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Jones JD, Arout CA, Luba R, Murugesan D, Madera G, Gorsuch L, Schusterman R, Martinez S. The influence of drug class on reward in substance use disorders. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024; 240:173771. [PMID: 38670466 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
In the United States, the societal costs associated with drug use surpass $500 billion annually. The rewarding and reinforcing properties that drive the use of these addictive substances are typically examined concerning the neurobiological effects responsible for their abuse potential. In this review, terms such as "abuse potential," "drug," and "addictive properties" are used due to their relevance to the methodological, theoretical, and conceptual framework for understanding the phenomenon of drug-taking behavior and the associated body of preclinical and clinical literature. The use of these terms is not intended to cast aspersions on individuals with substance use disorders (SUD). Understanding what motivates substance use has been a focus of SUD research for decades. Much of this corpus of work has focused on the shared effects of each drug class to increase dopaminergic transmission within the central reward pathways of the brain, or the "reward center." However, the precise influence of each drug class on dopamine signaling, and the extent thereof, differs considerably. Furthermore, the aforementioned substances have effects on several neurobiological targets that mediate and modulate their addictive properties. The current manuscript sought to review the influence of drug class on the rewarding effects of each of the major pharmacological classes of addictive drugs (i.e., psychostimulants, opioids, nicotine, alcohol, and cannabinoids). Our review suggests that even subtle differences in drug effects can result in significant variability in the subjective experience of the drug, altering rewarding and other reinforcing effects. Additionally, this review will argue that reward (i.e., the attractive and motivational property of a stimulus) alone is not sufficient to explain the abuse liability of these substances. Instead, abuse potential is best examined as a function of both positive and negative reinforcing drug effects (i.e., stimuli that the subject will work to attain and stimuli that the subject will work to end or avoid, respectively). Though reward is central to drug use, the factors that motivate and maintain drug taking are varied and complex, with much to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jermaine D Jones
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Caroline A Arout
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rachel Luba
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Dillon Murugesan
- CUNY School of Medicine, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Gabriela Madera
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Liam Gorsuch
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, 430-5950 University Blvd., Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada
| | - Rebecca Schusterman
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Suky Martinez
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
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2
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Sangchooli A, Zare-Bidoky M, Fathi Jouzdani A, Schacht J, Bjork JM, Claus ED, Prisciandaro JJ, Wilson SJ, Wüstenberg T, Potvin S, Ahmadi P, Bach P, Baldacchino A, Beck A, Brady KT, Brewer JA, Childress AR, Courtney KE, Ebrahimi M, Filbey FM, Garavan H, Ghahremani DG, Goldstein RZ, Goudriaan AE, Grodin EN, Hanlon CA, Haugg A, Heilig M, Heinz A, Holczer A, Van Holst RJ, Joseph JE, Juliano AC, Kaufman MJ, Kiefer F, Khojasteh Zonoozi A, Kuplicki RT, Leyton M, London ED, Mackey S, McClernon FJ, Mellick WH, Morley K, Noori HR, Oghabian MA, Oliver JA, Owens M, Paulus MP, Perini I, Rafei P, Ray LA, Sinha R, Smolka MN, Soleimani G, Spanagel R, Steele VR, Tapert SF, Vollstädt-Klein S, Wetherill RR, Witkiewitz K, Yuan K, Zhang X, Verdejo-Garcia A, Potenza MN, Janes AC, Kober H, Zilverstand A, Ekhtiari H. Parameter Space and Potential for Biomarker Development in 25 Years of fMRI Drug Cue Reactivity: A Systematic Review. JAMA Psychiatry 2024; 81:414-425. [PMID: 38324323 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.5483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Importance In the last 25 years, functional magnetic resonance imaging drug cue reactivity (FDCR) studies have characterized some core aspects in the neurobiology of drug addiction. However, no FDCR-derived biomarkers have been approved for treatment development or clinical adoption. Traversing this translational gap requires a systematic assessment of the FDCR literature evidence, its heterogeneity, and an evaluation of possible clinical uses of FDCR-derived biomarkers. Objective To summarize the state of the field of FDCR, assess their potential for biomarker development, and outline a clear process for biomarker qualification to guide future research and validation efforts. Evidence Review The PubMed and Medline databases were searched for every original FDCR investigation published from database inception until December 2022. Collected data covered study design, participant characteristics, FDCR task design, and whether each study provided evidence that might potentially help develop susceptibility, diagnostic, response, prognostic, predictive, or severity biomarkers for 1 or more addictive disorders. Findings There were 415 FDCR studies published between 1998 and 2022. Most focused on nicotine (122 [29.6%]), alcohol (120 [29.2%]), or cocaine (46 [11.1%]), and most used visual cues (354 [85.3%]). Together, these studies recruited 19 311 participants, including 13 812 individuals with past or current substance use disorders. Most studies could potentially support biomarker development, including diagnostic (143 [32.7%]), treatment response (141 [32.3%]), severity (84 [19.2%]), prognostic (30 [6.9%]), predictive (25 [5.7%]), monitoring (12 [2.7%]), and susceptibility (2 [0.5%]) biomarkers. A total of 155 interventional studies used FDCR, mostly to investigate pharmacological (67 [43.2%]) or cognitive/behavioral (51 [32.9%]) interventions; 141 studies used FDCR as a response measure, of which 125 (88.7%) reported significant interventional FDCR alterations; and 25 studies used FDCR as an intervention outcome predictor, with 24 (96%) finding significant associations between FDCR markers and treatment outcomes. Conclusions and Relevance Based on this systematic review and the proposed biomarker development framework, there is a pathway for the development and regulatory qualification of FDCR-based biomarkers of addiction and recovery. Further validation could support the use of FDCR-derived measures, potentially accelerating treatment development and improving diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive clinical judgments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshiya Sangchooli
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mehran Zare-Bidoky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Fathi Jouzdani
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Joseph Schacht
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - James M Bjork
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Eric D Claus
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park
| | - James J Prisciandaro
- Addiction Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Stephen J Wilson
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College
| | - Torsten Wüstenberg
- Field of Focus IV, Core Facility for Neuroscience of Self-Regulation (CNSR), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stéphane Potvin
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pooria Ahmadi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Patrick Bach
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alex Baldacchino
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland
| | - Anne Beck
- Faculty of Health, Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathleen T Brady
- Addiction Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Judson A Brewer
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | | | - Mohsen Ebrahimi
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Francesca M Filbey
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Dara G Ghahremani
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Rita Z Goldstein
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Anneke E Goudriaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erica N Grodin
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Colleen A Hanlon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- BrainsWay Inc, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Amelie Haugg
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Heilig
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adrienn Holczer
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ruth J Van Holst
- Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jane E Joseph
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | | | - Marc J Kaufman
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Falk Kiefer
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arash Khojasteh Zonoozi
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Marco Leyton
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edythe D London
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Scott Mackey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - F Joseph McClernon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - William H Mellick
- Addiction Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Kirsten Morley
- Specialty of Addiction Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hamid R Noori
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
| | - Mohammad Ali Oghabian
- Neuroimaging and Analysis Group, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jason A Oliver
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
| | - Max Owens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | | | - Irene Perini
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Parnian Rafei
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lara A Ray
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ghazaleh Soleimani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vaughn R Steele
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Susan F Tapert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
| | - Sabine Vollstädt-Klein
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | - Kai Yuan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaochu Zhang
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, China
| | | | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Amy C Janes
- Cognitive and Pharmacological Neuroimaging Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hedy Kober
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Anna Zilverstand
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Hamed Ekhtiari
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma
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3
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Beck A, Ebrahimi C, Rosenthal A, Charlet K, Heinz A. The Dopamine System in Mediating Alcohol Effects in Humans. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 36705911 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Brain-imaging studies show that the development and maintenance of alcohol use disorder (AUD) is determined by a complex interaction of different neurotransmitter systems and multiple psychological factors. In this context, the dopaminergic reinforcement system appears to be of fundamental importance. We focus on the excitatory and depressant effects of acute versus chronic alcohol intake and its impact on dopaminergic neurotransmission. Furthermore, we describe alterations in dopaminergic neurotransmission as associated with symptoms of alcohol dependence. We specifically focus on neuroadaptations to chronic alcohol consumption and their effect on central processing of alcohol-associated and reward-related stimuli. Altered reward processing, complex conditioning processes, impaired reinforcement learning, and increased salience attribution to alcohol-associated stimuli enable alcohol cues to drive alcohol seeking and consumption. Finally, we will discuss how the neurobiological and neurochemical mechanisms of alcohol-associated alterations in reward processing and learning can interact with stress, cognition, and emotion processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Beck
- Faculty of Health, Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Claudia Ebrahimi
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Rosenthal
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Charlet
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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4
