Glomus jugulare tumours: certain clinical and radiological aspects observed following Gamma Knife radiosurgery

Endoscopic transcanal coblation excision of glomus tympanicum: a novel technique

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the feasibility of coblation in excision of glomus tympanicum tumors.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A retrospective study carried out over 28 patients with types I and II glomus tympanicum tumors according to GLASSCOCK-JACKSON classification. Preoperative radiological and endocrinal evaluation were performed. All patients underwent endoscopic transcanal excision of their glomus tympanicum tumors using coblation.

RESULTS

None of the patients developed recurrence during the 1-year follow up period proved radiologically. None of the patients developed facial palsy postoperatively. Differences between preoperative and postoperative dizziness and taste disturbance were statistically non-significant. Tinnitus disappeared completely in 22 patients postoperatively. A statistically significant reduction in Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) after surgery was found. Statistically significant reductions in postoperative air conduction (AC) threshold and air bone gap (ABG) were recorded while bone conduction (BC) threshold showed statistically non-significant change.

CONCLUSION

Coblation is an effective and safe tool in excision of glomus tympanicum tumors. Further studies comparing coblation with laser and piezosurgery are strongly recommended.

Gamma Knife radiosurgery for the management of glomus jugulare tumors: A systematic review and report of the experience of a radioneurosurgery unit in Latin America

Background

Glomus jugulare tumors (GJTs) are rare and mainly affect women between the 5th and 6th decades of life. Its localization and anatomic relationships make conventional surgical treatment difficult and with a considerable risk of complications. This manuscript aims to describe the results of Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKR) in patients with GJT treated in a single center in Latin America, as well as to systematically review the literature to determine the clinical and radiological effectiveness of this technique.

Methods

A search of information from January 1995 to June 2023 was performed. Twenty-two articles reporting 721 GJT patients treated with GKR were included in the study. Variables such as symptomatic control, control of tumor size, and complications were evaluated. These variables were described using measures of central tendency and proportions. For the institutional experience, 77 patients with GJT tumors were included in the study. Pre-treatment clinical variables and follow-up data were collected from medical charts and phone interviews. The Short Form-36 scale was applied to assess the quality of life. The data were analyzed using the statistical program STATA17.0.

Results

A total of 721 patients were considered. The median of patients included in these studies was 18.5. The mean age was 58.4 years. The median of symptom control was 89%, and the median of imaging control was 95.7%. In our institution, 77 patients were included in the study. The mean age was 53.2 years. The median hospital stay was 4.92 hours. For the clinical follow-up, information on 47 patients was obtained. An improvement in pre-treatment symptoms was described in 58%, with general symptomatic control of 97%. The tumor-control rate was 95%, and there were statistically significant differences in six of the nine Short Form-36 scale domains.

Conclusion

GKR is an effective, safe, and cost-effective technique that offers a high degree of symptomatic and tumor size control in patients with GJT.

Modern Management of Complex Tympanojugular Paragangliomas: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVE

Tympanojugular paragangliomas (TJPs) are slow-growing tumors arising within the middle ear or jugular foramen. The development of modified skull base approaches and the increasing use of stereotactic radiosurgery have provided more modern techniques in the management of TJPs. Several factors dictating approach selection, and resulting clinical outcomes have been inconsistently described.

METHODS

A systematic review of the literature describing modern management of complex TJPs was performed and summarized. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to describe the rate of tumor control, complications, and symptom improvement in patients undergoing radiosurgery or surgical resection.

RESULTS

Nineteen studies were identified with a total of 852 TJP patients. A minority (153 patients) underwent radiosurgery while 699 underwent surgery. On meta-analysis, there was a 3.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.5%-6.4%) tumor growth rate following radiosurgery and 3.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.8%-6.0%) recurrence rate in surgical resection, with no significant moderator effect between the 2 groups (P = 0.9046). Complication rate for radiosurgery was 7.6% (95% CI: 2.8%-12.4%), differing significantly from surgical complication rates of 29.6% (95% CI: 17.1-42.0%, P = 0.0418).

