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Ellen van Donk
- Dept of Aquatic Ecology; Netherlands Inst. of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10; NL-6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
- Dept of Ecology and Biodiversity; Utrecht Univ.; Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth S. Bakker
- Dept of Aquatic Ecology; Netherlands Inst. of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10; NL-6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
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Nuttens A, Gross EM. Sucrose modifies growth and physiology in axenically grown Myriophyllum spicatum with potential effects on the response to pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:969-975. [PMID: 27597637 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose as a carbon source in axenic tests affects plant growth and physiology. The high sucrose concentration in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guideline 238 for the submerged growing aquatic plant Myriophyllum spicatum might modify pollutant effects, thus impairing environmental risk assessment. In a factorial design experiment with axenic M. spicatum exposed to 3 sucrose concentrations (no, low, and high) with or without cadmium, growth, dry matter content, content in pigments or phenolic compounds, and elemental stoichiometry of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) were measured. The results show that sucrose is crucial for growth but can be used at lower concentrations than currently considered. Sucrose-treated plants had higher dry matter content and C content but lower contents of chlorophyll and N. Cadmium affected the content in chlorophyll, phenolic compounds, and elemental stoichiometry. Interactive effects were observed on length growth, C and N content, and the C:N and N:P molar ratios. Remarkably, cadmium led to increased shoot length at low, but not at high, sucrose concentration. This contrasting effect might result from differences in osmotic potential caused by sucrose. Overall, the results suggest a strong effect of sucrose concentration on the growth and physiology of M. spicatum and modifications of the response to cadmium. Further studies should establish the lowest sucrose level needed to account for realistic environmental risk assessment based on the axenic OECD 238. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:969-975. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréïna Nuttens
- LIEC UMR 7360 CNRS, Université de Lorraine, Metz, Lorraine, France
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Nuttens A, Chatellier S, Devin S, Guignard C, Lenouvel A, Gross E. Does nitrate co-pollution affect biological responses of an aquatic plant to two common herbicides? AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY 2016; 177:355-64. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
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Martínez-Crego B, Arteaga P, Ueber A, Engelen AH, Santos R, Molis M. Specificity in Mesograzer-Induced Defences in Seagrasses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141219. [PMID: 26506103 PMCID: PMC4624237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Grazing-induced plant defences that reduce palatability to herbivores are widespread in terrestrial plants and seaweeds, but they have not yet been reported in seagrasses. We investigated the ability of two seagrass species to induce defences in response to direct grazing by three associated mesograzers. Specifically, we conducted feeding-assayed induction experiments to examine how mesograzer-specific grazing impact affects seagrass induction of defences within the context of the optimal defence theory. We found that the amphipod Gammarus insensibilis and the isopod Idotea chelipes exerted a low-intensity grazing on older blades of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa, which reflects a weak grazing impact that may explain the lack of inducible defences. The isopod Synischia hectica exerted the strongest grazing impact on C. nodosa via high-intensity feeding on young blades with a higher fitness value. This isopod grazing induced defences in C. nodosa as indicated by a consistently lower consumption of blades previously grazed for 5, 12 and 16 days. The lower consumption was maintained when offered tissues with no plant structure (agar-reconstituted food), but showing a reduced size of the previous grazing effect. This indicates that structural traits act in combination with chemical traits to reduce seagrass palatability to the isopod. Increase in total phenolics but not in C:N ratio and total nitrogen of grazed C. nodosa suggests chemical defences rather than a modified nutritional quality as primarily induced chemical traits. We detected no induction of defences in Zostera noltei, which showed the ability to replace moderate losses of young biomass to mesograzers via compensatory growth. Our study provides the first experimental evidence of induction of defences against meso-herbivory that reduce further consumption in seagrasses. It also emphasizes the relevance of grazer identity in determining the level of grazing impact triggering resistance and compensatory responses of different seagrass species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rui Santos
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Faro, Portugal
| | - Markus Molis
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Section Functional Ecology, Bremerhaven, Germany
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Rothhaupt KO, Fornoff F, Yohannes E. Induced responses to grazing by an insect herbivore (Acentria ephemerella) in an immature macrophyte (Myriophyllum spicatum): an isotopic study. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:3657-65. [PMID: 26380694 PMCID: PMC4567869 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While the mechanisms by which adult terrestrial plants deploy constitutive and induced responses to grazing pressure are well known, the means by which young aquatic plants defend themselves from herbivory are little studied. This study addresses nitrogen transport in the aquatic angiosperm Myriophyllum spicatum in response to herbivore exposure. Nitrogen tracers were used to monitor nitrogen uptake and reallocation in young plants in response to grazing by the generalist insect herbivore Acentria ephemerella. Total nitrogen content (N%) and patterns of nitrogen uptake and allocation (δ15N) were assessed in various plant tissues after 24 and 48 h. Following 24 h exposure to herbivore damage (Experiment 1), nitrogen content of plant apices was significantly elevated. This rapid early reaction may be an adaptation allowing the grazer to be sated as fast as possible, or indicate the accumulation of nitrogenous defense chemicals. After 48 h (Experiment 2), plants' tips showed depletion in nitrogen levels of ca. 60‰ in stem sections vulnerable to grazing. In addition, nitrogen uptake by grazed and grazing-prone upper plant parts was reduced and nutrient allocation into the relatively secure lower parts increased. The results point to three conclusions: (1) exposure to an insect herbivore induces a similar response in immature M. spicatum as previously observed in mature terrestrial species, namely a rapid (within 48 h) reduction in the nutritional value (N%) of vulnerable tissues, (2) high grazing intensity (100% of growing tips affected) did not limit the ability of young plants to induce resistance; and (3) young plants exposed to herbivory exhibit different patterns of nutrient allocation in vulnerable and secure tissues. These results provide evidence of induced defense and resource reallocation in immature aquatic macrophytes which is in line with the responses shown for mature aquatic macrophytes and terrestrial plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Otto Rothhaupt
- Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz Mainaustrasse 252, D-78464, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Felix Fornoff
- Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz Mainaustrasse 252, D-78464, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Yohannes
- Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz Mainaustrasse 252, D-78464, Konstanz, Germany
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Sánchez-Vioque R, Izquierdo-Melero ME, Polissiou M, Astraka K, Tarantilis PA, Herraiz-Peñalver D, Martín-Bejerano M, Santana-Méridas O. Comparative chemistry and biological properties of the solid residues from hydrodistillation of Spanish populations of Rosmarinus officinalis L. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2015. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.1060142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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