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Khasanov R, Svoboda D, Tapia-Laliena MÁ, Kohl M, Maas-Omlor S, Hagl CI, Wessel LM, Schäfer KH. Muscle hypertrophy and neuroplasticity in the small bowel in short bowel syndrome. Histochem Cell Biol 2023; 160:391-405. [PMID: 37395792 PMCID: PMC10624713 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02214-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a severe, life-threatening condition and one of the leading causes of intestinal failure in children. Here we were interested in changes in muscle layers and especially in the myenteric plexus of the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the small bowel in the context of intestinal adaptation. Twelve rats underwent a massive resection of the small intestine to induce SBS. Sham laparotomy without small bowel transection was performed in 10 rats. Two weeks after surgery, the remaining jejunum and ileum were harvested and studied. Samples of human small bowel were obtained from patients who underwent resection of small bowel segments due to a medical indication. Morphological changes in the muscle layers and the expression of nestin, a marker for neuronal plasticity, were studied. Following SBS, muscle tissue increases significantly in both parts of the small bowel, i.e., jejunum and ileum. The leading pathophysiological mechanism of these changes is hypertrophy. Additionally, we observed an increased nestin expression in the myenteric plexus in the remaining bowel with SBS. Our human data also showed that in patients with SBS, the proportion of stem cells in the myenteric plexus had risen by more than twofold. Our findings suggest that the ENS is tightly connected to changes in intestinal muscle layers and is critically involved in the process of intestinal adaptation to SBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasul Khasanov
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Daniel Svoboda
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - María Ángeles Tapia-Laliena
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martina Kohl
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Silke Maas-Omlor
- Enteric Nervous System Group, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Amerikastrasse 1, 66482, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Cornelia Irene Hagl
- Carl Remigius Medical School, Charles de Gaulle Str. 2, 81737, Munich, Germany
| | - Lucas M Wessel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Karl-Herbert Schäfer
- Enteric Nervous System Group, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Amerikastrasse 1, 66482, Zweibrücken, Germany
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2
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Bagias G, Misiakos EP, Charalampopoulos A, Zavras N, Sakellariou S, Schizas D, Sukhotnik I, Giamarelos E, Pikoulis E. The effect of hepatocyte growth factor on intestinal adaption in an experimental model of short bowel syndrome. Pediatr Surg Int 2023; 39:80. [PMID: 36631569 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-022-05341-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nowadays, the standard therapy for patients with short bowel syndrome is parenteral nutrition (PN). Various growth factors have been tested to achieve weaning from prolonged PN administration. We evaluated the effect of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on structural intestinal adaptation and cell proliferation in a rat model of SBS. METHODS Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups; group A rats (sham) underwent bowel transection, group B rats underwent a 75% bowel resection, and group C rats underwent the same procedure but were treated postoperatively with HGF. Histopathologic parameters of intestinal adaptation were determined, while microarray and rt-PCR analyses of ileal RNA were also performed. RESULTS Treatment with HGF resulted in significant increase in body weight, while the jejunal and ileal villus height and crypt depth were increased in HGF rats (36%, p < 0.05 and 27%, p < 0.05 respectively). Enterocyte proliferation was also significantly increased in HGF rats (21% p < 0.05). Microarray and quantitative rt-PCR analyses showed that the genes hgfac, rac 1, cdc42, and akt 1 were more than twofold up-regulated after HGF treatment. CONCLUSION HGF emerges as a growth factor that enhances intestinal adaptation. The future use of HGF may potentially reduce the requirement for PN in SBS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Bagias
- 3rd Department of Surgery, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | | | | | - Nick Zavras
- 3rd Department of Surgery, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Igor Sukhotnik
- Department of Pediatric Surgery B, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Evangelos Giamarelos
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
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3
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Zhou Z, Li K, Shi L, Wang Y, He Y, Hu W, Guo J. Self-Assembled Integrative Nutrient Carrier Platform Containing Green Tea Catechin for Short Bowel Syndrome Treatment. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2201933. [PMID: 36337003 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Extensive resection of the small intestine leads to the development of short bowel syndrome (SBS), which reduces the effective absorptive surface area of the intestine and predisposes patients to emaciation, malnutrition, and other severe symptoms. Herein, green tea catechin (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and ferrous ions (Fe2+ ) are utilized to construct a nutrient carrier platform that self-assembles with nutrients to form phenolic-based nutrient complexes (PNCs). PNCs effectively prolong the residence and absorption time of nutrients in the intestine. Further this platform is applied to integrate full nutrient formula, an enteral nutrition (EN) preparation containing a range of full nutrient components. In an SBS rat model, the prepared phenolic-based integrative nutrient complexes (PINCs) enhance nutritional status, improve anemia and immune function, as well as facilitate the growth of remaining intestinal villi and crypts, and maintain the integrity of the intestinal barrier. In addition, PINCs enable the modulation of gut microbial dysbiosis, enrich the abundance of beneficial bacteria, and have no toxic effects after the long-term ingestion. These results provide a proof of principle for the use of polyphenol-based nanocomplexes as EN preparation, offering a feasible strategy for both nutritional support and therapeutic perspectives for SBS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengming Zhou
