Management of choledocholithiasis after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a systematic review and pooled proportion meta-analysis

Management of Choledocholithiasis After a Gastric Bypass Surgery: A Case Report

Alteration of the anatomy following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) poses a significant challenge in choledocholithiasis management in patients who have undergone this operation. Many options exist, including endoscopic, surgical, percutaneous, or hybrid means with variable success rates. Treatment should progress from least to most invasive options. We present a case of choledocholithiasis two years following gastric bypass managed with percutaneous transhepatic stone advancement to the duodenum. The aim is to highlight different options for dealing with this pathology.

Understanding the Role of Different ERCP Techniques in Post-Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Patients: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

We aimed to compare enteroscopy-assisted ERCP (EA-ERCP), laparoscopy-assisted ERCP (LA-ERCP), and endoscopic ultrasound-directed ERCP (EDGE) in terms of safety and efficacy in post-Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients. We conducted a rigorous analysis based on a predefined protocol (PROSPERO, CRD42022368788). Sixty-seven studies were included. The technical success rates were 77% (CI 69-83%) for EA-ERCP, 93% (CI 91-96%) for LA-ERCP, and 96% (CI 92-98%) for EDGE. Subgroup differences were significant between the EA-ERCP and other groups (p < 0.05). The overall adverse event rates were 13% (CI 8-22%), 19% (CI 14-24%), and 20% (CI 12-31%), respectively (p = 0.49). Our findings suggest that EDGE and LA-ERCP may be more effective and as safe as EA-ERCP.

Correlation analysis and recurrence evaluation system for patients with recurrent hepatolithiasis: a multicentre retrospective study

Background

Methods for accurately predicting the prognosis of patients with recurrent hepatolithiasis (RH) after biliary surgery are lacking. This study aimed to develop a model that dynamically predicts the risk of hepatolithiasis recurrence using a machine-learning (ML) approach based on multiple clinical high-order correlation data.

Materials and methods

Data from patients with RH who underwent surgery at five centres between January 2015 and December 2020 were collected and divided into training and testing sets. Nine predictive models, which we named the Correlation Analysis and Recurrence Evaluation System (CARES), were developed and compared using machine learning (ML) methods to predict the patients' dynamic recurrence risk within 5 post-operative years. We adopted a k-fold cross validation with k = 10 and tested model performance on a separate testing set. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the performance of the models, and the significance and direction of each predictive variable were interpreted and justified based on Shapley Additive Explanations.

Results

Models based on ML methods outperformed those based on traditional regression analysis in predicting the recurrent risk of patients with RH, with Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) showing the best performance, both yielding an AUC (Area Under the receiver operating characteristic Curve) of∼0.9 or higher at predictions. These models were proved to have even better performance on testing sets than in a 10-fold cross validation, indicating that the model was not overfitted. The SHAP method revealed that immediate stone clearance, final stone clearance, number of previous surgeries, and preoperative CA19-9 index were the most important predictors of recurrence after reoperation in RH patients. An online version of the CARES model was implemented.

Conclusion

The CARES model was firstly developed based on ML methods and further encapsulated into an online version for predicting the recurrence of patients with RH after hepatectomy, which can guide clinical decision-making and personalised postoperative surveillance.

Biliary drainage in patients with malignant distal biliary obstruction: results of an Italian consensus conference

BACKGROUND

Malignant Distal Biliary Obstruction (MBDO) is a common event occurring along the natural history of both pancreatic cancer and cholangiocarcinoma. Epidemiological and biological features make MBDO one of the key elements of the clinical management of patients suffering for of pancreatic cancer or cholangiocarcinoma. The development of dedicated biliary lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMS) is changing the clinical work up of patients with MBDO. i-EUS is an Italian network of clinicians and scientists with a special interest in biliopancreatic endoscopy, EUS in particular.

METHODS

The scientific methodology was chosen in line with international guidance and in a fashion similar to those applied by broader scientific associations. PICO questions were elaborated and subsequently voted by a broad panel of experts within a simplified Delphi process.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

The manuscripts describes the results of a consensus conference organized by i-EUS with the aim of providing an evidence based-guidance for the appropriate use of the techniques in patients with MBDO.

