A fluorescence quenching based gene assay for Escherichia coli O157:H7 using graphene quantum dots and gold nanoparticles

Recent advances in metallic and metal oxide nanoparticle-assisted molecular methods for the detection of Escherichia coli

The detection of E. coli is of irreplaceable importance for the maintenance of public health and food safety. In the field of molecular detection, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles have demonstrated significant advantages due to their unique physicochemical properties, and their application in E. coli detection has become a cutting-edge focus of scientific research. This review systematically introduces the innovative applications of these nanoparticles in E. coli detection, including the use of magnetic nanoparticles for efficient enrichment of bacteria and precise purification of nucleic acids, as well as a variety of nanoparticle-assisted immunoassays such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, lateral flow immunoassays, colorimetric methods, and fluorescence strategies. In addition, this paper addresses the application of nanoparticles used in nucleic acid tests, including amplification-free and amplification-based assays. Furthermore, the application of nanoparticles used in electrochemical and optical biosensors in E. coli detection is described, as well as other innovative assays. The advantages and challenges of the aforementioned technologies are subjected to rigorous analysis, and a prospective outlook on the future direction of development is presented. In conclusion, this review not only illustrates the practical utility and extensive potential of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in E. coli detection, but also serves as a scientific and comprehensive reference for molecular diagnostics in food safety and public health.

Rapid and sensitive detection of Trichomonas gallinae using RAA-CRISPR-Cas12a

Trichomonas gallinae (T. gallinae) is an important pathogen causing trichomoniasis in birds, especially pigeons. Rapid and sensitive detection methods for T. gallinae are urgently needed to diagnose T. gallinae early to reduce poultry industry losses. Therefore, we developed a rapid and sensitive diagnostic method based on recombinase-aided amplification (RAA) assay and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein 12a (CRISPR/Cas12a) system to detect T. gallinae. The RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a method can be divided into RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a fluorescent signal (RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a-FL) and RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a lateral flow strip (RAA-CRISPR/Cas12-LFS). Both RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a-FL and RAA-CRISPR/Cas12-LFS methods show the property of rapid. sensitive, and does not require a sophisticated instrument, and they allow the detection of T. gallinae in less than 1 hr. Meanwhile, they have satisfactory specificity and can accurately detect T. gallinae in samples of different pathogens. In summary, the RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a-FL and RAA-CRISPR/Cas12-LFS methods we constructed can be used for on-site T. gallinae detection and resource-poor areas.

Active Quantum Biomaterials-Enhanced Microrobots for Food Safety

Timely disruptive tools for the detection of pathogens in foods are needed to face global health and economic challenges. Herein, the utilization of quantum biomaterials-enhanced microrobots (QBEMRs) as autonomous mobile sensors designed for the precise detection of endotoxins originating from Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) as an indicator species for food-borne contamination globally is presented. A fluorescent molecule-labeled affinity peptide functions as a specific probe, is quenched upon binding to the surface of QBEMRs. Owing to its selective affinity for endotoxin, in the presence of S. enterica the fluorescence is restored and easy to observe and quantifies optical color change to indicate the presence of Salmonella. The devised approach is designed to achieve highly sensitive detection of the S. enterica serovar Typhimurium endotoxin with exquisite selectivity through the utilization of QBEMRs. Notably, no fluorescence signal is observed in the presence of endotoxins bearing similar structural characteristics, highlighting the selectivity of the approach during food sample analysis. Technically, the strategy is implemented in microplate readers to extend microrobots-based approaches to the routine laboratory. This new platform can provide fast and anticipated results in food safety.

Fluorometric determination of mecA gene in MRSA with a graphene-oxide based bioassay using flap endonuclease 1-assisted target recycling and Klenow fragment-triggered signal amplification

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a multidrug-resistant bacterium that causes a wide range of illnesses, necessitating the development of new technologies for its detection. Herein, we propose a graphene oxide (GO)-based sensing platform for the detection of mecA gene in MRSA using flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1)-assisted target recycling and Klenow fragment (KF)-triggered signal amplification. Without the target, all the DNA probes were adsorbed onto GO, resulting in fluorescence quenching of the dye. Upon the addition of the target, a triple complex was formed that triggered FEN1-assisted target recycling and initiated two polymerization reactions with the assistance of KF polymerase, generating numerous dsDNA that were repelled by GO. These dsDNAs triggered fluorescence enhancement when SYBR Green I was added. Therefore, the target DNA was quantified by measuring the fluorescence at excitation and emission wavelengths of 480/526 nm. This mecA gene assay showed a good linear range from 1 to 50 nM with a lower limit of detection of 0.26 nM, and displayed good applicability to the analysis of real samples. Thus, a new method for monitoring MRSA has been developed that has great potential for early clinical diagnosis and treatment.

