Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet method for the determination of diethofencarb and pyrimethanil in aqueous samples

Investigation of the electrocatalytic activity of metal molybdate MMoO4 (M = Fe, Ni, and Zn) and the development of the ZnMoO4/S-RGO for the electrochemical sensing of pyrimethanil

The extensive use of pesticides in modern agriculture poses significant environmental and human health threats. This work aims to compare the electrocatalytic activity of structured metal molybdate nanomaterials, MMoO4 (M = Fe, Ni, and Zn), on the electrochemical oxidation of pyrimethanil (PYR). Among these nanomaterials, ZnMoO4 manifests superior performance via increasing the PYR oxidation peak currents. This is attributed to the higher crystallinity and optimized surface morphology of ZnMoO4, which facilitate efficient charge transfer and promote improved electrochemical behavior. Further, ZnMoO4 nanomaterials have been incorporated with sulfur-doped reduced graphene oxide (S-RGO) and were employed to construct a simple ultrasensitive sensor for the electrochemical detection of PYR. The prepared ZnMoO4/S-RGO/GCE electrode demonstrated excellent performance for PYR detection, with a limit of detection of 4.58 nM and a wide linear range of 0.5-100 μM, a sensitivity of 0.935 μA μM- 1 cm- 2, and excellent reproducibility, repeatability, selectivity, and stability. Meanwhile, the real-time performance of the prepared sensor was evaluated by analyzing environmental samples, including river water, and food samples, such as tomatoes and cucumbers. The sensor demonstrated satisfactory recovery rates, ranging from 95.50 % to 101.4 %. Our work results suggest that the prepared sensor is a new strategy for the quantification of PYR in practical applications.

Emerging carbonate anion intercalated- ZnCr-layered double hydroxide/vanadium carbide nanocomposite: Sustainable design strategies based on disposal electrochemical sensor for diethofencarb fungicide monitoring

Diethofencarb (DFC) is widely used in agriculture to fight against plant fungal attacks and enhance food crop production. On the other hand, the National food safety standard has set the overall maximum residual limit (MRL) of DFC to be 1 mg/kg. Hence it becomes essential to limit their usage, and it is vital to quantify the amount of DFC present in real-life samples to safeguard the health and environmental well-being. Here, we introduce a simple hydrothermal procedure for preparing vanadium carbide (VC) anchored by ZnCr-LDH. The sustainably designed electrochemical sensor for the detection of DFC portrayed high electro-active surface area, conductivity, rapid-electron transport ratio, and high ion diffusion parameters. The obtained structural and morphological information confirms the enriched electrochemical activity of the ZnCr-LDH/VC/SPCE towards DFC. The ZnCr-LDH/VC/SPCE electrode has displayed exceptional characteristics with DPV resulting in a vast linear response (0.01-228 μM), and lower LOD (2 nM) with high sensitivity. Real-sample analysis was carried out to demonstrate the specificity of the electrode with an acceptable recovery in both water (±98.75-99.70%) and tomato (±98.00-99.75%) samples.

A sensitive pyrimethanil sensor based on porous NiCo2S4/graphitized carbon nanofiber film

With the extensive use of pesticides, the problem of pesticide residues has become people's concern. In this work, NiCo₂S₄ nanoneedle arrays grown on an electrospun graphitized carbon nanofiber film (NiCo₂S₄/GCNF) is successfully prepared by a simple two-step hydrothermal method, and further applied to detection of fungicide pyrimethanil (PMT). NiCo₂S₄ arrays exhibit a unique core-shell structure with rough surface, providing abundant electrochemically active sites exposed to the electrolyte. The NiCo₂S₄/GCNF modified electrode displays excellent electrocatalytic activity, and the electrode surface is controlled both by diffusion and adsorption processes. When applied to PMT determination, NiCo₂S₄/GCNF sensor displays wide linear range from 0.06 to 800 μM with low detection limit (20 nM). Furthermore, the as-proposed sensor also displays other outstanding advantages, including simple preparation, low cost, perfect reproducibility and good application in practical samples. Such attracting analytical properties could be attributed to high electrocatalytic activity of NiCo₂S₄ and superior electrical conductivity of GCNF frameworks. In addition, the detailed oxidation mechanism of PMT at NiCo₂S₄/GCNF electrode was also studied. The results indicate that NiCo₂S₄/GCNF is a promising platform for PMT sensors.