CONCLUSIONS

Stereotactic radiosurgery and surgical resection for TJPs have similar rates of tumor recurrence. Radiation is associated with less risk and lower morbidity, yet there is comparably modest reduction of the tumor size. In sum, the data suggest that radiosurgery is a reasonable management option for patients with minimal symptoms who are high risk for surgery. Microsurgical resection should be reserved for patients with lower cranial neuropathies or those who have failed radiation treatment.

Less common extracerebral tumors

This chapter examines the results of GKNS on a variety of extraparenchymal skull base tumors some benign and some malignant. For the benign tumors there is good evidence on the effectiveness of the method for pretty much all diagnoses. For malignant extraparenchymal tumors the results are more limited and GKNS only has a supportive role in these lesions.

Long-Term Results of Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Glomus Tumors: An Analysis of 32 Patients

Background Glomus jugulare tumors are rare slow-growing hypervascular tumors that arise from the paraganglia of the chemoreceptor system within the jugulare foramen of the temporal lobe. The historical standard treatment has been surgical resection, but because of their high vascularity and involvement with cranial nerves (CNs), Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) has been advocated as an alternative. The goal of this study is to update and report long-term results of GKRS to achieve local control and symptomatic improvement and to reduce morbidity and mortality when treating glomus jugulare tumors. Materials and Methods This study retrospectively collected and reviewed clinical and radiographic data of 32 patients with glomus jugulare tumors treated with GKRS at the Miami Neuroscience Center, South Miami, FL, from 1995 to 2019. For the 32 patients, the mean volume treated was 13.9 cc (0.23 to 40.0 cc), with an average of 8.6 isocenters. The median prescription dose was 12.84 Gy ± 2.07 Gy (range: 10-20 Gy). Follow-up data were available for 29 out of 32 patients, with a median clinical follow-up time of 37.3 months (range: 4.3-169.1 months). At follow-up, patients were evaluated for neurological signs and symptoms and radiographic evidence of progression of disease. Results The median age of the cohort treated with GKRS was 60 years (range: 14-83 years). There were three males and 27 females. Presenting symptomatology was available for 30 out of 32 patients. The most common presenting symptom was hearing loss (21/30) and the most common CN deficit was in CN VIII (19/30). Out of 29 of the patients followed up, 28 patients had improvement (20/29) or resolution (8/29) of symptoms. At the most recent evaluation or contact, patients were without symptomatic progression of CN deficits. Radiographic tumor control was achieved in 28 out of 29 patients. One patient had a recurrence seven years after GKRS, which was treated with surgery. There were no complications, radionecrosis, or mortality reported from GKRS. Conclusion These data confirm that GKRS is a reasonable upfront treatment option for glomus jugulare tumors. GKRS should be considered more frequently given its excellent long-term local control with low morbidity and risk of complications.

Image-guided robotic radiosurgery for glomus jugulare tumors-Multicenter experience and review of the literature

BACKGROUND

Glomus jugulare tumors (GJTs) are challenging to treat due to their vascularization and location. This analysis evaluates the effectiveness and safety of image-guided robotic radiosurgery (RRS) for GJTs in a multicenter study and reviews the existing radiosurgical literature.

METHODS

We analyzed outcome data from 101 patients to evaluate local control (LC), changes in pretreatment deficits, and toxicity. Moreover, radiosurgical studies for GJTs have been reviewed.

RESULTS

After a median follow-up of 35 months, the overall LC was 99%. Eighty-eight patients were treated with a single dose, 13 received up to 5 fractions. The median tumor volume was 5.6 cc; the median treatment dose for single-session treatments is 16 Gy, and for multisession treatments is 21 Gy. Fifty-six percentage of patients experienced symptom improvement or recovered entirely.

CONCLUSIONS

RRS is an effective primary and secondary treatment option for GJTs. The available literature suggests that radiosurgery is a treatment option for most GJTs.

