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Smith AN, Morris JK, Carbuhn AF, Herda TJ, Keller JE, Sullivan DK, Taylor MK. Creatine as a Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Dev Nutr 2023; 7:102011. [PMID: 37881206 PMCID: PMC10594571 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.102011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, affecting approximately 6.5 million older adults in the United States. Development of AD treatment has primarily centered on developing pharmaceuticals that target amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in the brain, a hallmark pathological biomarker that precedes symptomatic AD. Though recent clinical trials of novel drugs that target Aβ have demonstrated promising preliminary data, these pharmaceuticals have a poor history of developing into AD treatments, leading to hypotheses that other therapeutic targets may be more suitable for AD prevention and treatment. Impaired brain energy metabolism is another pathological hallmark that precedes the onset of AD that may provide a target for intervention. The brain creatine (Cr) system plays a crucial role in maintaining bioenergetic flux and is disrupted in AD. Recent studies using AD mouse models have shown that supplementing with Cr improves brain bioenergetics, as well as AD biomarkers and cognition. Despite these promising findings, no human trials have investigated the potential benefits of Cr supplementation in AD. This narrative review discusses the link between Cr and AD and the potential for Cr supplementation as a treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron N. Smith
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Jill K. Morris
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Kansas, Fairway, KS, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Aaron F. Carbuhn
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Trent J. Herda
- Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Jessica E. Keller
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Debra K. Sullivan
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Kansas, Fairway, KS, United States
| | - Matthew K. Taylor
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Kansas, Fairway, KS, United States
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Casciola R, Leoni L, Cuffari B, Pecchini M, Menozzi R, Colecchia A, Ravaioli F. Creatine Supplementation to Improve Sarcopenia in Chronic Liver Disease: Facts and Perspectives. Nutrients 2023; 15:863. [PMID: 36839220 PMCID: PMC9958770 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Creatine supplementation has been one of the most studied and useful ergogenic nutritional support for athletes to improve performance, strength, and muscular mass. Over time creatine has shown beneficial effects in several human disease conditions. This review aims to summarise the current evidence for creatine supplementation in advanced chronic liver disease and its complications, primarily in sarcopenic cirrhotic patients, because this condition is known to be associated with poor prognosis and outcomes. Although creatine supplementation in chronic liver disease seems to be barely investigated and not studied in human patients, its potential efficacy on chronic liver disease is indirectly highlighted in animal models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, bringing beneficial effects in the fatty liver. Similarly, encephalopathy and fatigue seem to have beneficial effects. Creatine supplementation has demonstrated effects in sarcopenia in the elderly with and without resistance training suggesting a potential role in improving this condition in patients with advanced chronic liver disease. Creatine supplementation could address several critical points of chronic liver disease and its complications. Further studies are needed to support the clinical burden of this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Casciola
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Specialistic Medicines, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Largo del Pozzo 71, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Laura Leoni
- Division of Metabolic Diseases and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Specialistic Medicines, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Largo del Pozzo 71, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Biagio Cuffari
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Specialistic Medicines, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Largo del Pozzo 71, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Maddalena Pecchini
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Specialistic Medicines, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Largo del Pozzo 71, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Renata Menozzi
- Division of Metabolic Diseases and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Specialistic Medicines, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Largo del Pozzo 71, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Antonio Colecchia
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Specialistic Medicines, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Largo del Pozzo 71, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Federico Ravaioli
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Specialistic Medicines, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Largo del Pozzo 71, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Delpino FM, Figueiredo LM. Does creatine supplementation improve glycemic control and insulin resistance in healthy and diabetic patients? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 47:128-134. [PMID: 35063192 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Creatine supplementation shows promising effects on diabetes, especially in glucose management and insulin secretion. This study aimed to review the literature on studies that evaluated the effects of creatine supplementation on parameters of diabetes in humans. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, until December 2020, in the following databases: Pubmed, Lilacs, Scielo, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane. It included experimental studies that investigated the effects of creatine supplementation on diabetes treatment or prevention and its relationship with fasting blood glucose and insulin resistance. RESULTS Nine studies were included in the review, from which five showed some benefit of creatine supplementation in at least one diabetes parameter. In diabetic individuals (n = 2), creatine was beneficial. In the meta-analysis, there are no significant effect on fasting blood glucose [SMD: 0.05; CI95%: -0.53, 0.63; p = 0.28; I2 = 22%] and insulin resistance [SMD: -0.38; 95% CI: -0.90, 0.14; p = 0.22; I2 = 33%]. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated an insufficient basis to state that creatine can positively affect diabetes parameters. Future studies should be conducted with diabetic individuals due to the potential of creatine on diabetes parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Mendes Delpino
- Postgraduate Program in Nursing, Federal University of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Faculty of Nursing, Federal University of Pelotas.