Endoscopic Management of Biliary and Pancreatic Pathologies in Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Patients: Development of a Treatment Algorithm Based on 9-Year Experience

BACKGROUND

Management of biliopancreatic pathology in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) patients is challenging despite the availability of multiple approaches like single-balloon enteroscopy-assisted ERCP (SBE-ERCP), laparoscopy-assisted ERCP (LA-ERCP), and EUS-directed transgastric intervention (EDGI). We evaluated the outcomes of the interchangeable combination of endoscopic procedures to treat biliopancreatic pathology in RYGB patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This is a monocentric retrospective study of consecutive RYGB patients with biliopancreatic pathology between June 2014 and September 2023. Primary endpoints were technical success, adverse events (AE), and parameters of endoscopic procedures according to etiology. A clinically useful management algorithm was developed.

RESULTS

A total of 102 patients with RYGB (73 women; mean age 55 ± 10 years) were included. A total of 113 SBE-ERCP (in 90 patients), 26 EDGI (in 23 patients), and 2 LA-ERCP (in 2 patients) were performed. Technical success of SBE-ERCP was lower compared to EDGI (74.4% vs 95.1%, p = 0.002). The AE rate was lower using SBE-ERCP compared to EDGI (12.4% vs 38.5%, p = 0.003). Two sub-groups based on etiology were identified as "common bile duct stone" (CBDS) and "Other." In the CBDS group, the mean number and time of procedures were lower in SBE-ERCP as the first-line technique compared to first-line EDGI (1.1 vs 2.7, p < 0.00 and 91 ± 20.7 min vs 161 ± 61.3 min, p < 0.00).

CONCLUSION

A combination of endoscopic procedures can achieve high technical success in managing biliopancreatic pathology in RYGB patients with an acceptable AE rate. In the case of CBDS, SBE-ERCP appeared to be a good first-line single-step option. For other indications, EDGI should be proposed as the first line.

Laparoscopic-Assisted ERCP in Gastric Bypass Patients-No Stones Left Unturned: A Single Center Retrospective Cohort Study

PURPOSE

The long-term need for biliary duct intervention following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) is uncertain. We investigated the rate of laparoscopic assisted retrograde cholangiopancreatography (LAERCP) following RYGB. Also, the pre-LAERCP diagnostic workup together with the true rate of choledocholithiasis in patients with or without prior cholecystectomy was investigated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Retrospective cohort study of RYGB and LAERCP performed at the Hospital South West Jutland, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, from 1 January 2013 to 31 May 2022.

RESULTS

One percent of patients (n = 13) with a history of RYGB (n = 1363) underwent LAERCP at our facility during a median follow-up of 60.6 months. The stone extraction rate was 66.7% in patients with in situ gallbladder and 12.5% in patients with prior cholecystectomy. Cannulation of the common bile duct was achieved in 96.7% of cases. Postoperative complications were observed in 22.6% of the cases.

CONCLUSION

Approximately 1% of RYGB patients needed LAERCP during a median follow-up of 5 years. In patients with a history of cholecystectomy, the LAERCP rate of stone extraction was very low (12.5%).

Minimally Invasive Common Bile Duct Stone Management in Gastric Bypass Patients: Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Exploration with Disposable Bronchoscope

BACKGROUND

Bariatric surgery patients may develop common bile duct stones, and the alterations in their anatomy present challenges in treating this condition. Methods such as laparoscopic bile duct exploration is impractical in many healthcare facilities, due to the absence of a choledochoscope. This study assesses the feasibility of laparoscopic exploration of the common bile duct using a disposable bronchoscope in these individuals.

METHOD

The study involved 32 participants who had undergone gastric bypass surgery. These participants presented with both bile duct stones and bile ducts exceeding 8 mm in diameter, diagnosed through either MRCP or cholangiography conducted during the surgery. Stone extraction was carried out through either choledotomy or transcystic routes using a disposable bronchoscope and endoscopic baskets.

RESULTS

The patients' ages ranged from 27 to 66 years, with a mean bile duct diameter of 11.6 mm (SD 3.1 mm). A 100% stone clearance rate was achieved for all patients. None of the patients required conversion to open surgery. No T-tubes were placed. One patient developed biloma and intra-abdominal abscesses, which were successfully treated with a percutaneous drain over the course of a week. No mortalities were recorded during the course of this study.

CONCLUSION

Our study results demonstrate that laparoscopic bile duct exploration is both feasible and safe in patients who have undergone gastric bypass surgery. The utilization of a disposable bronchoscope emerges as a practical and cost-effective alternative to a choledochoscope in this procedure.