Stereotactic radiosurgery for head and neck paragangliomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Head and neck paragangliomas (HNPs) are rare, usually benign hyper vascularized neuroendocrine tumors that traditionally have been treated by surgery, with or without endovascular embolization, or, more recently stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). The aim of our study is to determine the clinical and radiographic effectiveness of SRS for treatment of HNPs. A systematic search of electronic databases was performed, and 37 articles reporting 11,174 patients (1144 tumors) with glomus jugulare (GJT: 993, 86.9%), glomus tympanicum (GTT: 94, 8.2%), carotid body tumors (CBTs: 28, 2.4%), and glomus vagale (GVT: 16, 1.4%) treated with SRS definitively or adjuvantly were included. The local control (LC) was estimated from the pooled analysis of the series, and its association with SRS technique as well as demographic and clinical factors was analyzed. The median age was 56 years (44-69 years). With a median clinical and radiological follow-up of 44 months (9-161 months), LC was 94.2%. Majority of the patients (61.0%) underwent Gamma Knife Radiosurgery (GKS), but there was no statistically significant difference in LC depending upon the SRS technique (p = 0.9). Spearmen's correlation showed that LC was strongly and negatively correlated with multiple parameters, which included female gender (r = - 0.4, p = 0.001), right-sided tumor (r = - 0.3, p = 0.03), primary SRS (r = - 0.5, p ≤ 0.001), and initial clinical presentation of hearing loss (r = - 0.4, p = 0.001). To achieve a LC ≥ 90%, a median marginal dose (Gy) of 15 (range, 12-30 Gy) was required. The results corroborate that SRS in HNPs is associated with good clinical and radiological outcome.

LINAC radiosurgery for glomus jugulare tumors: retrospective - cohort study of 23 patients

BACKGROUND

Glomus jugulare tumors (GJTs) are uncommon and locally disruptive tumors that usually arise within the jugular foramen of the temporal bone. Surgery was the treatment of choice up until recently. In the last decades, however, radiosurgery has surfaced as a promising alternative treatment by providing excellent tumor control with low risk of cranial nerve injuries. Our aim was to examine the results of radiosurgery specifically, linear accelerator stereotactic radiosurgery (LINAC SRS) for GJT treatment. We hypothesized that radiosurgery will reduce the size of the tumor and improve neurological symptoms.

DESIGN AND METHOD

Between January 1, 1994 and December 31, 2013, 30 patients with GJTs were treated in Sheba Medical Center using LINAC SRS treatment. Comprehensive clinical follow-up was available for 23 patients. Sixteen patients were female and seven males with a median age of 64 years, with a range of 18-87 years. In 19 of the patients, LINAC SRS was the primary treatment, whereas in the remaining four cases, surgery or embolization preceded radiosurgery. The median treated dose to tumor margin was 14 Gy (range 12-27 Gy), and the median tumor volume before treatment was 5 ml (range 0.5-15 ml).

RESULTS

Following the LINAC SRS treatment, 14 of 23 patients (60%) showed improvement of previous neurological deficits, nine patients (40%) remained unchanged. At the end of a follow-up, tumor reduction was seen in 13 patients and a stable volume in eight (91% tumor control rate). Two cases of tumor progression were noted. Three patients (13%) had post- SRS complications during the follow-up, two of which achieved tumor control, while in one the tumor advanced.

CONCLUSIONS

LINAC SRS is a practical treatment option for GJTs, with a high rate of tumor control and satisfactory neurological improvement.

Surgery of the lateral skull base: a 50-year endeavour

Disregarding the widely used division of skull base into anterior and lateral, since the skull base should be conceived as a single anatomic structure, it was to our convenience to group all those approaches that run from the antero-lateral, pure lateral and postero-lateral side of the skull base as “Surgery of the lateral skull base”. “50 years of endeavour” points to the great effort which has been made over the last decades, when more and more difficult surgeries were performed by reducing morbidity. The principle of lateral skull base surgery, “remove skull base bone to approach the base itself and the adjacent sites of the endo-esocranium”, was then combined with function preservation and with tailoring surgery to the pathology. The concept that histology dictates the extent of resection, balancing the intrinsic morbidity of each approach was the object of the first section of the present report. The main surgical approaches were described in the second section and were conceived not as a step-by-step description of technique, but as the highlighthening of the surgical principles. The third section was centered on open issues related to the tumor and its treatment. The topic of vestibular schwannoma was investigated with the current debate on observation, hearing preservation surgery, hearing rehabilitation, radiotherapy and the recent efforts to detect biological markers able to predict tumor growth. Jugular foramen paragangliomas were treated in the frame of radical or partial surgery, radiotherapy, partial “tailored” surgery and observation. Surgery on meningioma was debated from the point of view of the neurosurgeon and of the otologist. Endolymphatic sac tumors and malignant tumors of the external auditory canal were also treated, as well as chordomas, chondrosarcomas and petrous bone cholesteatomas. Finally, the fourth section focused on free-choice topics which were assigned to aknowledged experts. The aim of this work was attempting to report the state of the art of the lateral skull base surgery after 50 years of hard work and, above all, to raise questions on those issues which still need an answer, as to allow progress in knowledge through sharing of various experiences. At the end of the reading, if more doubts remain rather than certainties, the aim of this work will probably be achieved.

