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Stasiak K, Dunowska M, Rola J. Prevalence and Sequence Analysis of Equine Rhinitis Viruses among Horses in Poland. Viruses 2024; 16:1204. [PMID: 39205178 PMCID: PMC11359465 DOI: 10.3390/v16081204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Equine rhinitis A (ERAV) and B (ERBV) viruses are respiratory pathogens with worldwide distribution. The current study aimed to determine the frequency of infection of ERAV and ERBV among horses and foals at Polish national studs, and to determine genetic variability within the viruses obtained. Virus-specific quantitative RT-PCR assays targeting a 5' untranslated region were used to screen nasal swabs collected from 621 horses at 16 national horse studs from throughout Poland, including 553 healthy horses and 68 horses with respiratory disease. A partial DNA polymerase gene was amplified and sequenced from the qRT-PCR-positive samples. The obtained sequences were analysed using phylogeny and genetic network analysis. None of the nasal swabs were positive for ERAV, whereas ERBV was found in 11/621 (1.78%) samples collected from 10 healthy horses and one foal affected by respiratory disease. Partial DNA polymerase gene sequence variability was correlated with individual horses and studs from which samples were collected when only Polish sequences were analysed, but there was no correlation between country of origin and ERBV sequence when Polish and international sequences were included in the network. The report presents the first detection of ERBV in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Stasiak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Dunowska
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Jerzy Rola
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
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Woo PCY, Lau SKP, Choi GKY, Huang Y, Wernery R, Joseph S, Wong EYM, Elizabeth SK, Patteril NAG, Li T, Wernery U, Yuen KY. Equine rhinitis B viruses in horse fecal samples from the Middle East. Virol J 2016; 13:94. [PMID: 27267372 PMCID: PMC4897857 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Among all known picornaviruses, only two species, equine rhinitis A virus and equine rhinitis B virus (ERBV) are known to infect horses, causing respiratory infections. No reports have described the detection of ERBV in fecal samples of horses and no complete genome sequences of ERBV3 are available. Methods We performed a molecular epidemiology study to detect ERBVs in horses from Dubai and Hong Kong. Complete genome sequencing of the ERBVs as well as viral loads and genome, phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis were performed on the positive samples. Results ERBV was detected in four (13.8 %) of the 29 fecal samples in horses from Dubai, with viral loads 8.28 × 103 to 5.83 × 104 copies per ml, but none of the 47 fecal samples in horses from Hong Kong by RT-PCR. Complete genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that three of the four strains were ERBV3 and one was ERBV2. The major difference between the genomes of ERBV3 and those of ERBV1 and ERBV2 lied in the amino acid sequences of their VP1 proteins. The Ka/Ks ratios of all the coding regions in the ERBV3 genomes were all <0.1, suggesting that ERBV3 were stably evolving in horses. Using the uncorrelated lognormal distributed relaxed clock model on VP1 gene, the date of the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of ERBV3 was estimated to be 1785 (HPDs, 1176 to 1937) and the MRCA dates of ERBV1 and ERBV2 were estimated to be 1848 (HPDs, 1466 to 1949) respectively. Conclusions Both acid stable (ERBV3) and acid labile (ERBV2) ERBVs could be found in fecal samples of horses. Detection of ERBVs in fecal samples would have implications for their transmission and potential role in gastrointestinal diseases as well as fecal sampling as an alternative method of identifying infected horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Y Woo
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Garnet K Y Choi
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Renate Wernery
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sunitha Joseph
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Emily Y M Wong
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | - Tong Li
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ulrich Wernery
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Horsington J, Lynch SE, Gilkerson JR, Studdert MJ, Hartley CA. Equine picornaviruses: Well known but poorly understood. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ko S, Kang JG, Yeh JY, Moon JS, Choi GC, Won S, Chae JS. First Report on Molecular Detection of Equine Upper Respiratory Infectious Viruses in Republic of Korea. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
AIMS To determine which viruses circulate among selected populations of New Zealand horses and whether or not viral infections were associated with development of respiratory disease. METHODS Nasal swabs were collected from 33 healthy horses and 52 horses with respiratory disease and tested by virus isolation and/or PCR for the presence of equine herpesviruses (EHV) and equine rhinitis viruses. RESULTS Herpesviruses were the only viruses detected in nasal swab samples. When both the results of nasal swab PCR and virus isolation were considered together, a total of 41/52 (79%) horses with respiratory disease and 2/32 (6%) healthy horses were positive for at least one virus. As such, rates of virus detection were significantly higher (p<0.001) in samples from horses with respiratory disease than from healthy horses. More than half of the virus-positive horses were infected with multiple viruses. Infection with EHV-5 was most common (28 horses), followed by EHV-2 (27 horses), EHV-4 (21 horses) and EHV-1 (3 horses). CONCLUSIONS Herpesviruses were more commonly detected in nasal swabs from horses with respiratory disease than from healthy horses suggesting their aetiological involvement in the development of clinical signs among sampled horses. Further investigation to elucidate the exact relationships between these viruses and respiratory disease in horses is warranted. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Equine respiratory disease has been recognised as an important cause of wastage for the equine industry worldwide. It is likely multifactorial, involving complex interactions between different microorganisms, the environment and the host. Ability to control, or minimise, the adverse effects of equine respiratory disease is critically dependent on our understanding of microbial agents involved in these interactions. The results of the present study update our knowledge on the equine respiratory viruses currently circulating among selected populations of horses in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A McBrearty
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Lu Z, Timoney PJ, White J, Balasuriya UB. Development of one-step TaqMan® real-time reverse transcription-PCR and conventional reverse transcription-PCR assays for the detection of equine rhinitis A and B viruses. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:120. [PMID: 22830930 PMCID: PMC3542198 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine rhinitis viruses A and B (ERAV and ERBV) are common equine respiratory viruses belonging to the family Picornaviridae. Sero-surveillance studies have shown that these two viral infections are prevalent in many countries. Currently, the diagnosis of ERAV and ERBV infections in horses is mainly based on virus isolation (VI). However, the sensitivity of VI testing varies between laboratories due to inefficient viral growth in cell culture and lack of cytopathic effect. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop molecular diagnostic assays (real-time RT-PCR [rRT-PCR] and conventional RT-PCR [cRT-PCR] assays) to detect and distinguish ERAV from ERBV without the inherent problems traditionally associated with laboratory diagnosis of these infections. RESULTS Three rRT-PCR assays targeting the 5'-UTR of ERAV and ERBV were developed. One assay was specific for ERAV, with the two remaining assays specific for ERBV. Additionally, six cRT-PCR assays targeting the 5'-UTR and 3D polymerase regions of ERAV and ERBV were developed. Both rRT-PCR and cRT-PCR assays were evaluated using RNA extracted from 21 archived tissue culture fluid (TCF) samples previously confirmed to be positive for ERAV (n = 11) or ERBV (n = 10) with mono-specific rabbit antisera. The ERAV rRT-PCR and cRT-PCR assays could only detect ERAV isolates and not ERBV isolates. Similarly, the ERBV rRT-PCR and cRT-PCR assays could only detect ERBV isolates and not ERAV isolates. None of the rRT-PCR or cRT-PCR assays cross-reacted with any of the other common equine respiratory viruses. With the exception of one cRT-PCR assay, the detection limit of all of these assays was 1 plaque forming unit per ml (pfu/ml). CONCLUSION The newly developed rRT-PCR and cRT-PCR assays provide improved diagnostic capability for the detection and differentiation of ERAV and ERBV. However, a larger number of clinical specimens will need to be tested before each assay is adequately validated for the detection of ERAV and/or ERBV in suspect cases of either viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengchun Lu
- Maxwell H, Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 108 Maxwell H, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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Identification of mixed equine rhinitis B virus infections leading to further insight on the relationship between genotype, serotype and acid stability phenotype. Virus Res 2011; 155:506-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Quinlivan M, Maxwell G, Lyons P, Arkins S, Cullinane A. Real-time RT-PCR for the detection and quantitative analysis of equine rhinitis viruses. Equine Vet J 2010; 42:98-104. [PMID: 20156243 DOI: 10.2746/042516409x479559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Equine rhinitis viruses (ERV) cause respiratory disease and loss of performance in horses. It has been suggested that the economic significance of these viruses may have been underestimated due to insensitive methods of detection. OBJECTIVES To develop a sensitive, rapid, real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) assay suitable for the routine diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance of the A and B variants of ERV. METHODS TaqMan primer probe sets for ERAV and ERBV were designed from conserved regions of the 5' UTR of the ERV genome. Over 400 samples from both clinically affected and asymptomatic horses were employed for validation of the assays. ERAV samples positive by rRT-PCR were verified by virus isolation and ERBV positive samples were verified by rRT-PCR using a different set of primers. RESULTS The detection limit of the rRT-PCR for both viruses was 10-100 genome copies. Of 250 archival nasal swabs submitted for diagnostic testing over a 7 year period, 29 were ERAV positive and 3 were ERBV positive with an average incidence rate per year of 10 and 1.5%, respectively. There was evidence of co-circulation of ERAV and ERBV with equine influenza virus (EIV). Of 100 post race urine samples tested, 29 were ERAV positive by rRT-PCR. Partial sequencing of 2 ERBV positive samples demonstrated that one was 100% identical to ERBV1 from a 270 bp sequence and the other was more closely related to ERBV2 than ERBV1 (95% compared to 90% nucleotide identity in 178 bp). CONCLUSIONS The rRT-PCR assays described here are specific and more sensitive than virus isolation. They have good reproducibility and are suitable for the routine diagnosis of ERAV and ERBV. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE These assays should be useful for investigating the temporal association between clinical signs and rhinitis virus shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Quinlivan