Patient Radiation Exposure during Enteroscopy-Assisted Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in Surgically Altered Anatomy (with Video)

BACKGROUND

Fluoroscopy must be used cautiously during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Radiation exposure data in patients with surgically altered anatomy undergoing enteroscopy-assisted ERCP (EA-ERCP) are scarce.

METHODS

34 consecutive EA-ERCP procedures were compared with 68 conventional ERCP (C-ERCP) procedures. Patient and procedure characteristics and radiation data were collected.

RESULTS

Surgical reconstructions were gastrojejunostomy, Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy, Roux-en-Y total gastrectomy, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and Whipple's duodenopancreatectomy. Procedures were restricted to biliary indications. Mean fluoroscopy time was comparable in both groups (370 ± 30 s EA-ERCP vs. 393 ± 40 s C-ERCP, p = 0.7074), whereas total mean radiation dose was lower in EA-ERCP (83 ± 6 mGy) compared to C-ERCP (110 ± 11 mGy, p = 0.0491) and dose area product (DAP) was higher in EA-ERCP (2216 ± 173 µGy*m2) compared to C-ERCP (1600 ± 117 µGy*m2, p = 0.0038), as was total procedure time (77 ± 5 min vs. 39 ± 3 min, p < 0.0001). Enteroscope insertion to reach the bile duct during EA-ERCP took 28 ± 4 min, ranging from 4 to 90 min. These results indicate that C-ERCP procedures are generally more complex, needing magnified fluoroscopy, whereas EA-ERCP procedures take more time for enteroscope insertion under wide field fluoroscopic guidance (increased DAP) with less complex ERCP manipulation (lower total radiation dose).

CONCLUSIONS

Radiation exposure during EA-ERCP in surgically altered anatomy is different as compared to C-ERCP. EA-ERCP takes longer with a higher DAP because of the enteroscope insertion, but with lower total radiation dose because these ERCP procedures are usually less complex.

Common postbariatric surgery emergencies for the acute care surgeon: What you need to know

ABSTRACT

The field of bariatric and metabolic surgery has changed rapidly over the past two decades, with an exponential increase in case volumes being performed because of its proven efficacy for morbid obesity and obesity-related comorbidities. Although this increased volume of procedures has been accompanied by significant decrease in postoperative complication rates, there are numerous potential complications after bariatric surgery that may require urgent or emergent surgical evaluation or interventions. Many of these risks extend well beyond the early postoperative period and can present months to years after the index procedure. Acute care surgeons are increasingly covering most or all of the emergency general surgery services at many centers and must be familiar with the numerous bariatric surgical procedures being performed and their individual complication profile to provide optimal care for these frequently challenging patients. This article provides a focused and concise review of the common bariatric procedures being performed, their early and late complication profiles, and a practical guide to the optimal diagnostic evaluations, surgical interventions, and perioperative management options. The author group includes both acute care surgeons and bariatric surgeons with significant experience in the emergency management of the complicated postbariatric surgical patient.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Literature Synthesis and Expert Opinion; Level V.

Effectiveness and complication rates of percutaneous transhepatic fluoroscopy-guided management of common bile duct stones: a single-arm meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the success and complication rate of percutaneous transhepatic fluoroscopy-guided management (PTFM) for the removal of common bile duct stones (CBDS).

METHODS

A comprehensive literature search of multiple databases was conducted to identify original articles published between January 2010 and June 2022, reporting the success rate of PTFM for the removal of CBDS. A random-effect model was used to summarize the pooled rates of success and complications with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

RESULTS

Eighteen studies involving 2554 patients met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Failed or infeasible endoscopic management was the most common indication of PTFM. The meta-analytic summary estimates of PTFM for the removal of CBDS were as follows: rate of overall stone clearance 97.1% (95% CI, 95.7-98.5%); stone clearance at first attempt 80.5% (95% CI, 72.3-88.6%); overall complications 13.8% (95% CI, 9.7-18.0%); major complications 2.8% (95% CI, 1.4-4.2%); and minor complications 9.3% (95% CI, 5.7-12.8%). Egger's tests showed the presence of publication bias with respect to the overall complications (p = 0.049). Transcholecystic management of CBDS had an 88.5% pooled rate for overall stone clearance (95% CI, 81.2-95.7%), with a 23.0% rate for complications (95% CI, 5.7-40.4%).

CONCLUSION

The systematic review and meta-analysis answer the questions of the overall stone clearance, clearance at first attempt, and complication rate of PTFM by summarizing the available literature. Percutaneous management could be considered in cases with failed or infeasible endoscopic management of CBDS.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT

This meta-analysis highlights the excellent stone clearance rate achieved through percutaneous transhepatic fluoroscopy-guided removal of common bile duct stones, potentially influencing clinical decision-making when endoscopic treatment is not feasible.