Long-term tumor control following stereotactic radiosurgery for jugular paraganglioma using 3D volumetric segmentation

OBJECTIVE

The morbidity of gross-total resection of jugular paraganglioma (JP) is often unacceptable due to the potential for irreversible lower cranial neuropathy. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has been used at the authors' institution since 1990 for the treatment of JP and other benign intracranial tumors. Conventional means of assessing tumor progression using linear measurements or elliptical approximations are imprecise due to the irregular shape and insinuating growth pattern of JP. The objective of this study was to assess long-term tumor control in these patients by using slice-by-slice 3D volumetric segmentation of serial MRI data.

METHODS

Radiographic data and clinical records were reviewed retrospectively at a single, tertiary-care academic referral center for patients treated from 1990 to 2017. Volumetric analyses by integration of consecutive tumor cross-sectional areas (tumor segmentation) of serial MRI data were performed. Tumor progression was defined as volumetric growth of 15% or greater over the imaging interval. Primary outcomes analyzed included survival free of radiographic and clinical progression. Secondary outcomes included new or worsened cranial neuropathy.

RESULTS

A total of 85 patients were treated with Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) for JP at the authors' institution over the last 27 years. Sixty patients had pretreatment and serial posttreatment contrast-enhanced MRI follow-up suitable for volumetric analysis. A total of 214 MR images were analyzed to segment tumor images in a slice-by-slice fashion to calculate integral tumor volume. The median follow-up duration was 66 months (range 7-202 months). At 5 years the tumor progression-free survival rate was 98%. Three tumors exhibited progression more than 10 years after GKRS. Estimated survival free of radiographic progression rates (95% confidence interval [CI]; n = number still at risk) at 5, 10, and 15 years following radiosurgery were 98% (95% CI 94%-100%; n = 34), 94% (95% CI 85%-100%; n = 16), and 74% (95% CI 56%-98%; n = 6), respectively. One patient with tumor progression required treatment intervention using external beam radiation therapy, constituting the only case of clinical progression. Two patients (3%) without preexisting lower cranial nerve dysfunction developed new ipsilateral vocal fold paralysis following radiosurgery.

CONCLUSIONS

SRS achieves excellent long-term tumor control for JP without a high risk for new or worsened cranial neuropathy when used in primary, combined modality, or recurrent settings. Long-term follow-up is critical due to the potential for late radiographic progression (i.e., more than 10 years after SRS). As none of the patients with late progression have required salvage therapy, the clinical implications of this degree of tumor growth have yet to be determined.

Gamma Knife radiosurgery for glomus tumors: Long-term results in a series of 30 patients

BACKGROUND

Glomus tumors are rare and benign hypervascular tumors. Surgery represented the mainstay of their treatment, even if it has been associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Recently, the treatment shifted to a multimodal approach and Gamma Knife radiosurgery represents one of the treatment options.

METHODS

Authors retrospectively analyzed the clinical and radiological outcome of a series of patients who underwent Gamma Knife radiosurgery for glomus tumors.

RESULTS

Thirty patients underwent Gamma Knife radiosurgery. Mean tumor volume was 7.69 cc (range 0.36-24.6). Mean tumor margin dose was 16 Gy (range 13-18). Median follow-up was of 91 months (mean 90; range 11-172). Overall clinical control rate was 100%; overall volumetric tumor control rate was 96.6%. Patients' and tumors' characteristics, treatment data, and outcome have been analyzed.

CONCLUSION

Gamma Knife radiosurgery represents a safe and effective treatment for glomus tumors. Longer follow-up and larger cohort studies are needed to definitively outline the role of Gamma Knife radiosurgery for glomus tumors.