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Gancz NN, Forster SE. Threats to external validity in the neuroprediction of substance use treatment outcomes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2023; 49:5-20. [PMID: 36099534 PMCID: PMC9974755 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2022.2116712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Tools predicting individual relapse risk would invaluably inform clinical decision-making (e.g. level-of-care) in substance use treatment. Studies of neuroprediction - use of neuromarkers to predict individual outcomes - have the dual potential to create such tools and inform etiological models leading to new treatments. However, financial limitations, statistical power demands, and related factors encourage restrictive selection criteria, yielding samples that do not fully represent the target population. This problem may be further compounded by a lack of statistical optimism correction in neuroprediction research, resulting in predictive models that are overfit to already-restricted samples.Objectives: This systematic review aims to identify potential threats to external validity related to restrictive selection criteria and underutilization of optimism correction in the existing neuroprediction literature targeting substance use treatment outcomes.Methods: Sixty-seven studies of neuroprediction in substance use treatment were identified and details of sample selection criteria and statistical optimism correction were extracted.Results: Most publications were found to report restrictive selection criteria (e.g. excluding psychiatric (94% of publications) and substance use comorbidities (69% of publications)) that would rule-out a considerable portion of the treatment population. Furthermore, only 21% of publications reported optimism correction.Conclusion: Restrictive selection criteria and underutilization of optimism correction are common in the existing literature and may limit the generalizability of identified neural predictors to the target population whose treatment they would ultimately inform. Greater attention to the inclusivity and generalizability of addiction neuroprediction research, as well as new opportunities provided through open science initiatives, have the potential to address this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi N. Gancz
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education, & Clinical Center (MIRECC)
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology
| | - Sarah E. Forster
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education, & Clinical Center (MIRECC)
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5
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Bralet MC, Mitelman SA, Goodman CR, Lincoln S, Hazlett EA, Buchsbaum MS. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans in patients with alcohol use disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:994-1010. [PMID: 35451074 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diminished uptake of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) has been observed in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) but little statistical contrast of the regional brain deficits has been undertaken. This study examined prefrontal cortex inter-regional Brodmann area differences to delineate patterns associated with behavioral, neurotransmitter, and general toxicity hypotheses of cerebral involvement in AUD. METHODS We obtained data from FDG positron emission tomography (PET) and anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for 87 patients with AUD and 41 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers. Patients were alcohol dependent and had negative breathalyzer tests at the time of imaging. They were assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory, Alcohol Urge Questionnaire, Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale, Spielberger State/Trait Anxiety Scale, Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, and the Drinker Inventory of Consequences (DrInC). PET images were co-registered to MRI and both voxel × voxel statistical mapping and stereotaxic regions of interest were obtained. RESULTS Compared with healthy volunteers, patients with AUD had lower relative metabolic rates in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes, localizable most prominently to the dorsolateral and nearly all orbital prefrontal cortex, superior temporal gyrus, and inferior parietal lobule. In contrast, metabolic rates in the medial orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortex, and the subcortical structures (thalamus, cerebellum, ventral striatum, and the dorsal raphe nucleus) in patients were significantly greater. The severity of alcohol-related consequences as assessed by the DrInC scale was most highly associated with lower metabolism in the caudate, dorsolateral prefrontal, frontopolar, and anteroposterior cingulate cortex. CONCLUSIONS Despite widespread metabolic abnormalities, decreases in AUD were most marked in frontal executive areas, consistent with diminished impulse control, and increases were most prominent in the striatum and cingulate areas, consistent with a suppressed reward system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Cécile Bralet
- Crisalid Unit (FJ5), CHI Clermont de l'Oise, Clermont, France.,Inserm Unit U669, Maison de Solenn, Universities Paris, Paris, France.,GDR 3557 Recherche Psychiatrie, Paris, France
| | - Serge A Mitelman
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Elmhurst Hospital Center, Elmhurst, New York, USA
| | - Chelain R Goodman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Samantha Lincoln
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Erin A Hazlett
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2), James J. Peters VAMC, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Monte S Buchsbaum
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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6
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Karl D, Bumb JM, Bach P, Dinter C, Koopmann A, Hermann D, Mann K, Kiefer F, Vollstädt-Klein S. Nalmefene attenuates neural alcohol cue-reactivity in the ventral striatum and subjective alcohol craving in patients with alcohol use disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2179-2189. [PMID: 33846866 PMCID: PMC8292278 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05842-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Alcohol use disorder is a common and devastating mental illness for which satisfactory treatments are still lacking. Nalmefene, as an opioid receptor modulator, could pharmacologically support the reduction of drinking by reducing the (anticipated) rewarding effects of alcohol and expanding the range of treatment options. It has been hypothesized that nalmefene acts via an indirect modulation of the mesolimbic reward system. So far, only a few imaging findings on the neuronal response to nalmefene are available. OBJECTIVES We tested the effect of a single dose of 18 mg nalmefene on neuronal cue-reactivity in the ventral and dorsal striatum and subjective craving. METHODS Eighteen non-treatment-seeking participants with alcohol use disorder (67% male, M = 50.3 ± 13.9 years) with a current high-risk drinking level (M = 76.9 ± 52 g of pure alcohol per day) were investigated using a cue-reactivity task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study/design. In addition, self-reported craving was assessed before and after exposure to alcohol cues. RESULTS An a priori defined region of interest (ROI) analysis of fMRI data from 15 participants revealed that nalmefene reduced alcohol cue-reactivity in the ventral, but not the dorsal striatum. Additionally, the subjective craving was significantly reduced after the cue-reactivity task under nalmefene compared to placebo. CONCLUSION In the present study, reduced craving and cue-reactivity to alcohol stimuli in the ventral striatum by nalmefene indicates a potential anti-craving effect of this drug via attenuation of neural alcohol cue-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Karl
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - J Malte Bumb
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Feuerlein Center on Translational Addiction Medicine (FCTS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Bach
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Feuerlein Center on Translational Addiction Medicine (FCTS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christina Dinter
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Anne Koopmann
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Feuerlein Center on Translational Addiction Medicine (FCTS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Derik Hermann
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Feuerlein Center on Translational Addiction Medicine (FCTS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl Mann
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Falk Kiefer
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Feuerlein Center on Translational Addiction Medicine (FCTS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabine Vollstädt-Klein
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
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7
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Flook EA, Feola B, Benningfield MM, Silveri MM, Winder DG, Blackford JU. Alterations in connectivity of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis during early abstinence in individuals with alcohol use disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:1028-1038. [PMID: 33830508 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For individuals with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), long-term recovery is difficult in part due to symptoms of anxiety that occur during early abstinence and can trigger relapse. Research in rodent models of AUD has identified the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a small, sexually dimorphic, subcortical region, as critical for regulating anxiety-like behaviors during abstinence, particularly in female mice. Furthermore, prolonged alcohol use and subsequent abstinence alter BNST afferent and efferent connections to other brain regions. To our knowledge, however, no studies of early abstinence have investigated BNST structural connectivity in humans during abstinence; this study addresses that gap. METHODS Nineteen participants with AUD currently in early abstinence and 20 healthy controls completed a diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) scan. BNST structural connectivity was evaluated using probabilistic tractography. A linear mixed model was used to test between-groups differences in BNST network connectivity. Exploratory analyses were conducted to test for correlations between BNST connectivity and alcohol use severity and anxiety within the abstinence group. Sex was included as a factor for all analyses. RESULTS The BNST showed stronger structural connectivity with the BNST network in early abstinence women than in control women, which was not seen in men. Women also showed region-specific differences, with stronger BNST-hypothalamus structural connectivity but weaker vmPFC-BNST structural connectivity than men. Exploratory analyses also demonstrated a relationship between alcohol use severity and vmPFC-BNST structural connectivity that was moderated by sex. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to demonstrate BNST structural connectivity differences in early abstinence and revealed key sex differences. The sex-specific differences in BNST structural connectivity during early abstinence could underlie known sex differences in abstinence symptoms and relapse risk and help to inform potential sex-specific treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Flook
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Brandee Feola
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Margaret M Benningfield
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Marisa M Silveri
- Neurodevelopmental Laboratory on Addictions and Mental Health, Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Danny G Winder
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer Urbano Blackford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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8
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Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
Current theories of alcohol use disorders (AUD) highlight the importance of Pavlovian and instrumental learning processes mainly based on preclinical animal studies. Here, we summarize available evidence for alterations of those processes in human participants with AUD with a focus on habitual versus goal-directed instrumental learning, Pavlovian conditioning, and Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) paradigms.
Recent Findings
The balance between habitual and goal-directed control in AUD participants has been studied using outcome devaluation or sequential decision-making procedures, which have found some evidence of reduced goal-directed/model-based control, but little evidence for stronger habitual responding. The employed Pavlovian learning and PIT paradigms have shown considerable differences regarding experimental procedures, e.g., alcohol-related or conventional reinforcers or stimuli.
Summary
While studies of basic learning processes in human participants with AUD support a role of Pavlovian and instrumental learning mechanisms in the development and maintenance of drug addiction, current studies are characterized by large variability regarding methodology, sample characteristics, and results, and translation from animal paradigms to human research remains challenging. Longitudinal approaches with reliable and ecologically valid paradigms of Pavlovian and instrumental processes, including alcohol-related cues and outcomes, are warranted and should be combined with state-of-the-art imaging techniques, computational approaches, and ecological momentary assessment methods.