High Density Supercritical Carbon Dioxide for the Extraction of Pesticide Residues in Onion with Multivariate Response Surface Methodology

The excessive use of pesticides is a serious health problem due to their toxicity and bioaccumulation through the food chain. Due to the complexity of foods, the analysis of pesticides is challenging often giving large matrix effects and co-extracted compounds. To overcome this problem, a selective and “green” supercritical fluid extraction method was developed, using neat carbon dioxide as a solvent at pressures of up to 800 bars. A Box–Behnken response surface experimental design was used, with the independent variables of density (0.70−1.0 g mL⁻¹), temperature (40−70 °C), and volume (10−40 mL) of solvent, and the dependent variable of extracted amount of pesticides. The optimum extraction condition was found at the use of 29 mL of supercritical CO₂ at 0.90 g mL⁻¹ and 53 °C (corresponding to 372 bars of pressure). It was observed that increasing the density of CO₂ significantly increased the extraction recovery of endrin and 2,4′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane. Matrix-matched calibration curves showed satisfactory linearity (R² ≥ 0.994), and LODs ranged from 0.2 to 2.0 ng g⁻¹. Precision was lower than 11% and recoveries between 80%–103%. Thus, the developed method could efficiently be used for trace analysis of pesticides in complex food matrices without the use of organic solvents.

Pyrimethanil residue and dissipation in tomatoes and soil under field conditions

A residue analytical method to detect pyrimethanil in tomatoes and soil was developed by using high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector. The dissipation and residue level of pyrimethanil in tomatoes and soil were also investigated. Results showed that the average recoveries are in the range of 87.2 to 90.0 % with a relative standard difference of 2.22 to 7.61 % in tomatoes and soil. In Guangdong, Shandong, and Yunnan, the half-lives of pyrimethanil in tomatoes were 1.8, 3.6, and 4.2 days and those in soil were 4.0, 3.3, and 3.9 days, respectively. The dissipation rate of pyrimethanil in tomatoes and soil was affected by temperature, precipitation, and soil type. The terminal residue results showed that when pesticide pyrimethanil was used under the experiment design, all the results were far below the available maximum residue limits. Low residues in tomatoes and soil suggest that this pesticide is safe to use under the recommended dosage.

In-syringe demulsified dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of trace fungicides in environmental water samples

An in-syringe demulsified dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (ISD-DLLME) technique was developed using low-density extraction solvents for the highly sensitive determination of the three trace fungicides (azoxystrobin, diethofencarb and pyrimethanil) in water samples by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry chromatography-diode array detector/electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. In the proposed technique, a 5-mL syringe was used as an extraction, separation and preconcentration container. The emulsion was obtained after the mixture of toluene (extraction solvent) and methanol (dispersive solvent) was injected into the aqueous bulk of the syringe. The obtained emulsion cleared into two phases without centrifugation, when an aliquot of methanol was introduced as a demulsifier. The separated floating organic extraction solvent was impelled and collected into a pipette tip fitted to the tip of the syringe. Under the optimal conditions, the enrichment factors for azoxystrobin, diethofencarb and pyrimethanil were 239, 200, 195, respectively. The limits of detection, calculated as three times the signal-to-noise ratio (SN(-1)), were 0.026 μg L(-1) for azoxystrobin, 0.071 μg L(-1) for diethofencarb and 0.040 μg L(-1) for pyrimethanil. The repeatability study was carried out by extracting the spiked water samples at concentration levels of 0.02 μg mL(-1) for all the three fungicides. The relative standard deviations varied between 4.9 and 8.2% (n=5). The recoveries of all the three fungicides from tap, lake and rain water samples at spiking levels of 0.2, 1, 5 μg L(-1) were in the range of 90.0-105.0%, 86.0-114.0% and 88.6-110.0%, respectively. The proposed ISD-DLLME technique was demonstrated to be simple, practical and efficient for the determination of different kinds of fungicide residues in real water samples.