Long-Term Outcome Following Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Glomus Jugulare Tumors: A Single Institution Experience of 20 Years

BACKGROUND

Glomus jugulare tumors (GJTs) are rare benign tumors, which pose significant treatment challenges due to proximity to critical structures.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the long-term clinical and radiological outcome in patients undergoing stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for GJTs through retrospective study.

METHODS

Forty-two patients with 43 GJTs were treated using Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS; Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden) at our institute from 1997 to 2016. Clinical, imaging, and radiosurgery data were collected from an institutional review board approved database.

RESULTS

Most patients were females (n = 35, 83.3%) and median age was 61 yr (range 23-88 yr). Median tumor volume and diameter were 5 cc and 3 cm, respectively, with a median follow-up of 62.3 mo (3.4-218.6 mo). Overall, 20 patients (47.6%) improved clinically and 14 (33.3%) remained unchanged at last follow-up. New onset or worsening of hearing loss was noted in 6 patients (17.2%) after SRS. The median prescription dose to the tumor margin was 15 Gy (12-18 Gy). Median reduction in tumor volume and maximum tumor diameter at last follow-up was 33.3% and 11.54%, respectively. The 5-yr and 10-yr tumor control rates were 87% ± 6% and 69% ± 13%, respectively. There was no correlation between maximum or mean dose to the internal acoustic canal and post-GK hearing loss (P > .05).

CONCLUSION

SRS is safe and effective in patients with GJTs and results in durable, long-term control. SRS has lower morbidity than that associated with surgical resection, particularly lower cranial nerve dysfunction, and can be a first-line management option in these patients.

Stereotactic Radiosurgical Treatment of Glomus Jugulare Tumors

OBJECTIVE

Determine treatment outcomes of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for glomus jugulare tumors (GJT), focusing on three-dimensional volume change and symptoms before and after SRS, as well as complications related to SRS.

STUDY DESIGN

Retrospective case review.

SETTING

Tertiary referral center.

PATIENTS

Thirty-eight patients treated with SRS between 2000 and 2015.

INTERVENTION

SRS treatment of GJT.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

The tumor volumes on pre- and posttreatment imaging were compared utilizing the Leskell GammaPlan treatment plan software to assess tumor progression. Pre- and posttreatment symptoms, Fisch classification, and complications were recorded.

RESULTS

The mean radiographic follow-up was 39.1 months. The mean dose-to-tumor margin was 13.2 Gy. The mean tumor size at treatment was 5.8 and 5.2 cm at last follow-up. Thirty-three patients had follow-up imaging suitable for analysis. When defining both 10 and 15% tumor size increases as significant, 27 (82%) and 29 (88%) tumors decreased in size or remained stable, respectively. For the seven tumors with documented pre-SRS growth, treatment success was 86%. The mean marginal dose for treatment success and failure were 13.2 and 13.7 Gy, respectively. Patients receiving a higher margin dose had a greater risk of tumor progression (p = 0.0277). Fisch classification did not impact tumor progression rate. Initial tumor volume had no significance on tumor response to SRS.

CONCLUSIONS

SRS is an effective treatment option for GJT. Both initial tumor volume and Fisch classification did not impact tumor progression. There were no significant patient or lesion characteristics that distinguished treatment success and/or failure.

Gamma Knife radiosurgery for glomus jugulare tumors: a single-center series of 75 cases

OBJECTIVE Glomus jugulare tumors are rare indolent tumors that frequently involve the lower cranial nerves (CNs). Complete resection can be difficult and associated with lower CN injury. Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) has established its role as a noninvasive alternative treatment option for these often formidable lesions. The authors aimed to review their experience at the National Centre for Stereotactic Radiosurgery, Sheffield, United Kingdom, specifically the long-term tumor control rate and complications of GKRS for these lesions. METHODS Clinical and radiological data were retrospectively reviewed for patients treated between March 1994 and December 2010. Data were available for 75 patients harboring 76 tumors. The tumors in 3 patients were treated in 2 stages. Familial and/or hereditary history was noted in 12 patients, 2 of whom had catecholamine-secreting and/or active tumors. Gamma Knife radiosurgery was the primary treatment modality in 47 patients (63%). The median age at the time of treatment was 55 years. The median tumor volume was 7 cm³, and the median radiosurgical dose to the tumor margin was 18 Gy (range 12-25 Gy). The median duration of radiological follow-up was 51.5 months (range 12-230 months), and the median clinical follow-up was 38.5 months (range 6-223 months). RESULTS The overall tumor control rate was 93.4% with low CN morbidity. Improvement of preexisting deficits was noted in 15 patients (20%). A stationary clinical course and no progression of symptoms were noted in 48 patients (64%). Twelve patients (16%) had new symptoms or progression of their preexisting symptoms. The Kaplan-Meier actuarial tumor control rate was 92.2% at 5 years and 86.3% at 10 years. CONCLUSIONS Gamma Knife radiosurgery offers a risk-versus-benefit treatment option with very low CN morbidity and stable long-term results.