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9
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Tabbara RI, Rahbarnia A, Lê AD, Fletcher PJ. The pharmacological stressor yohimbine, but not U50,488, increases responding for conditioned reinforcers paired with ethanol or sucrose. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:3689-3702. [PMID: 32840668 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05647-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Environmental stimuli paired with alcohol can function as conditioned reinforcers (CRfs) and trigger relapse to alcohol-seeking. In animal models, pharmacological stressors can enhance alcohol consumption and reinstate alcohol-seeking, but it is unknown whether stress can potentiate the conditioned reinforcing properties of alcohol-paired stimuli. OBJECTIVES We examined whether the pharmacological stressors, the α-2 adrenoreceptor antagonist yohimbine (vehicle, 1.25, 2.5 mg/kg; IP) and the K-opioid receptor agonist U50,488 (vehicle, 1.25, 2.5 mg/kg; SC), increase responding for conditioned reinforcement, and if their effects interact with the nature of the reward (alcohol vs. sucrose). We subsequently examined the effects of yohimbine (vehicle, 1.25, 2.5 mg/kg; IP) on responding for sensory reinforcement. METHODS Male Long-Evans underwent Pavlovian conditioning, wherein a tone-light conditioned stimulus (CS) was repeatedly paired with 12% EtOH or 21.7% sucrose. Next, tests of responding for a CRf were conducted. Responding on the CRf lever delivered the CS, whereas responding on the other lever had no consequences. In a separate cohort of rats, the effects of yohimbine on responding just for the sensory reinforcer were examined. RESULTS Both doses of yohimbine, but not U50,488, increased responding for conditioned reinforcement. This enhancement occurred independently of the nature of the reward used during Pavlovian conditioning. Yohimbine-enhanced responding for a CRf was reproducible and stable over five tests; it even persisted when the CS was omitted. Both doses of yohimbine also increased responding for sensory reinforcement. CONCLUSIONS Yohimbine increases operant responding for a variety of sensory and conditioned reinforcers. This enhancement may be independent of its stress-like effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayane I Tabbara
- Section of Biopsychology, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Arya Rahbarnia
- Section of Biopsychology, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anh D Lê
- Neurobiology of Alcohol Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul J Fletcher
- Section of Biopsychology, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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10
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Desmond JE, Rice LC, Cheng DT, Hua J, Qin Q, Rilee JJ, Faulkner ML, Sheu YS, Mathena JR, Wand GS, McCaul ME. Changes in Hemodynamic Response Function Resulting From Chronic Alcohol Consumption. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:1099-1111. [PMID: 32339317 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional MRI (fMRI) task-related analyses rely on an estimate of the brain's hemodynamic response function (HRF) to model the brain's response to events. Although changes in the HRF have been found after acute alcohol administration, the effects of heavy chronic alcohol consumption on the HRF have not been explored, and the potential benefits or pitfalls of estimating each individual's HRF on fMRI analyses of chronic alcohol use disorder (AUD) are not known. METHODS Participants with AUD and controls (CTL) received structural, functional, and vascular scans. During fMRI, participants were cued to tap their fingers, and averaged responses were extracted from the motor cortex. Curve fitting on these HRFs modeled them as a difference between 2 gamma distributions, and the temporal occurrence of the main peak and undershoot of the HRF was computed from the mean of the first and second gamma distributions, respectively. RESULTS ANOVA and regression analyses found that the timing of the HRF undershoot increased significantly as a function of total lifetime drinking. Although gray matter volume in the motor cortex decreased with lifetime drinking, this was not sufficient to explain undershoot timing shifts, and vascular factors measured in the motor cortex did not differ among groups. Comparison of random-effects analyses using custom-fitted and canonical HRFs for CTL and AUD groups showed better results throughout the brain for custom-fitted versus canonical HRFs for CTL subjects. For AUD subjects, the same was true except for the basal ganglia. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that excessive alcohol consumption is associated with changes in the HRF undershoot. HRF changes could provide a possible biomarker for the effects of lifetime drinking on brain function. Changes in HRF topography affect fMRI activation measures, and subject-specific HRFs generally improve fMRI activation results.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Desmond
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laura C Rice
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dominic T Cheng
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Jun Hua
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Qin Qin
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jessica J Rilee
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Yi-Shin Sheu
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joanna R Mathena
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gary S Wand
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mary E McCaul
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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11
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Giacometti LL, Barker JM. Sex differences in the glutamate system: Implications for addiction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 113:157-168. [PMID: 32173404 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and preclinical research have identified sex differences in substance use and addiction-related behaviors. Historically, substance use disorders are more prevalent in men than women, though this gap is closing. Despite this difference, women appear to be more susceptible to the effects of many drugs and progress to substance abuse treatment more quickly than men. While the glutamate system is a key regulator of addiction-related behaviors, much of the work implicating glutamate signaling and glutamatergic circuits has been conducted in men and male rodents. An increasing number of studies have identified sex differences in drug-induced glutamate alterations as well as sex and estrous cycle differences in drug seeking behaviors. This review will describe sex differences in the glutamate system with an emphasis on implications for substance use disorders, highlighting the gaps in our current understanding of how innate and drug-induced alterations in the glutamate system may contribute to sex differences in addiction-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Giacometti
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, United States.
| | - J M Barker
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, United States.
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12
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Neural correlates of reward magnitude and delay during a probabilistic delay discounting task in alcohol use disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:263-278. [PMID: 31673722 PMCID: PMC6991625 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05364-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Alcohol-use disorder (AUD) is associated with the propensity to choose smaller sooner options on the delay discounting task. It is unclear, however, how inherent risk underlies delay discounting behavior. As impulsive choice is a hallmark feature in AUD, it is important to understand the neural response to reward and delay while accounting for risk in impulsive decision-making. OBJECTIVE This study examined activation associated with delay and reward magnitude, while controlling for risk in a probabilistic delay discounting task in AUD and examined if differences in activation were associated with treatment outcomes. METHODS Thirty-nine recently abstinent alcohol-dependent volunteers and 46 controls completed a probabilistic delay discounting task paired with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Alcohol use was collected using a self-report journal for 3 months following baseline scan. RESULTS During delay stimulus presentations, Controls exhibited greater activation compared to the Alcohol group notably in the anterior insula, middle/dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), and inferior parietal lobule. For magnitude, the Alcohol group exhibited greater activation than Controls primarily in medial PFC, rostral ACC, left posterior parietal cortex, and right precuneus. Within the Alcohol group, alcohol craving severity negatively correlated with right lateral PFC activation during reward magnitude in individuals who completed the 3-month study without relapse, while non-completers showed the opposite relationship. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study extend previous findings that alcohol use disorder is associated with differences in activation during an immediate or delayed choice by delineating activation associated with the parameters of impulsive choice.
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13
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Oberlin BG, Shen YI, Kareken DA. Alcohol Use Disorder Interventions Targeting Brain Sites for Both Conditioned Reward and Delayed Gratification. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:70-86. [PMID: 31863407 PMCID: PMC7007465 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00817-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder is a destructive compulsion characterized by chronic relapse and poor recovery outcomes. Heightened reactivity to alcohol-associated stimuli and compromised executive function are hallmarks of alcohol use disorder. Interventions targeting these two interacting domains are thought to ameliorate these altered states, but the mutual brain sites of action are yet unknown. Although interventions on alcohol cue reactivity affect reward area responses, how treatments alter brain responses when subjects exert executive effort to delay gratification is not as well-characterized. Focusing on interventions that could be developed into effective clinical treatments, we review and identify brain sites of action for these two categories of potential therapies. Using activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis, we find that interventions on alcohol cue reactivity localize to ventral prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate, and temporal, striatal, and thalamic regions. Interventions for increasing delayed reward preference elicit changes mostly in midline default mode network regions, including posterior cingulate, precuneus, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex-in addition to temporal and parietal regions. Anatomical co-localization of effects appears in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, whereas effects specific to delay-of-gratification appear in the posterior cingulate and precuneus. Thus, the current available literature suggests that interventions in the domains of cue reactivity and delay discounting alter brain activity along midline default mode regions, specifically in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex for both domains, and the posterior cingulate/precuneus for delay-of-gratification. We believe that these findings could facilitate targeting and development of new interventions, and ultimately treatments of this challenging disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon G Oberlin
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis,, USA.
- Addiction Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis, School of Science, Indianapolis, USA.
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA.
| | - Yitong I Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis,, USA
| | - David A Kareken
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis,, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
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14
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Cofresí RU, Bartholow BD, Piasecki TM. Evidence for incentive salience sensitization as a pathway to alcohol use disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:897-926. [PMID: 31672617 PMCID: PMC6878895 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The incentive salience sensitization (ISS) theory of addiction holds that addictive behavior stems from the ability of drugs to progressively sensitize the brain circuitry that mediates attribution of incentive salience (IS) to reward-predictive cues and its behavioral manifestations. In this article, we establish the plausibility of ISS as an etiological pathway to alcohol use disorder (AUD). We provide a comprehensive and critical review of evidence for: (1) the ability of alcohol to sensitize the brain circuitry of IS attribution and expression; and (2) attribution of IS to alcohol-predictive cues and its sensitization in humans and non-human animals. We point out gaps in the literature and how these might be addressed. We also highlight how individuals with different alcohol subjective response phenotypes may differ in susceptibility to ISS as a pathway to AUD. Finally, we discuss important implications of this neuropsychological mechanism in AUD for psychological and pharmacological interventions attempting to attenuate alcohol craving and cue reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto U Cofresí
- University of Missouri, Department of Psychological Sciences, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
| | - Bruce D Bartholow
- University of Missouri, Department of Psychological Sciences, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Thomas M Piasecki
- University of Missouri, Department of Psychological Sciences, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
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15
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Maier MJ, Haeussinger FB, Hautzinger M, Fallgatter AJ, Ehlis AC. Excessive bodybuilding as pathology? A first neurophysiological classification. World J Biol Psychiatry 2019; 20:626-636. [PMID: 29057722 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2017.1395070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Excessive bodybuilding as a pathological syndrome has been classified based on two different theories: bodybuilding as dependency or as muscle dysmorphic disorder (MDD). This study is a first attempt to find psychophysiological data supporting one of these classifications.Methods: Twenty-four participants (bodybuilders vs healthy controls) were presented with pictures of bodies, exercise equipment or general reward stimuli in a control or experimental condition, and were measured with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Higher activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) while watching bodies and training equipment in the experimental condition (muscular bodies and bodybuilding-typical equipment) would be an indicator for the addiction theory. Higher activation in motion-related areas would be an indicator for the MDD theory.Results: We found no task-related differences between the groups in the DLPFC and OFC, but a significantly higher activation in bodybuilders in the primary somatosensory cortex (PSC) and left-hemispheric supplementary motor area (SMA) while watching body pictures (across conditions) as compared to the control group.Conclusions: These neurophysiological results could be interpreted as a first evidence for the MDD theory of excessive bodybuilding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Julian Maier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Graduate School of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Martin Hautzinger