A colorimetric biosensor with infrared sterilization based on CuSe nanoparticles for the detection of E. coli O157:H7 in food samples

It is critical to develop quick, accurate, and efficient sterilization for detecting Escherichia coli O157:H7 in order to prevent infections and outbreaks of foodborne illnesses. Herein, we established a colorimetric biosensor with sterilizing properties using copper selenide nanoparticles to detect E. coli O157:H7. The sample was mixed with magnetic nanoprobes and nanozyme probes to form a sandwich structure, and then the unbound nanozyme probes were collected by magnetic separation. Finally, the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate)-hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) reporting system was added for signal amplification. The change from colorless to green can be seen with the naked eye. Under the optimal conditions, the detection range of E. coli O157:H7 was 102-106 CFU/mL, and the detection limit was 0.35 × 102 CFU/mL. The total detection time was 80 minutes, which can be successfully applied to milk and mineral water. In addition, the colorimetric sensor can kill the target bacteria by irradiating it under a 980-nm laser for 5 minutes. In conclusion, this sensor is a promising tool for rapidly detecting foodborne pathogens and promptly eliminating bacteria.

IMPORTANCE

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a major threat to public health. At present, the detection methods for E. coli O157:H7 mainly include traditional bacterial culture, immunology (enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay) and molecular biology techniques (polymerase chain reaction). These methods have the limitations of professional operation, waste of time and energy, and high cost. Therefore, we have developed a simple, fast, bactericidal colorimetric biosensor to detect E. coli. O157:H7. The entire process was completed in 80 minutes. The method has been successfully applied to milk and mineral water samples with satisfactory results, proving that the method is an effective method for real-time detection and inactivation of bacteria.

Development of Optical Differential Sensing Based on Nanomaterials for Biological Analysis

The discrimination and recognition of biological targets, such as proteins, cells, and bacteria, are of utmost importance in various fields of biological research and production. These include areas like biological medicine, clinical diagnosis, and microbiology analysis. In order to efficiently and cost-effectively identify a specific target from a wide range of possibilities, researchers have developed a technique called differential sensing. Unlike traditional "lock-and-key" sensors that rely on specific interactions between receptors and analytes, differential sensing makes use of cross-reactive receptors. These sensors offer less specificity but can cross-react with a wide range of analytes to produce a large amount of data. Many pattern recognition strategies have been developed and have shown promising results in identifying complex analytes. To create advanced sensor arrays for higher analysis efficiency and larger recognizing range, various nanomaterials have been utilized as sensing probes. These nanomaterials possess distinct molecular affinities, optical/electrical properties, and biological compatibility, and are conveniently functionalized. In this review, our focus is on recently reported optical sensor arrays that utilize nanomaterials to discriminate bioanalytes, including proteins, cells, and bacteria.

Quantum Material-Based Self-Propelled Microrobots for the Optical "On-the-Fly" Monitoring of DNA

Quantum dot-based materials have been found to be excellent platforms for biosensing and bioimaging applications. Herein, self-propelled microrobots made of graphene quantum dots (GQD-MRs) have been synthesized and explored as unconventional dynamic biocarriers toward the optical "on-the-fly" monitoring of DNA. As a first demonstration of applicability, GQD-MRs have been first biofunctionalized with a DNA biomarker (i.e., fluorescein amidite-labeled, FAM-L) via hydrophobic π-stacking interactions and subsequently exposed toward different concentrations of a DNA target. The biomarker-target hybridization process leads to a biomarker release from the GQD-MR surface, resulting in a linear alteration in the fluorescence intensity of the dynamic biocarrier at the nM range (1-100 nM, R2 = 0.99), also demonstrating excellent selectivity and sensitivity, with a detection limit as low as 0.05 nM. Consequently, the developed dynamic biocarriers, which combine the appealing features of GQDs (e.g., water solubility, fluorescent activity, and supramolecular π-stacking interactions) with the autonomous mobility of MRs, present themselves as potential autonomous micromachines to be exploited as highly efficient and sensitive "on-the-fly" biosensing systems. This method is general and can be simply customized by tailoring the biomarker anchored to the GQD-MR's surface.