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yunxiang He
- BMI Center for Biomass Materials and Nanointerfaces, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Wen Hu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.,Department of Clinical Nutrition, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Junling Guo
- BMI Center for Biomass Materials and Nanointerfaces, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China.,Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
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4
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Tecos ME, Steinberger AE, Guo J, Warner BW. Distal Small Bowel Resection Yields Enhanced Intestinal and Colonic Adaptation. J Surg Res 2022; 273:100-109. [PMID: 35033819 PMCID: PMC10364185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Murine ileocecal resection (ICR) has been used to investigate intestinal adaptation. The established model often includes the sacrifice of significant length of the proximal colon. Here, we optimized a highly selective vascular approach to the ICR, with primary jejunal-colic anastomosis yielding maximal colonic preservation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty C57BL/6 mice underwent a highly vascularly selective ICR. The terminal branches of the ileocecal artery are isolated apart from the mesenteric branches supplying the small bowel to be resected. The distal 50% of small bowel and cecum are resected; a primary jejuno-colonic anastomosis is performed. Animals were sacrificed at postoperative weeks 2 (n = 10) and 10 (n = 29). Proximal 50% small bowel resection (SBR) with jejuno-ileal anastomosis was also performed for comparison. RESULTS The entire colon (with exception of the cecum) was preserved in 100% of animals. Ninety-seven percent of animals survived to postoperative week 10, and all exhibited structural adaptation in the remnant small intestine epithelium. Crypts deepened by 175%, and villi lengthened by 106%, versus 39% and 29% in the proximal SBR cohort, respectively. Colonic proliferation, structural adaptation, and functional adaptation (measured by p-histone 3, luminal-facing apical crypt border size, and sucrase isomaltase, respectively) were increased in ICR compared with proximal SBR. CONCLUSIONS Highly selective isolation of the cecal vasculature allows for greater colon preservation and yields enhanced remnant intestine epithelial adaptation. ICR is also associated with greater colonic adaptation and unique plasticity toward an intestinal phenotype. These findings underscore major differences between resection sites and offer insights into the critical adaptive mechanisms in response to massive intestinal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Tecos
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington, University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Allie E Steinberger
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington, University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Barnes Jewish Hospital, Washington, University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jun Guo
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington, University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Brad W Warner
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington, University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
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5
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Wang F, Liu J, Hu X, Zhong Y, Wen F, Tang X, Yang S, Zhong S, Zhou Z, Yuan X, Li Y. The influence on oxidative stress markers, inflammatory factors and intestinal injury-related molecules in Wahui pigeon induced by lipopolysaccharide. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251462. [PMID: 33979394 PMCID: PMC8115843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The intestinal structure is the foundation for various activities and functions in poultry. An important question concerns the changes in the intestinal status under endotoxin stimulation. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of intestinal injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Wahui pigeons. Methods Thirty-six 28-day-old healthy Wahui pigeons were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group was injected with LPS (100 μg/kg) once per day for five days, and the control group was treated with the same amount of sterile saline. Blood and the ileum were collected from pigeons on the first, third, and fifth days of the experiment and used for oxidative stress assessment, inflammatory factor detection, histopathological examination, and positive cell localization. In addition, intestinal injury indices and mRNA expression levels (tight junction proteins, inflammatory cytokines, and factors related to autophagy and apoptosis) were evaluated. Results Villi in the ileum were shorter in the LPS group than in the control group, and D-lactic acid levels in the serum were significantly increased. Glutathione and catalase levels significantly decreased, but the malondialdehyde content in the serum increased. TNF-α and IL-10 were detected at higher levels in the serum, with stronger positive signals and higher mRNA expression levels, in the LPS group than in the control group. In addition, the levels of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, and HMGB1 in the inflammatory signaling pathway were also upregulated. Finally, the mRNA expression of Claudin3, Occludin, and ZO-1 was significantly decreased; however, that of Beclin1 and Atg5 was increased in the LPS group. Conclusion Ileal pathological changes and oxidative stress were caused by LPS challenge; it is proposed that this triggering regulates the inflammatory response, causing excessive autophagy and apoptosis, promoting intestinal permeability, and leading to intestinal injury in Wahui pigeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaofen Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Youbao Zhong