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Jochen Fallgatter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), Cluster of Excellence, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ann-Christine Ehlis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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16
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Bifone A, Gozzi A, Cippitelli A, Matzeu A, Domi E, Li H, Scuppa G, Cannella N, Ubaldi M, Weiss F, Ciccocioppo. phMRI, neurochemical and behavioral responses to psychostimulants distinguishing genetically selected alcohol-preferring from genetically heterogenous rats. Addict Biol 2019; 24:981-993. [PMID: 30328656 PMCID: PMC6697752 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholism is often associated with other forms of drug abuse, suggesting that innate predisposing factors may confer vulnerability to addiction to diverse substances. However, the neurobiological bases of these factors remain unknown. Here, we have used a combination of imaging, neurochemistry and behavioral techniques to investigate responses to the psychostimulant amphetamine in Marchigian Sardinian (msP) alcohol-preferring rats, a model of vulnerability to alcoholism. Specifically, we employed pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural circuits engaged by amphetamine challenge, and to relate functional reactivity to neurochemical and behavioral responses. Moreover, we studied self-administration of cocaine in the msP rats. We found stronger functional responses in the extended amygdala, alongside with increased release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens shell and augmented vertical locomotor activity compared with controls. Wistar and msP rats did not differ in operant cocaine self-administration under short access (2 hours) conditions, but msP rats exhibited a higher propensity to escalate drug intake following long access (6 hours). Our findings suggest that neurobiological and genetic mechanisms that convey vulnerability to excessive alcohol drinking also facilitate the transition from psychostimulants use to abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bifone
- Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Corso Bettini 31, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - A Gozzi
- Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Corso Bettini 31, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - A Cippitelli
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, Camerino 62032, Italy
| | - A Matzeu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - E Domi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, Camerino 62032, Italy
| | - H Li
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, Camerino 62032, Italy
| | - G Scuppa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Corso Bettini 31, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, Camerino 62032, Italy
| | - N Cannella
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, Camerino 62032, Italy
| | - M Ubaldi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, Camerino 62032, Italy
| | - F Weiss
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Ciccocioppo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Corso Bettini 31, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
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17
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Li H, Scuppa G, Shen Q, Masi A, Nasuti C, Cannella N, Ciccocioppo R. NOP Receptor Agonist Ro 64-6198 Decreases Escalation of Cocaine Self-Administration in Rats Genetically Selected for Alcohol Preference. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:176. [PMID: 30984046 PMCID: PMC6450143 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine dependence is a psychiatric condition for which effective medications are still lacking. Published data indicate that an increase in nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) transmission by NOP receptor activation attenuates cocaine-induced place conditioning and the locomotor sensitization effects of cocaine. This suggests that the activation of the N/OFQ receptor (NOP) may attenuate the motivation for psychostimulants. To further explore this possibility, we investigated the effect of the potent and selective NOP receptor agonist Ro 64-6198 on cocaine intake under 1 h short access (ShA) and 6 h long access (LgA) operant self-administration conditions in rats. We used Marchigian Sardinian alcohol-preferring (msP) rats and Wistar control rats. msP rats were used because we recently found that this rat line, originally selected for excessive alcohol drinking and preference, exhibits a greater propensity to escalate cocaine self-administration following LgA training. msP rats are also characterized by innate overexpression of the N/OFQ-NOP system compared with Wistar rats. Wistar and msP rats both exhibited an increase in cocaine self-administration under LgA conditions, with a higher trend toward escalation in msP rats. In Wistar rats, the intraperitoneal administration of Ro 64-6198 (0. 1 and 3 mg/kg) significantly decreased ShA cocaine self-administration. In Wistar rats that underwent LgA cocaine self-administration training, Ro 64-6198 induced no significant effect either during the first hour of self-administration or after the entire 6 h session. In msP rats, Ro 64-6198 significantly reduced cocaine self-administration both under ShA conditions and in the first hour of the LgA session. At the end of the 6 h session, the effect of Ro 64-6198 was no longer observed in msP rats. The highest dose of Ro 64-6198 (3 mg/kg) did not affect saccharin self-administration in msP rats but reduced saccharin self-administration in Wistar rats. Altogether, these data suggest that NOP receptor activation attenuates cocaine self-administration, and this effect tends to be more pronounced in a rat line with innately higher NOP receptor expression and that more robustly escalates cocaine intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwu Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, China.,Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Giulia Scuppa
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Qianwei Shen
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Alessio Masi
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Cinzia Nasuti
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Nazzareno Cannella
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Roberto Ciccocioppo
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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18
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Vijay A, Cavallo D, Goldberg A, de Laat B, Nabulsi N, Huang Y, Krishnan-Sarin S, Morris ED. PET imaging reveals lower kappa opioid receptor availability in alcoholics but no effect of age. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:2539-2547. [PMID: 30188515 PMCID: PMC6224533 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Opioid receptors are implicated in alcoholism, other addictions, withdrawal, and depression, and are considered potential pharmacological targets for treatment. Our goal in the present study was to compare the availability of kappa opioid receptors (KOR) between an alcohol-dependent cohort (AD) and a healthy control cohort (HC). Sixty-four participants-36 AD and 28 HC-underwent PET scans with [11C]LY2795050, a selective kappa antagonist tracer. Partial-volume correction was applied to all PET data to correct for atrophy. Volume of distribution (VT) of the tracer was estimated regionally as a measure of KOR availability. VT values of AD versus HC were compared for 15 defined ROIs. Multivariate analysis showed a main effect of group on VT across these 15 ROIs. Post hoc tests showed that AD had significantly lower VT and thus a lower KOR availability than HC in amygdala and pallidum (corrected for multiple comparisons). Exploratory analysis of change in VT with age was conducted; VT was not found to vary significantly with age in any region. Our findings of lower VT in AD versus HC in multiple regions are in contrast to findings in the mu and delta opioid receptor systems of higher VT in AD versus HC. Although age-related decline in receptors has previously been observed in the mu opioid receptor system, we found that KOR availability does not change with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Vijay
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Dana Cavallo
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Alissa Goldberg
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Bart de Laat
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | | | - Evan D. Morris
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA ,0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA ,0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
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19
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A preliminary randomized clinical trial of naltrexone reduces striatal resting state functional connectivity in people with methamphetamine use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 192:186-192. [PMID: 30266003 PMCID: PMC6200637 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Naltrexone has been shown to attenuate craving and the subjective effects of methamphetamine. Although naltrexone has modulatory effects on neural activity at dopaminergic synapses, the effect on striatal connectivity is unclear. As methamphetamine use is associated with greater resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) in the dopaminergic system, we examined whether extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) can normalize striatal connectivity and whether changes in RSFC are associated with changes in craving and methamphetamine use. METHODS Thirty-seven participants in or seeking treatment for methamphetamine use disorder took part in this clinical trial at a university-based research clinic between May 2013 and March 2015 (Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01822132). Participants were randomized by a random number generator to a single four-week injection of XR-NTX or placebo. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and self-reported measures of craving and methamphetamine use were conducted before and after double-blinded randomization. FINDINGS There was a significant reduction in methamphetamine use in the naltrexone group and a significant treatment-by-time interaction on RSFC between the ventral striatum, amygdala, hippocampus, and midbrain. Connectivity was significantly reduced over time in participants randomized to naltrexone but unchanged in those randomized to placebo (p < 0.05, whole-brain corrected). Interactions between treatment and changes in connectivity show that significant reductions in connectivity were associated with reductions in methamphetamine use. CONCLUSIONS Neurobiological deficits associated with methamphetamine use may undermine the efficacy of pharmacotherapies that directly target the dopamine reward system. Naltrexone, via antagonism of indirect mu-opioid effects on dopamine neurons, may attenuate reward system connectivity and aid in methamphetamine use treatment.
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Holla B, Karthik S, Biswal J, Viswanath B, Jayarajan D, Bharath RD, Venkatasubramanian G, Benegal V. Brain Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Cue-reactivity Can Predict Baclofen Response in Alcohol Use Disorders. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 16:290-301. [PMID: 30121979 PMCID: PMC6124881 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2018.16.3.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective Baclofen is a promising treatment for alcohol use disorders (AUD), although its clinical response in humans is mixed. The present study aimed at investigating the impact of baclofen treatment on cue-induced brain activation pattern and its relationship with relapse outcomes. Methods Twenty-three inpatients with AUD underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging cue-reactivity task before beginning medication with baclofen and 2 weeks later. Twelve additional inpatients with AUD, who did not receive any anticraving medications, formed the control group. All subjects were prospectively followed up for 90 days post-discharge or until lapse to first alcohol use. Results Whole-brain linear mixed effects analysis revealed a significant group-by-time interaction with greater activation of the bilateral dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex and right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) following baclofen treatment in comparison with the control group. Further, cox regression analysis revealed that increased activation of ACC and deactivation of insular cortex (IC) was associated with longer time to first alcohol use only in the baclofen treatment group but not in the control group. Conclusion This study provides preliminary evidence for the neural predictors of baclofen treatment response in AUD. Baclofen treatment in AUD was associated with changes in cue-reactivity at critical brain regions within the incentive-salience network. Importantly, baclofen treatment-related specific activation of regions involved in cognitive control (ACC) and deactivation of regions involved in reward anticipation (IC) prolonged the time to first alcohol drink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Holla
- Departments of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Sheshachala Karthik
- Departments of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Jitendriya Biswal
- Departments of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Biju Viswanath
- Departments of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Deepak Jayarajan
- Departments of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Rose Dawn Bharath
- Departments of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Ganesan Venkatasubramanian
- Departments of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Vivek Benegal
- Departments of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