Nanostructured biosensing platforms for the detection of food- and water-borne pathogenic Escherichia coli

Pathogenic bacterial infection is one of the principal causes affecting human health and ecosystems. The accurate identification of bacteria in food and water samples is of significant interests to maintain safety and health for humans. Culture-based tests are practically tedious and may produce false-positive results, while viable but non-culturable microorganisms (NCMs) cannot be retrieved. Thus, it requires fast, reliable, and low-cost detection strategies for on-field analysis and point-of-care (POC) monitoring. The standard detection methods such as nucleic acid analysis (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are still challenging in POC practice due to their time-consuming (several hours to days) and expensive laboratory operations. The optical (surface plasmon resonance (SPR), fluorescence, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)) and electrochemical-based detection of microbes (early stage of infective diseases) have been considered as alternative routes in the emerging world of nanostructured biosensing since they can attain a faster and concurrent screening of several pathogens in real samples. Moreover, optical and electrochemical detection strategies are opening a new route for the ability of detecting pathogens through the integration of cellphones, which is well fitted for POC analysis. This review article covers the current state of sensitive mechanistic approaches for the screening and detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli) pathogens in food and water samples, which can be potentially applied in clinical and environmental monitoring.

Advanced detection and sensing strategies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and quorum sensing biomarkers: A review

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), a ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen, can frequently cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis and chronic wounds, and potentially lead to severe morbidity and mortality. Timely and adequate treatment of nosocomial infection in clinic depends on rapid detection and accurate identification of P. aeruginosa and its early-stage antibiotic susceptibility test. Traditional methods like plating culture, polymerase chain reaction, and enzyme-linked immune sorbent assays are time-consuming and require expensive equipment, limiting the rapid diagnostic application. Advanced sensing strategy capable of fast, sensitive and simple detection with low cost has therefore become highly desired in point of care testing (POCT) of nosocomial pathogens. Within this review, advanced detection and sensing strategies for P. aeruginosa cells along with associated quorum sensing (QS) molecules over the last ten years are discussed and summarized. Firstly, the principles of four commonly used sensing strategies including localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), electrochemistry, and fluorescence are briefly overviewed. Then, the advancement of the above sensing techniques for P. aeruginosa cells and its QS biomarkers detection are introduced, respectively. In addition, the integration with novel compatible platforms towards clinical application is highlighted in each section. Finally, the current achievements are summarized along with proposed challenges and prospects.

Recent progress on graphene quantum dots-based fluorescence sensors for food safety and quality assessment applications

The versatile photophysicalproperties, high surface-to-volume ratio, superior photostability, higher biocompatibility, and availability of active sites make graphene quantum dots (GQDs) an ideal candidate for applications in sensing, bioimaging, photocatalysis, energy storage, and flexible electronics. GQDs-based sensors involve luminescence sensors, electrochemical sensors, optical biosensors, electrochemical biosensors, and photoelectrochemical biosensors. Although plenty of sensing strategies have been developed using GQDs for biosensing and environmental applications, the use of GQDs-based fluorescence techniques remains unexplored or underutilized in the field of food science and technology. To the best of our knowledge, comprehensive review of the GQDs-based fluorescence sensing applications concerning food quality analysis has not yet been done. This review article focuses on the recent progress on the synthesis strategies, electronic properties, and fluorescence mechanisms of GQDs. The various GQDs-based fluorescence detection strategies involving Förster resonance energy transfer- or inner filter effect-driven fluorescence turn-on and turn-off response mechanisms toward trace-level detection of toxic metal ions, toxic adulterants, and banned chemical substances in foodstuffs are summarized. The challenges associated with the pretreatment steps of complex food matrices and prospects and challenges associated with the GQDs-based fluorescent probes are discussed. This review could serve as a precedent for further advancement in interdisciplinary research involving the development of versatile GQDs-based fluorescent probes toward food science and technology applications.

Rapid point-of-need detection of bacteria and their toxins in food using gold nanoparticles

Biosensors need to meet the rising food industry demand for sensitive, selective, safe, and fast food safety quality control. Disposable colorimetric sensors based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and localized surface plasmon resonance are low-cost and easy-to-perform devices intended for rapid point-of-need measurements. Recent studies demonstrate various facile and versatile AuNPs-based analytical platforms for the detection of bacteria and their toxins in milk, meat, and other foods. In this review, we introduce the general characteristics and mechanisms of AuNPs calorimetric biosensors, and highlight optimizations needed to strengthen and improve the quality of devices for their application in food matrices.