Stereotactic radiosurgery of glomus jugulare tumors: current concepts, recent advances and future perspectives

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), a very highly focused form of therapeutic irradiation, has been widely recognized as a viable treatment option in the management of intracranial pathologies including benign tumors, malign tumors, vascular malformations and functional disorders. The applications of SRS are continuously expanding thanks to the ever-increasing advances and corresponding improvements in neuroimaging, radiation treatment techniques, equipment, treatment planning and delivery systems. In the context of glomus jugulare tumors (GJT), SRS is being more increasingly used both as the upfront management modality or as a complementary or salvage treatment option. As its safety and efficacy is being evident with compiling data from studies with longer follow-up durations, SRS appears to take the lead in the management of most patients with GJT. Herein, we address current concepts, recent advances and future perspectives in SRS of GJT in light of the literature.

Stereotactic radiosurgery in the management of vestibular schwannoma and glomus jugulare: indications, techniques, and results

Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery (GKS) has become an important management strategy for an increasing number of patients with skull base tumors. For select patients with lateral skull base disorders, given the proximity to sensitive critical structures such as the brainstem, cranial nerves, and cochlea, this technology has emerged as a first-line treatment to achieve the paramount goals of long-term tumor control and maintenance of existing neurologic function. This article reviews the indications, technique, and results of GKS for the treatment of vestibular schwannoma and glomus jugulare tumors, and highlights our experience in treating these tumors at the Mayo Clinic.

Leksell Gamma Knife radiosurgery of the jugulotympanic glomus tumor: long-term results

OBJECT

Glomus tumors usually display indolent behavior, and the effectiveness of radiation in stopping their growth can be assessed after long-term follow-up. Currently only midterm results of radiosurgery are available, so the authors included patients treated by Gamma Knife at least 10 years ago in this study to obtain a perspective of long-term results.

METHODS

During the period from 1992 to 2003, the Gamma Knife was used to treat 46 patients with glomus tumors. The age of the patients ranged from 21 to 79 years (median 56 years). Gamma Knife radiosurgery was the primary treatment in 17 patients (37%). Open surgery preceded radiosurgery in 46% of cases, embolization in 17%, and fractionated radiotherapy in 4%. The volume of the tumor ranged from 0.2 to 24.3 cm(3) (median 3.6 cm(3)). The minimal dose to the tumor margin ranged between 10 and 30 Gy (median 20 Gy).

RESULTS

One patient was lost for follow-up after radiosurgery. Clinical follow-up was available in 45 patients and 44 patients were followed with MRI in a follow-up period that ranged from 12 to 217 months (median 118 months). Neurological deficits improved in 19 (42%) of 45 patients and deteriorated in 2 patients (4%). Tumor size decreased in 34 (77%) of 44 patients with imaging follow-up, while an increase in volume was observed in 1 patient (2%) 182 months after radiosurgery and Gamma Knife treatment was repeated. One patient underwent another Gamma Knife treatment for secondary induced meningioma close to the glomus tumor 98 months after initial radiosurgical treatment. Seven patients died 22-96 months after radiosurgery (median 48 months), all for unrelated reasons.

CONCLUSIONS

Radiosurgery has proved to be a safe treatment with a low morbidity rate and a reliable long-term antiproliferative effect.

Jugulotympanic paragangliomas treated with Gamma Knife radiosurgery: a single-center review of 58 cases

OBJECT

Jugulotympanic paragangliomas (JTPs) are rare benign tumors whose surgical treatment is usually associated with partial resection of the lesion, high morbidity, and even death. Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) has been reported as a useful treatment option. The goal of this retrospective study is to analyze the role of GKRS in tumor volume control and clinical outcomes of these patients.