- Technology Center of Experimental Animals, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Feng Wen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoen Tang
- Fuzhou Husbandry Breeding Farm, Linchuan, 344000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shengwei Zhong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zuohong Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xu Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
- * E-mail:
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6
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Sanaksenaho G, Mutanen A, Godbole N, Hukkinen M, Merras-Salmio L, Kivisaari R, Kyrönlahti A, Pihlajoki M, Lohi J, Heikinheimo M, Pakarinen MP. Compromised duodenal mucosal integrity in children with short bowel syndrome after adaptation to enteral autonomy. J Pediatr Surg 2021; 56:966-974. [PMID: 33131778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal adaptation has been extensively studied experimentally, but very limited data is available on human subjects. In this study we assessed intestinal adaption in humans with short bowel syndrome (SBS). METHODS We comparatively evaluated mucosal hyperplasia, inflammation, barrier function and nutrient transport using histology, immunohistochemistry and qPCR for selected 52 key genes in duodenal biopsies obtained from children with SBS after weaning off parenteral nutrition (n = 33), and matched controls without intestinal pathology (n = 12). Small bowel dilatation was assessed from contrast small bowel series. RESULTS Duodenal mucosa of SBS children showed increased histologic inflammation of lamina propria (p = 0.033) and mucosal mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor (p = 0.027), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2 (p = 0.006) and caveolin-1 (CAV1; p = 0.001). Villus height, crypt depth, enterocyte proliferation, apoptosis and expression of proliferation and nutrient transport genes remained unchanged. Pathologic small bowel dilatation reduced crypt depth (p = 0.045) and downregulated mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-6 by three-fold (p = 0.008), while correlating negatively with IL6 (r = -0.609, p = 0.004). Loss of ileocecal valve (ICV) upregulated mRNA expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), TGF-β1, CAV1, several apoptosis regulating genes, and mRNA expression of zonulin (p < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS Despite successful adaptation to enteral autonomy, duodenal mucosa of SBS children displayed histologic and molecular signs of abnormal inflammation and regulation of epithelial permeability, whereas no structural or molecular signs of adaptive hyperplasia or enhanced nutrient transport were observed. Excessive dilatation of the remaining small bowel paralleled impaired duodenal crypt homeostasis, while absence of ICV modified regulation of mucosal inflammation, regeneration and permeability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Sanaksenaho
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Liver and Gut Research Group, Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annika Mutanen
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Liver and Gut Research Group, Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nimish Godbole
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Hukkinen
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Liver and Gut Research Group, Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Merras-Salmio
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Pediatric Liver and Gut Research Group, Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reetta Kivisaari
- HUS Medical Imaging Center, Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Kyrönlahti
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjut Pihlajoki
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouko Lohi
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Heikinheimo
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko P Pakarinen
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Liver and Gut Research Group, Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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TRAF6 Contributes to CFA-Induced Spinal Microglial Activation and Chronic Inflammatory Pain in Mice. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1543-1555. [PMID: 33694132 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) has been reported to be expressed in spinal astrocytes and is involved in neuropathic pain. In this study, we investigated the role and mechanism of TRAF6 in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-evoked chronic inflammatory hypersensitivity and the effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on TRAF6 expression and inflammatory pain. We found that TRAF6 was dominantly increased in microglia at the spinal level after intraplantar injection of CFA. Intrathecal TRAF6 siRNA alleviated CFA-triggered allodynia and reversed the upregulation of IBA-1 (microglia marker). In addition, intrathecal administration of DHA inhibited CFA-induced upregulation of TRAF6 and IBA-1 in the spinal cord and attenuated CFA-evoked mechanical allodynia. Furthermore, DHA prevented lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-caused increase of TRAF6 and IBA-1 in both BV2 cell line and primary cultured microglia. Finally, intrathecal DHA reduced LPS-induced upregulation of spinal TRAF6 and IBA-1, and alleviated LPS-induced mechanical allodynia. Our findings indicate that TRAF6 contributes to pain hypersensitivity via regulating microglial activation in the spinal dorsal horn. Direct inhibition of TRAF6 by siRNA or indirect inhibition by DHA may have therapeutic effects on chronic inflammatory pain.