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Bases neurobiologiques de l’addiction à l’alcool. Presse Med 2018; 47:554-564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Chester DS, DeWall CN. Aggression is associated with greater subsequent alcohol consumption: A shared neural basis in the ventral striatum. Aggress Behav 2018; 44:285-293. [PMID: 29417595 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use and abuse (e.g., binge drinking) are among the most reliable causes of aggressive behavior. Conversely, people with aggressive dispositions (e.g., intermittent explosive disorder) are at greater risk for subsequent substance abuse. Yet it remains unknown why aggression might promote subsequent alcohol use. Both aggressive acts and alcohol use are rewarding and linked to greater activity in neural reward circuitry. Through this shared instantiation of reward, aggression may then increase subsequent alcohol consumption. Supporting this mechanistic hypothesis, participants' aggressive behavior directed at someone who had recently rejected them, was associated with more subsequent beer consumption on an ad-lib drinking task. Using functional MRI, both aggressive behavior and beer consumption were associated with greater activity in the bilateral ventral striatum during acts of retaliatory aggression. These results imply that aggression is linked to subsequent alcohol abuse, and that a mechanism underlying this effect is likely to be the activation of the brain's reward circuitry during aggressive acts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Chester
- Department of Psychology; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond Virginia
| | - C. Nathan DeWall
- Department of Psychology; University of Kentucky; Lexington Kentucky
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Crane NA, Gorka SM, Weafer J, Langenecker SA, de Wit H, Phan KL. Preliminary Evidence for Disrupted Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Connectivity to Reward in Binge Drinkers. Alcohol Alcohol 2017; 52:647-654. [PMID: 29016710 PMCID: PMC5860287 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agx062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Dysfunctional brain reward circuitry, particularly in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), has been proposed as a risk factor for alcohol use disorder (AUD). This risk factor may be evident in binge drinkers (BD), who are at high risk for developing AUD. We examined whole-brain and NAcc reactivity to reward in BD compared to non-binge drinkers (NBD), hypothesizing that groups would differ in their neural reactivity and connectivity. METHODS Healthy BD (N = 27) and NBD (N = 23)-none meeting AUD criteria-completed a reward-guessing game, the 'Doors' task, during functional magnetic resonance imaging. We conducted an exploratory whole-brain search for group differences, but given our a priori hypotheses, we also extracted activation from the NAcc to examine reactivity during reward (Win > Loss) and functional connectivity (FC) to the prefrontal cortex. RESULTS Compared to NBD, BD exhibited greater activation in both the right and left NAcc during reward relative to loss. Additionally, NBD drinkers exhibited positive FC between the NAcc and dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC) whereas the BD showed negative FC between these regions. Furthermore, less NAcc-dACC FC was related to more past month alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide preliminary evidence that BD exhibit greater NAcc activation during reward receipt relative to loss. This is consistent with the broader AUD literature and suggests aberrant neural reactivity may precede disorder onset. In addition, BD exhibited less NAcc-dACC FC, perhaps reflecting deficient regulation of activation to rewards compared to losses. This profile of reward brain circuitry could represent neural correlates of vulnerability for AUD. SHORT SUMMARY Healthy binge drinkers, at risk for alcohol use disorder, exhibited greater nucleus accumbens activation during reward relative to loss. In addition, binge drinkers exhibited reduced connectivity between the nucleus accumbens and dorsal anterior cingulate, which was associated with more past month alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natania A Crane
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W Roosevelt Rd Chicago, IL 60608, USA
| | - Stephanie M Gorka
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W Roosevelt Rd Chicago, IL 60608, USA
| | - Jessica Weafer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Scott A Langenecker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W Roosevelt Rd Chicago, IL 60608, USA
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - K. Luan Phan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W Roosevelt Rd Chicago, IL 60608, USA
- Mental Health Service Line, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, 820 S Damen Ave Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Koopmann A, Lippmann K, Schuster R, Reinhard I, Bach P, Weil G, Rietschel M, Witt SH, Wiedemann K, Kiefer F. Drinking water to reduce alcohol craving? A randomized controlled study on the impact of ghrelin in mediating the effects of forced water intake in alcohol addiction. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 85:56-62. [PMID: 28822300 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent data suggest that ghrelin is involved in the pathophysiology of alcohol use disorders, affecting alcohol self-administration and craving. Gastric ghrelin secretion is reduced by stomach distension. We now tested the hypothesis whether the clinically well-known effects of high-volume water intake on craving reduction in alcoholism is mediated by acute changes in ghrelin secretion. METHODS In this randomized human laboratory study, we included 23 alcohol-dependent male inpatient subjects who underwent alcohol cue exposure. Participants of the intervention group drank 1000ml of mineral water within 10min directly thereafter, compared to the participants of the control group who did not. Craving and plasma concentrations of acetylated ghrelin were measured ten times during the 120min following the alcohol cue exposure session. RESULTS In the intervention group, a significant decrease in acetylated ghrelin in plasma compared to the control group was observed. This decrease was correlated to a reduction in patients' subjective level of craving. In the control group, no decrease of acetylated ghrelin in plasma and no association between alcohol craving and changes in plasma concentrations of acetylated ghrelin were observed. CONCLUSIONS Our results present new evidence that the modulation in the ghrelin system by oral water intake mediates the effects of volume intake with craving reduction in alcohol use disorders. Hence, in addition to pharmacological interventions with ghrelin antagonists, the reduction of physiological ghrelin secretion might be a target for future interventions in the treatment of alcohol craving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Koopmann
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Feuerlein Center on Translational Addiction Medicine (FCTS), University of Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Katharina Lippmann
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Rilana Schuster
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Feuerlein Center on Translational Addiction Medicine (FCTS), University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Iris Reinhard
- Department of Biostatistics, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Patrick Bach
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Feuerlein Center on Translational Addiction Medicine (FCTS), University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg Weil
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Klaus Wiedemann
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Hamburg, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Falk Kiefer
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Feuerlein Center on Translational Addiction Medicine (FCTS), University of Heidelberg, Germany
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Young KS, Brand M. Merging Theoretical Models and Therapy Approaches in the Context of Internet Gaming Disorder: A Personal Perspective. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1853. [PMID: 29104555 PMCID: PMC5655004 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although, it is not yet officially recognized as a clinical entity which is diagnosable, Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) has been included in section III for further study in the DSM-5 by the American Psychiatric Association (APA, 2013). This is important because there is increasing evidence that people of all ages, in particular teens and young adults, are facing very real and sometimes very severe consequences in daily life resulting from an addictive use of online games. This article summarizes general aspects of IGD including diagnostic criteria and arguments for the classification as an addictive disorder including evidence from neurobiological studies. Based on previous theoretical considerations and empirical findings, this paper examines the use of one recently proposed model, the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model, for inspiring future research and for developing new treatment protocols for IGD. The I-PACE model is a theoretical framework that explains symptoms of Internet addiction by looking at interactions between predisposing factors, moderators, and mediators in combination with reduced executive functioning and diminished decision making. Finally, the paper discusses how current treatment protocols focusing on Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Internet addiction (CBT-IA) fit with the processes hypothesized in the I-PACE model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly S Young
- Center for Internet Addiction, Russell J. Jandoli School of Journalism and Mass Communication, St. Bonaventure University, Olean, NY, United States
| | - Matthias Brand
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany
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How individual needs influence motivation effects: a neuroscientific study on McClelland’s need theory. REVIEW OF MANAGERIAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11846-017-0252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Forster SE, Finn PR, Brown JW. Neural responses to negative outcomes predict success in community-based substance use treatment. Addiction 2017; 112:884-896. [PMID: 28029198 PMCID: PMC5382058 DOI: 10.1111/add.13734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Patterns of brain activation have demonstrated promise as prognostic indicators in substance dependent individuals (SDIs) but have not yet been explored in SDIs typical of community-based treatment settings. DESIGN Prospective clinical outcome design, evaluating baseline functional magnetic resonance imaging data from the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) as a predictor of 3-month substance use treatment outcomes. SETTING Community-based substance use programs in Bloomington, Indiana, USA. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-three SDIs (17 male, aged 18-43 years) in an intensive outpatient or residential treatment program; abstinent 1-4 weeks at baseline. MEASUREMENTS Event-related brain response, BART performance and self-report scores at treatment onset, substance use outcome measure (based on days of use). FINDINGS Using voxel-level predictive modeling and leave-one-out cross-validation, an elevated response to unexpected negative feedback in bilateral amygdala and anterior hippocampus (Amyg/aHipp) at baseline successfully predicted greater substance use during the 3-month study interval (P ≤ 0.006, cluster-corrected). This effect was robust to inclusion of significant non-brain-based covariates. A larger response to negative feedback in bilateral Amyg/aHipp was also associated with faster reward-seeking responses after negative feedback (r(23) = -0.544, P = 0.007; r(23) = -0.588, P = 0.003). A model including Amyg/aHipp activation, faster reward-seeking after negative feedback and significant self-report scores accounted for 45% of the variance in substance use outcomes in our sample. CONCLUSIONS An elevated response to unexpected negative feedback in bilateral amygdala and anterior hippocampus (Amyg/aHipp) appears to predict relapse to substance use in people attending community-based treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Forster
- Indiana University, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences,VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System,University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychiatry
| | - Peter R. Finn
- Indiana University, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences
| | - Joshua W. Brown
- Indiana University, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences
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Zahr NM, Pfefferbaum A, Sullivan EV. Perspectives on fronto-fugal circuitry from human imaging of alcohol use disorders. Neuropharmacology 2017; 122:189-200. [PMID: 28118989 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Descriptions of the cognitive functions affected by alcohol use disorders (AUD) often highlight dysfunction of executive processes such attention, inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Such complex cognitive functions have historically been ascribed to the prefrontal cortex. AUD, however, disrupts extensive areas of the brain. Structural and functional MRI studies suggest a central role for degradation of circuitry originating in the prefrontal cortex including nodes in widespread brain regions. This review features fronto-fugal circuits affected by AUD including frontocerebellar, frontolimbic, and frontostriatal networks and their relations to the salient, enduring, and debilitating cognitive and motor deficits reported in AUD. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Alcoholism".
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Zahr
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Neuroscience Department, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
| | - Adolf Pfefferbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Neuroscience Department, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Edith V Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Bujarski S, Ray LA. Experimental psychopathology paradigms for alcohol use disorders: Applications for translational research. Behav Res Ther 2016; 86:11-22. [PMID: 27266992 PMCID: PMC5067182 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In spite of high prevalence and disease burden, scientific consensus on the etiology and treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) has yet to be reached. The development and utilization of experimental psychopathology paradigms in the human laboratory represents a cornerstone of AUD research. In this review, we describe and critically evaluate the major experimental psychopathology paradigms developed for AUD, with an emphasis on their implications, strengths, weaknesses, and methodological considerations. Specifically we review alcohol administration, self-administration, cue-reactivity, and stress-reactivity paradigms. We also provide an introduction to the application of experimental psychopathology methods to translational research including genetics, neuroimaging, pharmacological and behavioral treatment development, and translational science. Through refining and manipulating key phenotypes of interest, these experimental paradigms have the potential to elucidate AUD etiological factors, improve the efficiency of treatment developments, and refine treatment targets thus advancing precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer Bujarski
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.