KEY POINTS

• Percutaneous transhepatic fluoroscopy-guided management of common bile duct stones had a pooled rate of 97.1% for overall stone clearance and 80.5% for clearance at the first attempt. • Percutaneous transhepatic management of common bile duct stones had an overall complication rate of 13.8%, including a major complication rate of 2.8%. • Percutaneous transcholecystic management of common bile duct stones had an overall stone clearance rate of 88.5% and a complication rate of 23.0%.

Risk factors of anastomosis-related difficult endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography following endoscopic ultrasound-guided gastro-gastrostomy using a standardized protocol (with video)

OBJECTIVES

Little is known about how to perform the endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-directed transgastric endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP; EDGE) in patients with gastric bypass using lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMS). The aim was to assess the risk factors of anastomosis-related difficult ERCP.

METHODS

Observational single-center study. All patients who underwent an EDGE procedure in 2020-2022 following a standardized protocol were included. Risk factors for difficult ERCP, defined as the need of >5 min LAMS dilation or failure to pass a duodenoscope in the second duodenum, were assessed.

RESULTS

Forty-five ERCPs were performed in 31 patients (57.4 ± 8.2 years old, 38.7% male). The EUS procedure was done using a wire-guided technique (n = 28, 90.3%) for biliary stones (n = 22, 71%) in most cases. The location of the anastomosis was gastro-gastric (n = 24, 77.4%) and mainly in the middle-excluded stomach (n = 21, 67.7%) with an oblique axis (n = 22, 71%). The ERCP technical success was 96.8%. There were 10 difficult ERCPs (32.3%) due to timing (n = 8), anastomotic dilation (n = 8), or failure to pass (n = 3). By multivariable analysis adjusted by two-stage procedures, the risk factors for a difficult ERCP were the jejuno-gastric route (85.7% vs. 16.7%; odds ratio [ORa ] 31.875; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.649-616.155; P = 0.022), and the anastomosis to the proximal/distal excluded stomach (70% vs. 14.3%; ORa 22.667; 95% CI 1.676-306.570; P = 0.019). There was only one complication (3.2%) and one persistent gastro-gastric fistula (3.2%) in a median follow-up of 4 months (2-18 months), with no weight regain (P = 0.465).

CONCLUSIONS

The jejunogastric route and the anastomosis with the proximal/distal excluded stomach during the EDGE procedure increase the difficulty of ERCP.

The Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography and Endoscopic Ultrasound Connection: Unity Is Strength, or the Endoscopic Ultrasonography Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Concept

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) are both crucial for the endoscopic management of biliopancreatic diseases: the combination of their diagnostic and therapeutic potential is useful in many clinical scenarios, such as indeterminate biliary stenosis, biliary stones, chronic pancreatitis and biliary and pancreatic malignancies. This natural and evident convergence between EUS and ERCP, which by 2006 we were calling the "Endoscopic ultrasonography retrograde colangiopancreatography (EURCP) concept", has become a hot topic in the last years, together with the implementation of the therapeutic possibilities of EUS (from EUS-guided necrosectomy to gastro-entero anastomoses) and with the return of ERCP to its original diagnostic purpose thanks to ancillary techniques (extraductal ultrasound (EDUS), intraductal ultrasound (IDUS), cholangiopancreatoscopy with biopsies and probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE)). In this literary review, we retraced the recent history of EUS and ERCP, reported examples of the clinical applicability of the EURCP concept and explored the option of performing the two procedures in only one endoscopic session, with its positive implications for the patient, the endoscopist and the health care system. In the last few years, we also evaluated the possibility of combining EUS and ERCP into a single endoscopic instrument in a single step, but certain obstacles surrounding this approach remain.

Abdominal Pain After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: A Review

Importance

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) remains one of the most commonly performed operations for morbid obesity and is associated with significant long-term weight loss and comorbidity remission. However, health care utilization rates following RYGB are high and abdominal pain is reported as the most common presenting symptom for those seeking care.