METHODS

A total of 75 patients with JTPs were treated with GKRS at the authors' center from 1995 to 2012. The authors analyzed those treated during this period to allow for a minimal observation time of 2 years. The MR images and clinical reports of these patients were reviewed to assess clinical and volumetric outcomes of the tumors. The radiological and clinical assessments, along with a group of prognostic factors measured, were analyzed using descriptive methods. The time to volumetric and clinical progression was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Prognostic factors were identified using log-rank statistics and multivariate Cox regression models.

RESULTS

The mean follow-up was 86.4 months. The authors observed volumetric tumor control in 94.8% of cases. In 67.2% of cases, tumor volume decreased by a mean of 40.1% from the original size. Of patients with previous tinnitus, 54% reported complete recovery. Improvement of other symptoms was observed in 34.5% of cases. Overall, clinical control was achieved in 91.4% of cases. Previous embolization and familial history of paraganglioma were selected as significant prognostic factors for volumetric response to GKRS treatment in the univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, no factors were significantly correlated with progression-free survival. No patient died of side effects related to GKRS treatment or tumor progression.

CONCLUSIONS

Gamma Knife radiosurgery is an effective, safe, and efficient therapeutic option for the treatment of these tumors as a first-line treatment or in conjunction with traditional surgery, endovascular treatment, or conventional fractionated radiotherapy.

Stereotactic radiosurgery as the primary treatment for new and recurrent paragangliomas: is open surgical resection still the treatment of choice?

OBJECTIVE

Paragangliomas (PGs) or glomus tumors are rare, and publications comparing treatment alternatives are few. We sought to analyze our experience with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), review the literature, and develop treatment guidelines.

METHODS

We retrospectively examined the outcomes of 41 PGs in 36 patients treated with SRS at Stanford. Our data from medical records, telephone interviews, and imaging studies were combined with previously reported SRS data and compared to results following other treatments.

RESULTS

With a median clinical follow-up of 4.8 years (3.9 years radiographic), local control was 100%. Complications included increase in preexistent vertigo in one patient and transient cranial neuropathies in two patients. Published surgical series describe a lower local control rate as well as more frequent and severe complications. Published radiation therapy (RT) series document a slightly lower local control rate than SRS, but SRS can be delivered more quickly and conveniently. Open surgery and other combinations of treatments appear to be required for several subpopulations of PG patients.

CONCLUSIONS

We feel that SRS should be the primary treatment for most new and recurrent PGs. Even some very large PGs are appropriate for SRS. RT remains an appropriate option in some centers, especially those where SRS is not available. PGs occurring in the youngest patients, catecholamine secreting PGs, and PGs causing rapidly progressing neurologic deficits may be more appropriate for open resection. Metastatic PGs may benefit from combinations of chemotherapy and SRS or RT. Treatment guidelines are proposed.

Jugular and vagal paragangliomas: Systematic study of management with surgery and radiotherapy

BACKGROUND

The definitive treatment for head and neck paraganglioma (PG) is surgical excision. Unfortunately, surgery, particularly of vagal paraganglioma (VPG; "glomus vagale") and foramen jugulare ("glomus jugulare") tumors, may be complicated by injuries to the lower cranial nerves, a high price to pay for treatment for a benign tumor. Alternatively these tumors may be followed without treatment, or irradiated. The purpose of this review was to compare the existing evidence concerning the efficacy and safety of surgery, external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), for jugular paragangliomas (JPGs) and VPGs.

METHODS

Relevant articles were reviewed using strict criteria for systematic searches. Forty-one surgical studies met the criteria which included 1310 patients. Twenty articles including 461 patients treated with EBRT, and 14 radiosurgery studies comprising 261 patients were also evaluated. Results were compared between treatment modalities using analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests.