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Gonçalves MG, Medeiros MA, de Lemos LIC, de Fátima Campos Pedrosa L, de Andrade Santos PP, Abreu BJ, Lima JPMS. Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Histopathological and Biochemical Parameters in the Kidney and Pancreas of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030431. [PMID: 35276790 PMCID: PMC8840440 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a worldwide health concern, and projections state that cases will reach 578 million by 2030. Adjuvant therapies that can help the standard treatment and mitigate DM effects are necessary, especially those using nutritional supplements to improve glycemic control. Previous studies suggest creatine supplementation as a possible adjuvant therapy for DM, but they lack the evaluation of potential morphological parameters alterations and tissue injury caused by this compound. The present study aimed to elucidate clinical, histomorphometric, and histopathological consequences and the cellular oxidative alterations of creatine supplementation in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 DM rats. We could estimate whether the findings are due to DM or the supplementation from a factorial experimental design. Although creatine supplementation attenuated some biochemical parameters, the morphological analyses of pancreatic and renal tissues made clear that the supplementation did not improve the STZ-induced DM1 injuries. Moreover, creatine-supplemented non-diabetic animals were diagnosed with pancreatitis and showed renal tubular necrosis. Therefore, even in the absence of clinical symptoms and unaltered biochemical parameters, creatine supplementation as adjuvant therapy for DM should be carefully evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meline Gomes Gonçalves
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil;
| | - Matheus Anselmo Medeiros
- Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Digital Metropolis Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-400, RN, Brazil;
| | | | - Lucia de Fátima Campos Pedrosa
- Graduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59.078-970, RN, Brazil; (L.I.C.d.L.); (L.d.F.C.P.)
| | - Pedro Paulo de Andrade Santos
- Structural and Functional Biology Graduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil;
- Biosciences Center, Morphology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil;
| | - Bento João Abreu
- Biosciences Center, Morphology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil;
| | - João Paulo Matos Santos Lima
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil;
- Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Digital Metropolis Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-400, RN, Brazil;
- Correspondence:
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Chen H, Ma X, Cao L, Zhao S, Zhao C, Yin S, Hu H. A Multi-Ingredient Formula Ameliorates Exercise-Induced Fatigue by Changing Metabolic Pathways and Increasing Antioxidant Capacity in Mice. Foods 2021; 10:3120. [PMID: 34945671 PMCID: PMC8701726 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple mechanisms are involved in exercise-induced fatigue, including energy depletion, metabolite accumulation, and oxidative stress, etc. The mechanistic findings provide a rationale for a multi-targeted approach to exercise-induced fatigue management. This study created a multi-ingredient formula mixed with valine, isoleucine, leucine, β-alanine, creatine, l-carnitine, quercetin, and betaine, based on the functional characteristics of these agents, and evaluated the preventive effect of this mechanism-based formula on exercise-induced fatigue. Results showed that the 7-d formula supplement significantly increased the running duration time of mice by 14% and the distance by 20% in an exhaustive treadmill test, indicating that the formula could delay fatigue appearance and improve exercise performance. Mechanistically, the formula enhanced fatty acid oxidation and spared liver glycogen by regulating the fat/glucose metabolism-related signaling pathways, including phospho-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase α (p-AMPKα), phospho-acetyl CoA carboxylase (p-ACC), carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1B (CPT1B), fatty acid translocase (CD36), and glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), and increased antioxidant capacity. The findings suggested that the formula tested in this study effectively ameliorated exercise-induced fatigue by targeting multi-signaling pathways, showing promise as a regimen to fight exercise-induced fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hongbo Hu
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (H.C.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.Z.); (C.Z.); (S.Y.)
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Solis MY, Artioli GG, Gualano B. Potential of Creatine in Glucose Management and Diabetes. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020570. [PMID: 33572228 PMCID: PMC7915263 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine is one of the most popular supplements worldwide, and it is frequently used by both athletic and non-athletic populations to improve power, strength, muscle mass and performance. A growing body of evidence has been identified potential therapeutic effects of creatine in a wide variety of clinical conditions, such as cancer, muscle dystrophy and neurodegenerative disorders. Evidence has suggested that creatine supplementation alone, and mainly in combination with exercise training, may improve glucose metabolism in health individuals and insulin-resistant individuals, such as in those with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Creatine itself may stimulate insulin secretion in vitro, improve muscle glycogen stores and ameliorate hyperglycemia in animals. In addition, exercise induces numerous metabolic benefits, including increases in insulin-independent muscle glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity. It has been speculated that creatine supplementation combined with exercise training could result in additional improvements in glucose metabolism when compared with each intervention separately. The possible mechanism underlying the effects of combined exercise and creatine supplementation is an enhanced glucose transport into muscle cell by type 4 glucose transporter (GLUT-4) translocation to sarcolemma. Although preliminary findings from small-scale trials involving patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are promising, the efficacy of creatine for improving glycemic control is yet to be confirmed. In this review, we aim to explore the possible therapeutic role of creatine supplementation on glucose management and as a potential anti-diabetic intervention, summarizing the current knowledge and highlighting the research gaps.