Observations

Given the limitations of physical examination in patients with obesity, correct diagnosis of abdominal pain following RYGB depends on a careful history and appropriate use of radiologic, laboratory and endoscopic studies, as well as a clear understanding of post-RYGB anatomy. The most common etiologies of abdominal pain after RYGB are internal hernia, marginal ulcer, biliary disease (eg, cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis), and jejunojejunal anastomotic issues. Early identification of the etiology of the pain is essential, as some causes, such as internal hernia or perforated gastrojejunal ulcer, may require urgent or emergent intervention to avoid significant morbidity. While laboratory findings and imaging may prove useful, they remain imperfect, and clinical judgment should always be used to determine if surgical exploration is warranted.

Conclusions and Relevance

The etiologies of abdominal pain after RYGB range from the relatively benign to potentially life-threatening. This Review highlights the importance of understanding key anatomical and technical aspects of RYGB to guide appropriate workup, diagnosis, and treatment.

Safety and efficacy of LA-ERCP procedure following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Rapid weight loss following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) translates to an increased need for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) intervention. Laparoscopically Assisted Transgastric ERCP (LA-ERCP) has emerged to address the issue of accessing the excluded stomach. This study aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of LA-ERCP procedure following RYGB.

METHODS

The Cochrane, EMBASE, SCOPUS, MEDLINE, Daily and Epub databases were searched from inception to May 2022 using the PRISMA guidelines. Eligible studies reported participants older than 18 years who underwent the LA-ERCP procedure, following RYGB, and outcomes of patients.

RESULTS

27 unique studies met the inclusion criteria with 1283 patients undergoing 1303 LA-ERCP procedures. 81.9% of the patients were female and the mean age was 52.18 ± 13.38 years. The rate of concurrent cholecystectomy was 33.6%. 90.9% of procedures were undertaken for a biliary indication. The mean time between RYGB and LA-ERCP was 89.19 months. The most common intervention performed during the LA-ERCP was a sphincterotomy (94.3%). Mean total operative time was 130.48 min. Mean hospital length of stay was 2.697 days. Technical success was 95.3%, while clinical success was 93.8%. 294 complications were recorded with a 20.6% complication rate. The most frequent complications encountered were pancreatitis (6.8%), infection (6.1%), bleeding (3.4%), and perforation (2.5%). Rate of conversion to open laparotomy was 7%.

CONCLUSION

This meta-analysis presents preliminary evidence to suggest the safety and efficacy of LA-ERCP procedure following RYGB. Further investigations are warranted to evaluate the long-term efficacy of this procedure using studies with long-term patient follow-up.

Efficacy & safety of EUS-directed transgastric endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (EDGE) in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass anatomy: a systematic review & meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

In patients with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) anatomy, laparoscopic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (LA-ERCP) and enteroscopy-assisted ERCP (E-ERCP) have been utilized to achieve pancreaticobiliary access. Endoscopic ultrasound-directed transgastric endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (EDGE) has recently emerged as an alternate and efficient approach. As data regarding EDGE continues to evolve, concerns about safety and efficacy remain, limiting wide adoptability. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the safety and efficacy of EDGE and compare it to the current standard of care.

METHODS

A comprehensive search of major databases (inception to Nov 2022) identified published studies on EDGE. A random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled rates and heterogeneity (I2). Risk ratio (RR) and standardized difference in means (SMD) were utilized for head-to-head comparison analysis between EDGE vs. LA-ERCP and EDGE vs. E-ERCP. Primary outcomes assessed pooled EDGE safety (adverse events) and efficacy (technical/clinical success). Secondary outcomes assessed efficacy and safety profiles via a comparative analysis of EDGE vs. LA-ERCP and EDGE vs. E-ERCP.

RESULTS

A total of 16 studies (470 patients) were included. EDGE pooled technical success (TS) rate was 96% (95% CI 92-97.6, I2 = 0), and clinical success was 91% (85-95, I2 = 0). Pooled rate of all adverse events with EDGE was 17% (14-24.6, I2 = 32%). On sub-group analysis, these included failure of fistula closure 17% (10-25.5, I2 = 48%), stent migration 7% (4-12, I2 = 51%), bleeding 5% (3.2-7.9, I2 = 0), post-EDGE weight gain 4% (2-9, I2 = 0), perforation 4% (2.1-5.8, I2 = 0), and post-ERCP pancreatitis 2% (1-5, I2 = 0). EDGE TS was comparable to LA-ERCP (97% vs. 98%; RR, 1.00; CI, 0.85-1.17, p = 0.95) and E-ERCP (100% vs. 66%; RR, 1.26; CI, 0.99-1.6, p = 0.06). No statistical difference was noted in adverse events between EDGE and LA-ERCP (13% vs. 17.6%; RR, 0.61; CI, 0.28-1.35, p = 0.52) and E-ERCP (9.6% vs. 16%; RR, 0.61; CI, 0.28-1.35, p = 0.22). EDGE procedure time and hospital stay were shorter than LA-ERCP and E-ERCP (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Our analysis shows that EDGE is safe and efficacious to the current standard of care. Further head-to-head comparative trials are needed to validate our findings.