Gold Nanomaterials as a Promising Integrated Tool for Diagnosis and Treatment of Pathogenic Infections-A Review

This review summarizes research on functionalized gold nanomaterials as pathogen detection sensors and pathogen elimination integrated tools. After presenting the challenge of current severe threat from pathogenic bacteria and the increasingly serious growth rate of drug resistance, the first section mainly introduces the conspectus of gold nanostructures from synthesis, characterization, physicochemical properties and applications of gold nanomaterials. The next section deals with gold nanomaterials-based pathogen detection sensors such as colorimetric sensors, fluorescence sensors and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering sensors. We then discuss strategies based on gold nanomaterials for eliminating pathogenic infections, such as the dual sterilization strategy for grafting gold nanomaterials with antibacterial substances, photothermal antibacterial and photodynamic antibacterial methods. The fourth part briefly introduces the comprehensive strategy for diagnosis and sterilization of pathogen infection based on gold nanomaterials, such as the diagnosis and treatment strategy for pathogen infection using Roman signals real-time monitoring and photothermal sterilization. A concluding section that summarizes the current status and challenges of the novel diagnosis and treatment integrated strategy for pathogenic infections, gives an outlook on potential future perspectives.

Simultaneous Detection of Three Foodborne Pathogens Based on Immunomagnetic Nanoparticles and Fluorescent Quantum Dots

This paper presents a peptide-mediated immunomagnetic separation technique and an immunofluorescence quantum dot technique for simultaneous and rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. First, three peptides that can specifically recognize the three foodborne pathogens were combined with magnetic nanoparticles to form an immunomagnetic nanoparticle probe for capturing three kinds of target bacteria and then added three quantum dot probes (quantum dots-aptamer), which formed a sandwich composite structure. When the three quantum dot probes specifically combined with the three pathogenic bacteria, the remaining fluorescent signal in the supernatant will be reduced by magnetic separation. Therefore, the remaining fluorescent signal in the supernatant can be measured with a fluorescence spectrophotometer to indirectly determine the three pathogens in the sample. The linear range of the method was 10-10⁷ cfu/mL, and in the buffer, the detection limits of E. coli O157:H7, S. aureus, and V. parahaemolyticus were 2.460, 5.407, and 3.770 cfu/mL, respectively. In the tap water simulation, the detection limits of E. coli O157:H7, S. aureus, and V. parahaemolyticus were 2.730, 1.990 × 10¹, and 4.480 cfu/mL, respectively. In the milk simulation sample, the detection limits of E. coli O157:H7, S. aureus, and V. parahaemolyticus were 6.660, 1.070 × 10¹, and 2.236 × 10¹ cfu/mL, respectively. The method we presented can detect three kinds of foodborne pathogens at the same time, and the entire experimental process did not exceed 4 h. It has high sensitivity and low detection limit and may be used in the sample detection of other pathogens.

Stimuli-responsive azobenzene-quantum dots for multi-sensing of dithionite, hypochlorite, and azoreductase

A new fluorescence turn-on sensing platform has been developed applicable for sensitive profiling of multiple chemical and biological analytes, using azobenzene-quantum dot as a new stimuli-responsive optical nanoprobe. An azobenzene-carrying compound bis [4, 4'-(dithiophenyl azo)-1, 3-benzenediamine] (DTPABDA) is for the first time reported to be used for conjugation with CdSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots (QDs) via the ligand exchange reaction. Due to the photo-induced electron-transfer (PET) effect, the electron-withdrawing azobenzene groups of DTPABDA can significantly cause the photoluminescence (PL) of QDs quenched. The QDs' PL can be subsequently reignited by the removal of azo moiety cleavable through three types of specific reactions: the dithionite reduction, hypochlorite oxidation, and azoreductase enzymatic catalysis, respectively. By monitoring of reaction-induced recovery of FL signals at 560 nm with an excitation of 450 nm, such azobenzene-QDs conjugates served as a new nanoprobe enabling the fluorescence turn-on sensing of dithionite, hypochlorite, and azoreductase with high sensitivity, broad linear range, and good selectivity. The successful detection of target analytes in real samples reveals the potential of our method in practical applications, such as biosensing, environmental and industrial monitoring. Graphical abstract A new stimuli-responsive fluorescence probe is reported for the sensitive detection of sodium dithionite, hypochlorite, and azoreductase. The probe consists of QDs with an azobenzene-carrying compound as a ligand. The fluorescence of QDs could be quenched by the azo group and subsequently recovered via the removal of azo group by these three compounds, resulting in the "turn-on" sensing of these compounds with high sensitivity, broad linear range, and good selectivity. The successful detection of azoreductase in serum samples reveals the practical use of this method.