| | - Lara A Ray
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
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Model-Free Temporal-Difference Learning and Dopamine in Alcohol Dependence: Examining Concepts From Theory and Animals in Human Imaging. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2016; 1:401-410. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Chung T, Noronha A, Carroll KM, Potenza MN, Hutchison K, Calhoun VD, Gabrieli JDE, Morgenstern J, Nixon SJ, Wexler BE, Brewer J, Ray L, Filbey F, Strauman TJ, Kober H, Feldstein Ewing SW. Brain mechanisms of Change in Addictions Treatment: Models, Methods, and Emerging Findings. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2016; 3:332-342. [PMID: 27990326 PMCID: PMC5155705 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-016-0113-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increased understanding of "how" and "for whom" treatment works at the level of the brain has potential to transform addictions treatment through the development of innovative neuroscience-informed interventions. The 2015 Science of Change meeting bridged the fields of neuroscience and psychotherapy research to identify brain mechanisms of behavior change that are "common" across therapies, and "specific" to distinct behavioral interventions. Conceptual models of brain mechanisms underlying effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, mindfulness interventions, and Motivational Interviewing were discussed. Presentations covered methods for integrating neuroimaging into psychotherapy research, and novel analytic approaches. Effects of heavy substance use on the brain, and recovery of brain functioning with sustained abstinence, which may be facilitated by cognitive training, were reviewed. Neuroimaging provides powerful tools for determining brain mechanisms underlying psychotherapy and medication effects, predicting and monitoring outcomes, developing novel interventions that target specific brain circuits, and identifying for whom an intervention will be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Chung
- University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, Phone: 412-246-5147, Fax: 412-246-6550
| | - Antonio Noronha
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 5635 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD, Phone: 301-443-7722, Fax: 301-443-1650
| | - Kathleen M. Carroll
- Yale University, 950 Campbell Avenue, MIRECC 151D, West Haven, CT 06516, Phone: 203-932-3869 x7403, Fax: 203-937-3869
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Yale University, 34 Park St, New Haven, CT 06519, Phone: 203-974-7356, Fax: 203-974-7366
| | - Kent Hutchison
- University of Colorado at Boulder, Muenzinger Psychology, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, Phone: 303-492-8163
| | - Vince D. Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network, The University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, Phone: 505-272-1817, Fax: 505-272-8002
| | - John D. E. Gabrieli
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Building 46-4033, Cambridge, MA 02139, Phone: 617-253-8946, Fax: 617-324-5311
| | - Jon Morgenstern
- Northwell Health, 1010 Northern Blvd, Great Neck, NY 11021, Phone: 516-837-1694
| | - Sara Jo Nixon
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, PO Box 100256, Gainesville, FL 32610, Phone: 352-294-4920
| | - Bruce E. Wexler
- Yale University, 34 Park St, New Haven, CT 06519, Phone: 203-974-7339
| | - Judson Brewer
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655 and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06515, Phone: 508-856-1632; Fax 508-856-1977
| | - Lara Ray
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, Phone: 310-794-5383
| | - Francesca Filbey
- University of Texas at Dallas Center for Brain Health, 2200 West Mockingbird Lane, Dallas, TX 75235, Phone: 972-883-3204
| | - Timothy J. Strauman
- Duke University, 316 Soc-psych Building, Durham, NC 27708, Phone: 919-660-5709
| | - Hedy Kober
- Yale University, 1 Church Street, Suite 701, New Haven, CT 06525, Phone: 203-737-5641
| | - Sarah W. Feldstein Ewing
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, Phone: 503-418-9604
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Groefsema M, Engels R, Luijten M. The role of social stimuli content in neuroimaging studies investigating alcohol cue-reactivity. Addict Behav 2016; 58:123-8. [PMID: 26922160 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cue-reactivity is thought to play a fundamental role in the maintenance of addiction. The incentive sensitization theory proposes that conditioned responses are related to increased sensitivity of the reward-related dopaminergic pathways in the brain. However, neuroimaging studies on alcohol cue-reactivity show inconsistent results. METHODS Stimuli content of 26 alcohol cue-reactivity studies was systematically reviewed. RESULTS No differences were found between alcoholic beverage stimuli and non-alcoholic beverage stimuli in human display and brand factors; however, alcoholic beverage stimuli were more likely to display social interaction compared to non-alcoholic beverage stimuli. CONCLUSIONS Given that processing of social information activates brain areas that partly overlap with reward-related brain areas associated with cue-reactivity, such differences between conditions can introduce noise in the findings. We therefore suggest matching stimuli sets on the reviewed factors carefully to improve reliability of neuroimaging studies investigating alcohol-related cue-reactivity.
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Brand M, Snagowski J, Laier C, Maderwald S. Ventral striatum activity when watching preferred pornographic pictures is correlated with symptoms of Internet pornography addiction. Neuroimage 2016; 129:224-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Alcohol and the Human Brain: a Systematic Review of Recent Functional Neuroimaging and Imaging Genetics Findings. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-016-0082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Seo S, Mohr J, Beck A, Wüstenberg T, Heinz A, Obermayer K. Predicting the future relapse of alcohol-dependent patients from structural and functional brain images. Addict Biol 2015; 20:1042-55. [PMID: 26435383 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In alcohol dependence, individual prediction of treatment outcome based on neuroimaging endophenotypes can help to tailor individual therapeutic offers to patients depending on their relapse risk. We built a prediction model for prospective relapse of alcohol-dependent patients that combines structural and functional brain images derived from an experiment in which 46 subjects were exposed to alcohol-related cues. The patient group had been subdivided post hoc regarding relapse behavior defined as a consumption of more than 60 g alcohol for male or more than 40 g alcohol for female patients on one occasion during the 3-month assessment period (16 abstainers and 30 relapsers). Naïve Bayes, support vector machines and learning vector quantization were used to infer prediction models for relapse based on the mean and maximum values of gray matter volume and brain responses on alcohol-related cues within a priori defined regions of interest. Model performance was estimated by leave-one-out cross-validation. Learning vector quantization yielded the model with the highest balanced accuracy (79.4 percent, p < 0.0001; 90 percent sensitivity, 68.8 percent specificity). The most informative individual predictors were functional brain activation features in the right and left ventral tegmental areas and the right ventral striatum, as well as gray matter volume features in left orbitofrontal cortex and right medial prefrontal cortex. In contrast, the best pure clinical model reached only chance-level accuracy (61.3 percent). Our results indicate that an individual prediction of future relapse from imaging measurement outperforms prediction from clinical measurements. The approach may help to target specific interventions at different risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambu Seo
- Neural Information Processing Group, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; Technische Universität Berlin, and Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin; Germany
| | - Johannes Mohr
- Neural Information Processing Group, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; Technische Universität Berlin, and Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin; Germany
| | - Anne Beck
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Germany
| | - Torsten Wüstenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Germany
| | - Klaus Obermayer
- Neural Information Processing Group, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; Technische Universität Berlin, and Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin; Germany
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Trotzke P, Starcke K, Müller A, Brand M. Pathological Buying Online as a Specific Form of Internet Addiction: A Model-Based Experimental Investigation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140296. [PMID: 26465593 PMCID: PMC4605699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate different factors of vulnerability for pathological buying in the online context and to determine whether online pathological buying has parallels to a specific Internet addiction. According to a model of specific Internet addiction by Brand and colleagues, potential vulnerability factors may consist of a predisposing excitability from shopping and as mediating variable, specific Internet use expectancies. Additionally, in line with models on addiction behavior, cue-induced craving should also constitute an important factor for online pathological buying. The theoretical model was tested in this study by investigating 240 female participants with a cue-reactivity paradigm, which was composed of online shopping pictures, to assess excitability from shopping. Craving (before and after the cue-reactivity paradigm) and online shopping expectancies were measured. The tendency for pathological buying and online pathological buying were screened with the Compulsive Buying Scale (CBS) and the Short Internet Addiction Test modified for shopping (s-IATshopping). The results demonstrated that the relationship between individual's excitability from shopping and online pathological buying tendency was partially mediated by specific Internet use expectancies for online shopping (model's R² = .742, p < .001). Furthermore, craving and online pathological buying tendencies were correlated (r = .556, p < .001), and an increase in craving after the cue presentation was observed solely in individuals scoring high for online pathological buying (t(28) = 2.98, p < .01, d = 0.44). Both screening instruments were correlated (r = .517, p < .001), and diagnostic concordances as well as divergences were indicated by applying the proposed cut-off criteria. In line with the model for specific Internet addiction, the study identified potential vulnerability factors for online pathological buying and suggests potential parallels. The presence of craving in individuals with a propensity for online pathological buying emphasizes that this behavior merits potential consideration within the non-substance/behavioral addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Trotzke
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Starcke
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Müller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Brand
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Kreusch F, Goffaux V, Siep N, Houben K, Quertemont E, Wiers RW. Brain Activation Associated with Automatic Processing of Alcohol-Related Cues in Young Heavy Drinkers and Its Modulation by Alcohol Administration. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1957-66. [PMID: 26384233 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the automatic processing of alcohol-related cues by alcohol abusers is well established in experimental psychopathology approaches, the cerebral regions involved in this phenomenon and the influence of alcohol intake on this process remain unknown. The aim of this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study was to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying the processing of task-irrelevant alcohol-related stimuli in young heavy drinkers and their modulation by alcohol administration. METHODS Twelve heavy drinking male participants were scanned on 2 separate days; once after a low dose of alcohol intake (0.4 g/kg), and once after a placebo intake, in balanced order. Images of alcoholic drinks, soft drinks, or neutral objects were shown while participants' neural activity was recorded through fMRI. Moreover, participants' attentional focus was manipulated using a task which required them to process the central images of interest (focus alcohol condition) or a center unattended task (focus not on alcohol condition). RESULTS Results indicated that an explicit judgment on beverage-related cues increased activation in the prefrontal area compared with the judgment of neutral objects. By comparison with that of task-irrelevant neutral cues, the processing of task-irrelevant alcohol-related cues increased the activation in a large network of cerebral areas including visual and temporal regions, the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex, the posterior cingulate cortex, and the putamen. Moreover, in the condition with focus not on alcohol, the ventral tegmental area (VTA) was particularly activated by the presentation of (task-irrelevant) alcohol-related cues compared to task-irrelevant soft-drink-related cues. CONCLUSIONS The VTA was especially involved in the automatic processing of alcohol-related cues in young heavy drinkers. Low dose of alcohol did not modulate the neural substrates involved in the processing of salient alcohol-related cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Kreusch
- Faculté de Psychologie, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Valerie Goffaux