RESULTS

A total of 1084 patients with JPGs and 226 VPGs were treated with different surgical procedures. Long-term control of the disease was achieved in 78.2% and 93.3% of patients, respectively. A total of 715 patients with JPG were treated with radiotherapy: 461 with EBRT and 254 with SRS. Control of the disease with both methods was obtained in 89.1% and 93.7% of the patients, respectively. The treatment outcomes of a JPG treated with surgery or radiotherapy were compared. Tumor control failure, major complication rates, and the number of cranial nerve palsies after treatment were significantly higher in surgical than in radiotherapy series. The results of SRS and EBRT in JPGs were compared and no significant differences were observed in tumor control. Because only 1 article reported on the treatment of 10 VPGs with radiotherapy, no comparisons with surgery could be made. Nevertheless, the vagus nerve was functionally preserved in only 11 of 254 surgically treated patients (4.3%).

CONCLUSION

There is evidence that EBRT and SRS offer a similar chance of tumor control with lower risks of morbidity compared with surgery in patients with JPGs. Although the evidence is based on retrospective studies, these results suggest that surgery should be considered only for selected cases, but the decision should be individual for every patient.

Radiosurgery of glomus jugulare tumors: a meta-analysis

PURPOSE

During the past two decades, radiosurgery has arisen as a promising approach to the management of glomus jugulare. In the present study, we report on a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available published data on the radiosurgical management of glomus jugulare tumors.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

To identify eligible studies, systematic searches of all glomus jugulare tumors treated with radiosurgery were conducted in major scientific publication databases. The data search yielded 19 studies, which were included in the meta-analysis. The data from 335 glomus jugulare patients were extracted. The fixed effects pooled proportions were calculated from the data when Cochrane's statistic was statistically insignificant and the inconsistency among studies was <25%. Bias was assessed using the Egger funnel plot test.

RESULTS

Across all studies, 97% of patients achieved tumor control, and 95% of patients achieved clinical control. Eight studies reported a mean or median follow-up time of >36 months. In these studies, 95% of patients achieved clinical control and 96% achieved tumor control. The gamma knife, linear accelerator, and CyberKnife technologies all exhibited high rates of tumor and clinical control.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study reports the results of a meta-analysis for the radiosurgical management of glomus jugulare. Because of its high effectiveness, we suggest considering radiosurgery for the primary management of glomus jugulare tumors.

The safety and efficacy of gamma knife surgery in management of glomus jugulare tumor

Background

Glomus jugulare is a slowly growing, locally destructive tumor located in the skull base with difficult surgical access. The operative approach is, complicated by the fact that lesions may be both intra and extradural with engulfment of critical neurovascular structures. The tumor is frequently highly vascular, thus tumor resection entails a great deal of morbidity and not infrequent mortality. At timeslarge residual tumors are left behind. To decrease the morbidity associated with surgical resection of glomus jugulare, gamma knife surgery (GKS) was performed as an alternative in 13 patients to evaluate its safety and efficacy.

Methods

A retrospective review of 13 residual or unresectable glomus jagulare treated with GKS between 2004 and 2008.. Of these, 11 patients underwent GKS as the primary management and one case each was treated for postoperative residual disease and postembolization. The radiosurgical dose to the tumor margin ranged between 12-15 Gy.

Results

Post- gamma knife surgery and during the follow-up period twelve patients demonstrated neurological stability while clinical improvement was achieved in 5 patients. One case developed transient partial 7th nerve palsy that responded to medical treatment. In all patients radiographic MRI follow-up was obtained, the tumor size decreased in two cases and remained stable (local tumor control) in eleven patients.

Conclusions

Gamma knife surgery provids tumor control with a lowering of risk of developing a new cranial nerve injury in early follow-up period. This procedure can be safely used as a primary management tool in patients with glomus jugulare tumors, or in patients with recurrent tumors in this location. If long-term results with GKS are equally effective it will emerge as a good alternative to surgical resection.

Radiosurgery for glomus jugulare: history and recent progress

In this article the authors review the literature for recent studies of radiosurgical treatment for glomus jugulare. These studies demonstrate that radiosurgery results in similar glomus jugulare tumor control and a superior morbidity profile compared with surgical treatment. In addition, patients treated with radiosurgery usually remain stable clinically or improve. Given the indolent nature of these tumors, however, more follow-up is required to ensure that the immediate benefits are lasting. These preliminary reports demonstrate that the use of radiosurgery as a primary treatment for glomus jugulare should be extended to encompass more of the patients who are currently assigned to microsurgical treatment.