- Virology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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Mori A, De Benedictis P, Marciano S, Zecchin B, Zuin A, Zecchin B, Capua I, Cattoli G. Development of a real-time duplex TaqMan-PCR for the detection of Equine rhinitis A and B viruses in clinical specimens. J Virol Methods 2008; 155:175-81. [PMID: 19013197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Equine rhinitis A and B viruses (ERAV and ERBV) are respiratory viruses of horses belonging to the family Picornaviridae. Although these viruses are considered to cause respiratory disease in horses and are potentially infectious for humans, little is known about their prevalence and pathogenesis. Virus isolation is often unsuccessful due to their inefficient growth and lack of cytopathic effect in cell cultures. Therefore, molecular assays should be considered as the method of choice to detect infection in symptomatic or apparently healthy horses. In the present study, a novel real-time duplex PCR was developed for the detection and differentiation of both ERAV and ERBV. The method was evaluated for its ability to detect viral RNA in cell culture supernatants and nasal swabs, and lung and urine spiked with known quantities of virus. The assay demonstrated high analytical specificity, sensitivity and good reproducibility, with coefficients of variation (CV%) ranging from 1% to 7.4% and from 1.2% to 12% for intra- and inter-assay variability respectively. The assay detected ERBV in 14 of 86 nasal swabs collected from horses with respiratory disease. The real-time duplex PCR is a useful new diagnostic method for the rapid detection and differentiation of ERAV and ERBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Mori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, Viale dell'Universita' 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
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Kriegshäuser G, Cullinane A, Kuechler E, Skern T. Denatured virion protein 1 of equine rhinitis B virus 1 contains authentic B-cell epitopes recognised in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay--short communication. Acta Vet Hung 2008; 56:265-70. [PMID: 18669254 DOI: 10.1556/avet.56.2008.2.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Equine rhinitis B virus 1 (ERBV1), genus Erbovirus, family Picornaviridae, is a pathogen of horses which causes clinical and subclinical infection of the upper respiratory tract in horses. The virus is widespread in European horse populations and the current standard method for the detection of antibody against ERBV1 is by virus neutralisation (VN). VN tests, however, are labour-intensive and time-consuming, require tissue culture facilities, and generally do not provide same-day results. In this study, a protocol for the high-level expression and purification of recombinant virion protein 1 (rVP1) was established using metal-chelate affinity chromatography under denaturing condition. When used as a coating antigen in a prototype enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), denatured rVP1 was recognised by ERBV1 antibody present in horse serum. This finding suggests that denatured rVP1 is a promising candidate for the development of an ELISA to be used in the routine laboratory diagnosis of ERBV1 infection in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Cullinane
- 2 Irish Equine Centre Johnstown, Naas, County Kildare Ireland
| | - Ernst Kuechler
- 1 Medical University of Vienna Max F. Perutz Laboratories Vienna Austria
| | - Timothy Skern
- 1 Medical University of Vienna Max F. Perutz Laboratories Vienna Austria
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Erratum. Aust Vet J 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2007.00154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Black WD, Wilcox RS, Stevenson RA, Hartley CA, Ficorilli NP, Gilkerson JR, Studdert MJ. Prevalence of serum neutralising antibody to equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV), equine rhinitis B virus 1 (ERBV1) and ERBV2. Vet Microbiol 2007; 119:65-71. [PMID: 17046179 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of serum neutralising (SN) antibody to ERAV, ERBV1 and ERBV2 in a population of horses from birth to 22 years of age. The prevalences of ERAV, ERBV1 and ERBV2 SN antibodies in 381 sera obtained from 291 horses were 37%, 83% and 66%, respectively. ERAV, ERBV1 and ERBV2 maternal antibody was present in foals 12 h postsuckling but by 10-12 months, ERAV SN antibody was not detected in any of the horses, while ERBV1 and ERBV2 SN antibodies were common (83% and 100%, respectively). Sera were obtained from 44 Thoroughbred horses when they were newly introduced into a training centre when their average age was 23 months and a second sample was obtained approximately 7 months later. ERAV SN antibody was present in 8 (18%) when first bled and in 27 (61%) when tested 7 months later. Accordingly 19 of the 44 horses (43%) seroconverted to ERAV within 7 months of entering the training stable. Among all the horses the average ERAV SN antibody titre was relatively high (3796) and in contrast, ERBV1 and ERBV2 titres were relatively low (average 84 and 45, respectively) and often fell to below detectable levels over time and at a rate comparable to new seroconversions in the same group of horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Black
- Centre for Equine Virology, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
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