- Faculty of Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Institute of Cognitive Science and Assessment, Luxembourg University, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Nicolette Siep
- Faculty of Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Katrijn Houben
- Faculty of Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Reinout W Wiers
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Haass-Koffler CL, Aoun EG, Swift RM, de la Monte SM, Kenna GA, Leggio L. Leptin levels are reduced by intravenous ghrelin administration and correlated with cue-induced alcohol craving. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e646. [PMID: 26418274 PMCID: PMC5545639 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the role of appetite-regulating pathways, including ghrelin and leptin, in alcoholism. This study tested the hypothesis that intravenous exogenous ghrelin administration acutely decreases endogenous serum leptin levels, and that changes in leptin levels negatively correlate with alcohol craving. This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled human laboratory study. Non-treatment-seeking, alcohol-dependent, heavy drinkers (n=45) were randomized to receive intravenous ghrelin or placebo, followed by a cue-reactivity procedure, during which participants were exposed to neutral (juice) and alcohol trial cues. There was a main effect for intravenous ghrelin administration, compared with placebo, in reducing serum leptin levels (P<0.01). Post hoc analysis showed significant differences in serum leptin levels at the alcohol trial (P<0.05) that persisted at the end of the experiment (P<0.05). By contrast, there were no significant differences in serum leptin levels at the juice trial (P=not significant (NS)). The change of serum leptin level at the alcohol trial correlated with the increase in alcohol urge (P<0.05), whereas urge to drink juice was not correlated with the leptin change at the juice trial (P=NS). These findings provide preliminary evidence of ghrelin-leptin cross-talk in alcoholic individuals and suggest that their relationship may have a role in alcohol craving.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Haass-Koffler
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - E G Aoun
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - R M Swift
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - S M de la Monte
- Departments of Pathology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - G A Kenna
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - L Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive (10CRC/15330) MSC 1108, Room 1-5429, Bethesda, MD 20892-1108, USA. E-mail:
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Garbusow M, Sebold M, Beck A, Heinz A. Too difficult to stop: mechanisms facilitating relapse in alcohol dependence. Neuropsychobiology 2015; 70:103-10. [PMID: 25359490 DOI: 10.1159/000362838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In alcohol and other substance dependencies, patients often suffer relapse despite better knowledge and their intention to remain abstinent. A variety of neurotransmitter systems and their respective alterations due to the chronic drug intake are involved in mechanisms that facilitate relapse. It has been postulated that these neurotransmitter systems are related to changes in motivational and learning mechanisms, and engender a shift from goal-directed to habitual behavior in dependent patients that facilitates drug-seeking behavior. METHODS We review learning mechanisms facilitating relapse, as identified and tested to date. We focus on studies examining the interaction between alcohol-related changes in monoaminergic neurotransmission and their respective effects on pavlovian and operant learning mechanisms in alcohol dependence. RESULTS Animal experiments and first human studies suggest that chronic alcohol intake impairs goal-directed behavior and facilitates habitual drug intake. Key symptoms of alcohol dependence such as tolerance development, withdrawal, craving and reduced control of alcohol intake can be explained by alcohol-induced alteration of dopaminergic neurotransmission and its GABAergic and glutamatergic modulation and their respective effects on pavlovian and operant conditioning as well as pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer. CONCLUSION Chronic alcohol intake impairs neurotransmitter systems that regulate prefrontal-striatal circuits and interfere with goal-directed decision-making and the acquisition of new, non-drug-related behavior patterns. Alcohol craving induced by pavlovian conditioned cues can facilitate habitual drug intake. Such learning mechanisms and their alterations by chronic alcohol intake might be targeted by specific interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Garbusow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Brumback T, Squeglia LM, Jacobus J, Pulido C, Tapert SF, Brown SA. Adolescent heavy drinkers' amplified brain responses to alcohol cues decrease over one month of abstinence. Addict Behav 2015; 46:45-52. [PMID: 25796007 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heavy drinking during adolescence is associated with increased reactivity to alcohol related stimuli and to differential neural development. Alcohol cue reactivity has been widely studied among adults with alcohol use disorders, but little is known about the neural substrates of cue reactivity in adolescent drinkers. The current study aimed to identify changes in blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal during a cue reactivity task pre- and post-monitored abstinence from alcohol. METHOD Demographically matched adolescents (16.0-18.9 years, 54% female) with histories of heavy episodic drinking (HD; n=22) and light or non-drinking control teens (CON; n=16) were recruited to participate in a month-long study. All participants completed a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) scan with an alcohol cue reactivity task and substance use assessments at baseline and after 28 days of monitored abstinence from alcohol and drugs (i.e., urine toxicology testing every 48-72 h). Repeated-measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) examined main effects of group, time, and group×time interactions on BOLD signal response in regions of interest defined by functional differences at baseline. RESULTS The HD group exhibited greater (p<.01) BOLD activation than CON to alcohol cues relative to neutral cues in all regions of interest (ROIs; bilateral striatum/globus pallidus, left anterior cingulate, bilateral cerebellum, and parahippocampal gyrus extending to the thalamus/substantia nigra) across time points. Group×time effects showed that HD exhibited greater BOLD activation to alcohol cues than CON at baseline in left anterior cingulate cortex and in the right cerebellar region, but these decreased to non-significance after one month of monitored abstinence. CONCLUSIONS In all ROIs examined, HD exhibited greater BOLD response than CON to alcohol relative to neutral beverage picture cues at baseline, indicating heightened cue reactivity to alcohol cues in heavy drinking adolescents prior to the onset of any alcohol use diagnosis. Across the majority of these brain regions, differences in BOLD response were no longer apparent following a month of abstinence, suggesting a decrease in alcohol cue reactivity among adolescent non-dependent heavy drinkers as a consequence of abstaining from alcohol. These results highlight the malleability of adolescent brain function despite no formal intervention targeting cue reactivity. Increased understanding of the neural underpinnings of cue reactivity could have implications for prevention and intervention strategies in adolescent heavy alcohol users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ty Brumback
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lindsay M Squeglia
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Joanna Jacobus
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Carmen Pulido
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Susan F Tapert
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sandra A Brown
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Gabrieli JDE, Ghosh SS, Whitfield-Gabrieli S. Prediction as a humanitarian and pragmatic contribution from human cognitive neuroscience. Neuron 2015; 85:11-26. [PMID: 25569345 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Neuroimaging has greatly enhanced the cognitive neuroscience understanding of the human brain and its variation across individuals (neurodiversity) in both health and disease. Such progress has not yet, however, propelled changes in educational or medical practices that improve people's lives. We review neuroimaging findings in which initial brain measures (neuromarkers) are correlated with or predict future education, learning, and performance in children and adults; criminality; health-related behaviors; and responses to pharmacological or behavioral treatments. Neuromarkers often provide better predictions (neuroprognosis), alone or in combination with other measures, than traditional behavioral measures. With further advances in study designs and analyses, neuromarkers may offer opportunities to personalize educational and clinical practices that lead to better outcomes for people.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D E Gabrieli
- Poitras Center for Affective Disorders Research at the McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Satrajit S Ghosh
- Poitras Center for Affective Disorders Research at the McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli
- Poitras Center for Affective Disorders Research at the McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Romanczuk-Seiferth N, Koehler S, Dreesen C, Wüstenberg T, Heinz A. Pathological gambling and alcohol dependence: neural disturbances in reward and loss avoidance processing. Addict Biol 2015; 20:557-69. [PMID: 24754423 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pathological gambling (PG) shares clinical characteristics such as craving and loss of control with substance use disorders and is thus considered a behavioral addiction. While functional alterations in the mesolimbic reward system have been correlated with craving and relapse in substance use disorders, only a few studies have examined this brain circuit in PG, and no direct comparison has been conducted so far. Thus, we investigated the neuronal correlates of reward processing in PG in contrast to alcohol-dependent (AD) patients and healthy subjects. Eighteen PG patients, 15 AD patients and 17 controls were investigated with a monetary incentive delay task, in which visual cues predict the consequence (monetary gain, avoidance of loss, none) of a fast response to a subsequent target stimulus. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were analyzed to account for possible confounding factors such as local gray matter volume. Activity in the right ventral striatum during loss anticipation was increased in PG patients compared with controls and AD patients. Moreover, PG patients showed decreased activation in the right ventral striatum and right medial prefrontal cortex during successful loss avoidance compared with controls, which was inversely associated with severity of gambling behavior. Thus, despite neurobiological similarities to substance use disorders in reward processing, as reported by previous studies, we found relevant differences with respect to the anticipation of loss as well as its avoidance (negative reinforcement), which further contributes to the understanding of PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Romanczuk-Seiferth
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Berlin Germany
| | - Saskia Koehler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Berlin Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain and The Mind-Brain Institute; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Department of Psychology; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Caspar Dreesen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Berlin Germany
| | - Torsten Wüstenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Berlin Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Berlin Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain and The Mind-Brain Institute; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Germany
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pathological buying is associated with marked distress and impaired functioning in important life domains. It is currently under debate whether pathological buying can be considered a behavioral addiction. In analogy to results reported in addicted individuals, craving reactions elicited by addiction-related cues might be an underlying mechanism for the etiology and pathogenesis of pathological buying. METHODS In the present study, 30 pathological buyers and 30 matched control participants were examined with a cue-reactivity paradigm consisting of shopping and control cues. Skin conductance responses, as well as subjective ratings for arousal, valence, and urge to buy, were assessed. Subjective craving reactions were measured before and after the cue-reactivity paradigm. RESULTS On a physiological level, skin conductance responses toward shopping cues were higher in pathological buyers (mean [M; standard deviation {SD}] = 0.26 [0.13]) compared with control participants (M [SD] = 0.19 [0.09]; t(58) = 2.29, p = .025, d = 0.60). On a behavioral level, the individuals with pathological buying rated the shopping cues as more arousing and more positive, and reported a greater urge to buy compared with control participants and with control cues. An increase in subjective craving after completing the cue-reactivity paradigm was observed only in the pathological buyers (Mpre [SD] = 1.95 [1.47], Mpost [SD] = 2.87 [1.79]; t(29) = 5.07, p < .001, d = 0.97). CONCLUSIONS Cue-reactivity and craving might be potential correlates for the development and maintenance of pathological buying. The results demonstrate similarities between pathological buying and substance or behavioral addictions and provide implications for clinical treatment.