[Cholecystolithiasis and intestinal bypass procedures]

With the increasing number of surgical interventions for obesity, the numbers of associated complications, such as gallstones after bariatric surgery are also increasing. The incidence of postbariatric symptomatic cholecystolithiasis is 5-10%; however, the numbers of severe complications due to gallstones and the probability of a necessary extraction of gallstones are low. For this reason, a simultaneous or preoperative cholecystectomy should only be carried out in symptomatic patients. Treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid reduced the risk of gallstone formation in randomized trials but not the risk of complications related to gallstones in cases of pre-existing gallstones. The most frequently used access route to bile ducts after intestinal bypass procedures is the laparoscopic approach via the stomach remnants. Other possible access routes are the enteroscopic approach as well as the endosonography-guided puncture of the stomach remnants.

Small-bowel capsule endoscopy and device-assisted enteroscopy for diagnosis and treatment of small-bowel disorders: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline - Update 2022

MR1: ESGE recommends small-bowel capsule endoscopy as the first-line examination, before consideration of other endoscopic and radiological diagnostic tests for suspected small-bowel bleeding, given the excellent safety profile of capsule endoscopy, its patient tolerability, and its potential to visualize the entire small-bowel mucosa.Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence. MR2: ESGE recommends small-bowel capsule endoscopy in patients with overt suspected small-bowel bleeding as soon as possible after the bleeding episode, ideally within 48 hours, to maximize the diagnostic and subsequent therapeutic yield.Strong recommendation, high quality evidence. MR3: ESGE does not recommend routine second-look endoscopy prior to small-bowel capsule endoscopy in patients with suspected small-bowel bleeding or iron-deficiency anemia.Strong recommendation, low quality evidence. MR4: ESGE recommends conservative management in those patients with suspected small-bowel bleeding and high quality negative small-bowel capsule endoscopy.Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence. MR5: ESGE recommends device-assisted enteroscopy to confirm and possibly treat lesions identified by small-bowel capsule endoscopy.Strong recommendation, high quality evidence. MR6: ESGE recommends the performance of small-bowel capsule endoscopy as a first-line examination in patients with iron-deficiency anemia when small bowel evaluation is indicated.Strong recommendation, high quality evidence. MR7: ESGE recommends small-bowel capsule endoscopy in patients with suspected Crohn's disease and negative ileocolonoscopy findings as the initial diagnostic modality for investigating the small bowel, in the absence of obstructive symptoms or known bowel stenosis.Strong recommendation, high quality evidence. MR8: ESGE recommends, in patients with unremarkable or nondiagnostic findings from dedicated small-bowel cross-sectional imaging, small-bowel capsule endoscopy as a subsequent investigation if deemed likely to influence patient management.Strong recommendation, low quality evidence. MR9: ESGE recommends, in patients with established Crohn's disease, the use of a patency capsule before small-bowel capsule endoscopy to decrease the capsule retention rate.Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence. MR10: ESGE recommends device-assisted enteroscopy (DAE) as an alternative to surgery for foreign bodies retained in the small bowel requiring retrieval in patients without acute intestinal obstruction.Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence. MR11: ESGE recommends DAE-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (DAE-ERCP) as a first-line endoscopic approach to treat pancreaticobiliary diseases in patients with surgically altered anatomy (except for Billroth II patients).Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence.

Percutaneous Biliary Interventions: Clinical Indications, Comparative Effectiveness, Technical Considerations, Complications, and Outcomes

Percutaneous biliary interventions (PBIs) are commonly performed by interventional radiologists for a variety of clinical indications including biliary infections, strictures, leaks, and postoperative complications. PBIs have high technical and clinical success rates and are relatively safe when compared with more invasive surgical techniques. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and percutaneous biliary drainage play an essential role in the management of common posthepatobiliary complications including biliary strictures and leaks. Percutaneous biliary endoscopy can be used for direct visualization of the biliary tree and a variety of interventions including tissue biopsy, lithotripsy, stone removal, as well as stent placement and removal.