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Maselli KM, Gee K, Isani M, Fode A, Schall KA, Grikscheit TC. Broad-spectrum antibiotics alter the microbiome, increase intestinal fxr, and decrease hepatic steatosis in zebrafish short bowel syndrome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G212-G226. [PMID: 32597709 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00119.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is associated with changes in the intestinal microbiome and marked local and systemic inflammation. There is also a late complication of SBS, intestinal failure associated liver disease (IFALD) in which hepatic steatosis progresses to cirrhosis. Most patients with SBS arrive at massive intestinal resection after a contaminating intraabdominal catastrophe and have a history of exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics. We therefore investigated whether the administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics in conjunction with SBS in zebrafish (ZF) would replicate these systemic effects observed in humans to identify potentially druggable targets to aid in the management of SBS and resulting IFALD. In zebrafish with SBS, broad-spectrum antibiotics altered the microbiome, decreased inflammation, and reduced the development of hepatic steatosis. After two weeks of broad-spectrum antibiotics, these fish exhibited decreased alpha diversity, with less variation in microbial community composition between SBS and sham fish. Additionally, administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics was associated with decreased expression of intestinal toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4), increased expression of the intestinal gene encoding the Farnesoid X receptor (fxr), decreased expression of downstream hepatic cyp7a1, and decreased development of hepatic steatosis. SBS in zebrafish reproducibly results in increased epithelial surface area as occurs in human patients who demonstrate intestinal adaptation, but antibiotic administration in zebrafish with SBS reduced these gains with increased cell death in the intervillus pocket that contains stem/progenitor cells. These alternate states in SBS zebrafish might direct the development of future human therapies.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In a zebrafish model that replicates a common clinical scenario, systemic effects of the administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics in a zebrafish model of SBS identified two alternate states that led to the establishment of fat accumulation in the liver or its absence. Broad-spectrum antibiotics given to zebrafish with SBS over 2 wk altered the intestinal microbiome, decreased intestinal and hepatic inflammation, and decreased hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Maselli
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kristin Gee
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mubina Isani
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alexa Fode
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kathy A Schall
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tracy C Grikscheit
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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9
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Courtney CM, Onufer EJ, Seiler KM, Warner BW. An anatomic approach to understanding mechanisms of intestinal adaptation. Semin Pediatr Surg 2018; 27:229-236. [PMID: 30342597 DOI: 10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen M Courtney
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, One Children's Place, Suite 6110, St. Louis, 63110 MO, USA; Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Emily J Onufer
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, One Children's Place, Suite 6110, St. Louis, 63110 MO, USA; Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Kristen M Seiler
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, One Children's Place, Suite 6110, St. Louis, 63110 MO, USA; Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Brad W Warner
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, One Children's Place, Suite 6110, St. Louis, 63110 MO, USA; Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA.
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10
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The Protective Mechanism of CAY10683 on Intestinal Mucosal Barrier in Acute Liver Failure through LPS/TLR4/MyD88 Pathway. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:7859601. [PMID: 29725271 PMCID: PMC5872593 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7859601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective mechanism of HDAC2 inhibitor CAY10683 on intestinal mucosal barrier in acute liver failure (ALF). In order to establish ALF-induced intestinal epithelial barrier disruption models, D-galactosamine/LPS and LPS were, respectively, used with rats and NCM460 cell and then administrated with CAY10683. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured to detect the permeability of cells. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were employed to detect the key mRNA and protein levels. The intestinal epithelial tissue pathology was detected. After interfering with CAY10683, the mRNA and protein levels of TLR4, MyD88, TRIF, and TRAF6 were decreased compared with model group (P < 0.05), whereas the levels of ZO-1 and occluding were elevated (P < 0.05). The permeability was elevated in CAY10683-interfered groups, when compared with model group (P < 0.05). And the degree of intestinal epithelial tissue pathological damage in CAY10683 group was significantly reduced. Moreover, CAY10683 significantly decreased the TLR4 staining in animal tissue. The HDAC2 inhibitor CAY10683 could promote the damage of intestinal mucosal barrier in ALF through inhibiting LPS/TLR4/MyD88 pathway.
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11
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Abstract
Short-bowel syndrome represents the most common cause of intestinal failure and occurs when the remaining intestine cannot support fluid and nutrient needs to sustain adequate physiology and development without the use of supplemental parenteral nutrition. After intestinal loss or damage, the remnant bowel undergoes multifactorial compensatory processes, termed adaptation, which are largely driven by intraluminal nutrient exposure. Previous studies have provided insight into the biological processes and mediators after resection, however, there still remains a gap in the knowledge of more comprehensive mechanisms that drive the adaptive responses in these patients. Recent data support the microbiota as a key mediator of gut homeostasis and a potential driver of metabolism and immunomodulation after intestinal loss. In this review, we summarize the emerging ideas related to host-microbiota interactions in the intestinal adaptation processes.