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Visual cortex activation to drug cues: a meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging papers in addiction and substance abuse literature. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 143:206-12. [PMID: 25155889 PMCID: PMC4161649 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the visual cortex does not typically receive much attention in addiction literature, neuroimaging studies often report significant activity in visual areas when drug users are exposed to drug cues. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the frequency with which occipital cortex activity is observed during drug cue exposure and to determine its spatial distribution. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was performed of human functional neuroimaging studies of drug cue-reactivity. Fifty-five studies were used to determine the frequency with which clusters of significant visual cortex activity during visual drug cues versus non-drug cues were reported. The spatial distribution of visual cortex activations was determined via activation likelihood estimation (ALE; FDR corrected, p<0.01) in a subset of these studies (n=24). RESULTS Eighty-six percent of studies that reported fMRI results for drug versus neutral visual cues within a substance-dependent group showed significant drug-elicited activity in the visual cortex. ALE revealed clusters in the left secondary visual cortex (BA 19) and clusters in the primary visual cortex (BA 17) that were consistently activated by drug cues. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that the visual cortex, often overlooked in our discussions of the neural circuitry of addiction, consistently discriminates drug cues from neutral cues in substance dependent populations. While it remains unclear whether drug cue-elicited activation in occipital cortex is related to the rewarding properties of the drug and/or attentional mechanisms, these data support further exploration.
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Kim SM, Han DH, Min KJ, Kim BN, Cheong JH. Brain activation in response to craving- and aversion-inducing cues related to alcohol in patients with alcohol dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 141:124-31. [PMID: 24939441 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Episodes of alcohol consumption produce use-limiting aversive effects as well as use-promoting euphoric effects. The brain regions associated with the reward circuit in patients with alcohol dependence (PAD) show signs of conditioning for alcohol craving. Alternatively, brain structures in the medial temporal region are known to be crucial for aversive conditioning. In this study, we compare differences in patterns of brain activation in response to cues that induce cravings versus aversion in PAD. METHODS Thirty-eight PAD and 26 healthy volunteers were administered cue reactivity tasks while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine brain response to craving-inducing cues (CIC) and aversion-inducing cues (AIC). RESULTS Activation of the right medial frontal gyrus (right orbitofrontal cortex) during CIC was greater in PAD than in healthy volunteers. Participants in the PAD group displayed less activation in the right amygdala and the right middle temporal gyrus during AIC than did the healthy volunteers. Brain reactivity within the right medial frontal gyrus in response to CIC was positively correlated with the scores of PAD on the Korean Alcohol Urge Questionnaire (AUQ-K) and the Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST). Reactivity within the amygdala in response to AIC was negatively correlated with AUQ-K scores among PAD. CONCLUSION The dysfunction of the orbitofrontal cortex that results from repeated exposure to alcohol accounts for craving and relapse in PAD. Additionally, PAD seem to be less sensitive to cues related to aversive consequences of alcohol overuse in comparison with healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Mi Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-755, Republic of Korea.
| | - Doug Hyun Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-755, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung Joon Min
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-755, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bung-Nyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Samyook University, Gongneung 2-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Republic of Korea.
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Chiamulera C, Cibin M. Drinking reduction and reversibility of neuroadaptation in alcoholism. J Psychopharmacol 2014; 28:810-2. [PMID: 24989978 DOI: 10.1177/0269881114538544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Chiamulera
- Neuropsychopharmacology Lab, Sezione Farmacologia, Università di Verona, Policlinico 'G.B. Rossi', Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Cibin
- Addictive Behaviours Department, Local Health Authority, Dolo, Italy
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Brand M, Young KS, Laier C. Prefrontal control and internet addiction: a theoretical model and review of neuropsychological and neuroimaging findings. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:375. [PMID: 24904393 PMCID: PMC4034340 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most people use the Internet as a functional tool to perform their personal goals in everyday-life such as making airline or hotel reservations. However, some individuals suffer from a loss of control over their Internet use resulting in personal distress, symptoms of psychological dependence, and diverse negative consequences. This phenomenon is often referred to as Internet addiction. Only Internet Gaming Disorder has been included in the appendix of the DSM-5, but it has already been argued that Internet addiction could also comprise problematic use of other applications with cybersex, online relations, shopping, and information search being Internet facets at risk for developing an addictive behavior. Neuropsychological investigations have pointed out that certain prefrontal functions in particular executive control functions are related to symptoms of Internet addiction, which is in line with recent theoretical models on the development and maintenance of the addictive use of the Internet. Control processes are particularly reduced when individuals with Internet addiction are confronted with Internet-related cues representing their first choice use. For example, processing Internet-related cues interferes with working memory performance and decision making. Consistent with this, results from functional neuroimaging and other neuropsychological studies demonstrate that cue-reactivity, craving, and decision making are important concepts for understanding Internet addiction. The findings on reductions in executive control are consistent with other behavioral addictions, such as pathological gambling. They also emphasize the classification of the phenomenon as an addiction, because there are also several similarities with findings in substance dependency. The neuropsychological and neuroimaging results have important clinical impact, as one therapy goal should enhance control over the Internet use by modifying specific cognitions and Internet use expectancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Brand
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany
| | - Kimberly S. Young
- Center for Internet Addiction, Russell J. Jandoli School of Journalism and Mass Communication, St. Bonaventure University, Olean, NY, USA
| | - Christian Laier
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
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Forbes EE, Rodriguez EE, Musselman S, Narendran R. Prefrontal response and frontostriatal functional connectivity to monetary reward in abstinent alcohol-dependent young adults. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94640. [PMID: 24804780 PMCID: PMC4012954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although altered function in neural reward circuitry is widely proposed in models of addiction, more recent conceptual views have emphasized the role of disrupted response in prefrontal regions. Changes in regions such as the orbitofrontal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex are postulated to contribute to the compulsivity, impulsivity, and altered executive function that are central to addiction. In addition, few studies have examined function in these regions during young adulthood, when exposure is less chronic than in typical samples of alcohol-dependent adults. To address these issues, we examined neural response and functional connectivity during monetary reward in 24 adults with alcohol dependence and 24 psychiatrically healthy adults. Adults with alcohol dependence exhibited less response to the receipt of monetary reward in a set of prefrontal regions including the medial prefrontal cortex, lateral orbitofrontal cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Adults with alcohol dependence also exhibited greater negative correlation between function in each of these regions and that in the nucleus accumbens. Within the alcohol-dependent group, those with family history of alcohol dependence exhibited lower mPFC response, and those with more frequent drinking exhibited greater negative functional connectivity between the mPFC and the nucleus accumbens. These findings indicate that alcohol dependence is associated with less engagement of prefrontal cortical regions, suggesting weak or disrupted regulation of ventral striatal response. This pattern of prefrontal response and frontostriatal connectivity has consequences for the behavior patterns typical of addiction. Furthermore, brain-behavior findings indicate that the potential mechanisms of disruption in frontostriatal circuitry in alcohol dependence include family liability to alcohol use problems and more frequent use of alcohol. In all, these findings build on the extant literature on reward-circuit function in addiction and suggest mechanisms for disrupted function in alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika E. Forbes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Eric E. Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Samuel Musselman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rajesh Narendran
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Holla B, Viswanath B, Agarwal SM, Kalmady SV, Maroky AS, Jayarajan D, Bharath RD, Venkatasubramanian G, Benegal V. Visual Image-Induced Craving for Ethanol (VICE): Development, Validation, and a Pilot fMRI Study. Indian J Psychol Med 2014; 36:164-9. [PMID: 24860218 PMCID: PMC4031585 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7176.130984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Craving induction in a controlled environment is helpful in the research of craving mechanism and its role in development of alcohol dependence (AD). We describe a novel tool Visual Image-induced Craving for Ethanol (VICE) and its effects on brain activation with pilot functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS Alcohol-related visual cues (ARCs) in 5 scenarios were photographed, which included pictures of bars, alcoholic beverage bottles, pouring of alcohol into glasses, glasses filled with alcohol, and scenes of people sipping alcohol, counterbalanced with neutral pictures (involving water, milk etc.,). Craving scores were obtained from 15 hospitalized patients with AD to validate this tool. In the pilot fMRI (3-Tesla) study, 5 patients were examined using VICE in a symptom provocation model. Group level-fixed effect analysis of brain activation differences was done using SPM8. RESULTS VICE showed a high internal consistency with Cronbach's α coefficient of 0.86, which confirmed its reliability. Concurrent validity of VICE was demonstrated via its convergence with the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale. ARCs had significantly greater mean craving scores than neutral cues in all the 5 scenarios (intentional validity). In the pilot fMRI, patients were found to have greater activation while viewing ARCs compared to the neutral cues in right insular cortex and deficient activation in right orbitofrontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS The VICE is a reliable and valid measure of alcohol craving with promising clinical and translational research implications. Preliminary fMRI findings indicate it can be used as a symptom provocation tool for fMRI experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Holla
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India ; Department of Translational Psychiatry Lab, Cognitive Neurobiology Division, Neurobiology Research Centere, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Biju Viswanath
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India ; Department of Translational Psychiatry Lab, Cognitive Neurobiology Division, Neurobiology Research Centere, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sri Mahavir Agarwal
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India ; Department of Translational Psychiatry Lab, Cognitive Neurobiology Division, Neurobiology Research Centere, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sunil Vasu Kalmady
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India ; Department of Translational Psychiatry Lab, Cognitive Neurobiology Division, Neurobiology Research Centere, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ami Sebastian Maroky
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Deepak Jayarajan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rose Dawn Bharath
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ganesan Venkatasubramanian
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India ; Department of Translational Psychiatry Lab, Cognitive Neurobiology Division, Neurobiology Research Centere, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vivek Benegal
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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50
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Silveri MM. GABAergic contributions to alcohol responsivity during adolescence: insights from preclinical and clinical studies. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 143:197-216. [PMID: 24631274 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
There is a considerable body of literature demonstrating that adolescence is a unique age period, which includes rapid and dramatic maturation of behavioral, cognitive, hormonal and neurobiological systems. Most notably, adolescence is also a period of unique responsiveness to alcohol effects, with both hyposensitivity and hypersensitivity observed to the various effects of alcohol. Multiple neurotransmitter systems are undergoing fine-tuning during this critical period of brain development, including those that contribute to the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse. The role of developmental maturation of the γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA) system, however, has received less attention in contributing to age-specific alcohol sensitivities. This review integrates GABA findings from human magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies as they may translate to understanding adolescent-specific responsiveness to alcohol effects. Better understanding of the vulnerability of the GABA system both during adolescent development, and in psychiatric conditions that include alcohol dependence, could point to a putative mechanism, boosting brain GABA, that may have increased effectiveness for treating alcohol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa M Silveri
- Neurodevelopmental Laboratory on Addictions and Mental Health, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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