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Key Words
- Adaptive Responses
- CONV, conventional
- ENS, enteric nervous system
- Enteric Flora
- GF, germ-free
- GI, gastrointestinal
- GLP-2, glucagon-like peptide 2
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- ICR, ileocecal resection
- IF, intestinal failure
- IL, interleukin
- Immune System
- Intestinal Failure
- Microbial Metabolites
- NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis
- PN, parenteral nutrition
- SBR, small bowel resection
- SBS, short-bowel syndrome
- SCFA, short-chain fatty acid
- SFB, segmented filamentous bacteria
- TGR5, Takeda-G-protein-receptor 5
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12
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Barron LK, Bao JW, Aladegbami BG, Colasanti JJ, Guo J, Erwin CR, Warner BW. Toll-like receptor 4 is critical for the development of resection-associated hepatic steatosis. J Pediatr Surg 2017; 52:1014-1019. [PMID: 28351520 PMCID: PMC5466889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2017.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant number of children with short bowel syndrome experience intestinal failure-associated liver disease. We recently demonstrated accelerated hepatic steatosis after 50% small bowel resection (SBR) in mice. Since SBR is associated with alterations in the gut microbiome, the purpose of this study was to determine whether TLR4 signaling is critical to the development of resection-associated hepatic steatosis. METHODS Male C57BL6 (control) and TLR4-knockout (KO) mice underwent 50% proximal SBR. Liver sections were analyzed to obtain the percent lipid content, and Ileal sections were assessed for morphological adaptation. Intestinal TLR4 mRNA expression was measured at 7days and 10weeks. RESULTS Compared to controls, TLR4 KO mice demonstrated similar weight gain and morphological adaptation after SBR. Hepatic steatosis was decreased 32-fold in the absence of TLR4. Intestinal TLR4 mRNA expression was significantly elevated 7days after SBR. We also found that TLR4 expression in the intestine was 20-fold higher in whole bowel sections compared with isolated enterocytes. CONCLUSIONS TLR4 signaling is critical for the development of resection-associated steatosis, but not involved in intestinal adaptation after massive SBR. Further studies are needed to delineate the mechanism for TLR4 signaling in the genesis of resection-associated liver injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Animal study, not clinical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Barron
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - James W Bao
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bola G Aladegbami
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jason J Colasanti
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jun Guo
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christopher R Erwin
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brad W Warner
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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13
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Schall KA, Thornton ME, Isani M, Holoyda KA, Hou X, Lien CL, Grubbs BH, Grikscheit TC. Short bowel syndrome results in increased gene expression associated with proliferation, inflammation, bile acid synthesis and immune system activation: RNA sequencing a zebrafish SBS model. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:23. [PMID: 28118819 PMCID: PMC5264326 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3433-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Much of the morbidity associated with short bowel syndrome (SBS) is attributed to effects of decreased enteral nutrition and administration of total parenteral nutrition (TPN). We hypothesized that acute SBS alone has significant effects on gene expression beyond epithelial proliferation, and tested this in a zebrafish SBS model. Methods In a model of SBS in zebrafish (laparotomy, proximal stoma, distal ligation, n = 29) or sham (laparotomy alone, n = 28) surgery, RNA-Seq was performed after 2 weeks. The proximal intestine was harvested and RNA isolated. The three samples from each group with the highest amount of RNA were spiked with external RNA controls consortium (ERCC) controls, sequenced and aligned to reference genome with gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis performed. Gene expression of ctnnb1, ccnb1, ccnd1, cyp7a1a, dkk3, ifng1-2, igf2a, il1b, lef1, nos2b, saa1, stat3, tnfa and wnt5a were confirmed to be elevated in SBS by RT-qPCR. Results RNA-seq analysis identified 1346 significantly upregulated genes and 678 significantly downregulated genes in SBS zebrafish intestine compared to sham with Ingenuity analysis. The upregulated genes were involved in cell proliferation, acute phase response signaling, innate and adaptive immunity, bile acid regulation, production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species, cellular barrier and coagulation. The downregulated genes were involved in folate synthesis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, fatty-acid oxidation and activation and drug and steroid metabolism. RT-qPCR confirmed gene expression differences from RNA-Sequencing. Conclusion Changes of gene expression after 2 weeks of SBS indicate complex and extensive alterations of multiple pathways, some previously implicated as effects of TPN. The systemic sequelae of SBS alone are significant and indicate multiple targets for investigating future therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3433-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy A Schall
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Matthew E Thornton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Mubina Isani
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Kathleen A Holoyda
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Xiaogang Hou
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Ching-Ling Lien
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Brendan H Grubbs
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Tracy C Grikscheit
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Mailstop 100, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.
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