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Oliveira CLP, Antunes BDMM, Gomes AC, Lira FS, Pimentel GD, Boulé NG, Mota JF. Creatine supplementation does not promote additional effects on inflammation and insulin resistance in older adults: A pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2020; 38:94-98. [PMID: 32690185 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A chronic, low-grade inflammation is commonly present in older adults and has been associated with the onset of age-related chronic diseases. Resistance training (RT) and creatine (CR) supplementation emerged as promising strategies to reduce circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines. This study aimed to investigate the effects of CR supplementation combined with RT on markers of inflammation and insulin resistance in community-dwelling older adults. METHODS In a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, participants were allocated to one of the following groups: 1) Creatine supplementation and resistance training (CR + RT, n = 13); 2) Placebo and resistance training (PL + RT, n = 14). While engaged in a 12-week RT program, participants from CR + RT group received 5 g/day of CR monohydrate and participants from PL + RT group received the same dose of maltodextrin. At baseline and at week 12, blood samples were collected for glucose, insulin, adiponectin, leptin, interleukin 6, interleukin 10, monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1 and C-reactive protein analysis. RESULTS After 12 weeks of intervention, there were no differences between groups in any of the variables analyzed. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 was reduced in both groups (CR + RT: -55.66 ± 48.93 pg/mL, p < 0.01, dz = 1.13; PL + RT: -46.52 ± 55.21 pg/mL, p < 0.01, dz = 0.84). CONCLUSION Resistance training, regardless of CR supplementation, decreased MCP-1 concentration in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila L P Oliveira
- Human Nutrition Research Unit, Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Barbara de Moura Mello Antunes
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, SP, 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Aline Corado Gomes
- Clinical and Sports Nutrition Research Laboratory, Faculty of Nutrition, Goiás Federal University, 227 Street, Block 68, Setor Leste Universitario, Goiania, GO, 74.605-080, Brazil
| | - Fábio Santos Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, SP, 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Duarte Pimentel
- Clinical and Sports Nutrition Research Laboratory, Faculty of Nutrition, Goiás Federal University, 227 Street, Block 68, Setor Leste Universitario, Goiania, GO, 74.605-080, Brazil
| | - Normand G Boulé
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H9, Canada
| | - João Felipe Mota
- Clinical and Sports Nutrition Research Laboratory, Faculty of Nutrition, Goiás Federal University, 227 Street, Block 68, Setor Leste Universitario, Goiania, GO, 74.605-080, Brazil.
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Papukashvili D, Rcheulishvili N, Deng Y. Beneficial Impact of Semicarbazide-Sensitive Amine Oxidase Inhibition on the Potential Cytotoxicity of Creatine Supplementation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092029. [PMID: 32349282 PMCID: PMC7248702 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Creatine supplementation of the population with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) combined with an exercise program is known to be a possible therapy adjuvant with hypoglycemic effects. However, excessive administration of creatine leads to the production of methylamine which is deaminated by the enzyme semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) and as a result, cytotoxic compounds are produced. SSAO activity and reaction products are increased in the serum of T2DM patients. Creatine supplementation by diabetics will further augment the activity of SSAO. The current review aims to find a feasible way to ameliorate T2DM for patients who exercise and desire to consume creatine. Several natural agents present in food which are involved in the regulation of SSAO activity directly or indirectly are reviewed. Particularly, zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), histamine/histidine, caffeine, iron (Fe), and vitamin D are discussed. Inhibiting SSAO activity by natural agents might reduce the potential adverse effects of creatine metabolism in population of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Papukashvili
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (D.P.); (N.R.)
| | - Nino Rcheulishvili
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (D.P.); (N.R.)
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (D.P.); (N.R.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-10-68914907
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Mora-Ortiz M, Nuñez Ramos P, Oregioni A, Claus SP. NMR metabolomics identifies over 60 biomarkers associated with Type II Diabetes impairment in db/db mice. Metabolomics 2019; 15:89. [PMID: 31179513 PMCID: PMC6556514 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1548-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The rapid expansion of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), that currently affects 90% of people suffering from diabetes, urges us to develop a better understanding of the metabolic processes involved in the disease process in order to develop better therapies. The most commonly used model for T2D research is the db/db (BKS.Cg-Dock7 < m > +/+ Lepr < db >/J) mouse model. Yet, a systematic 1H NMR based metabolomics characterisation of most tissues in this animal model has not been published. Here, we provide a systematic organ-specific metabolomics analysis of this widely employed model using NMR spectroscopy. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to characterise the metabolic modulations associated with T2D in db/db mice in 18 relevant biological matrices. METHODS High-resolution 1H-NMR and 2D-NMR spectroscopy were applied to 18 biological matrices of 12 db/db mice (WT control n = 6, db/db = 6) aged 22 weeks, when diabetes is fully established. RESULTS 61 metabolites associated with T2D were identified. Kidney, spleen, eye and plasma were the biological matrices carrying the largest metabolomics modulations observed in established T2D, based on the total number of metabolites that showed a statistical difference between the diabetic and control group in each tissue (16 in each case) and the strength of the O-PLS DA model for each tissue. Glucose and glutamate were the most commonly associated metabolites found significantly increased in nine biological matrices. Investigated sections where no increase of glucose was associated with T2D include all intestinal segments (i.e. duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon). Microbial co-metabolites such as acetate and butyrate, used as carbon sources by the host, were identified in excess in the colonic tissues of diabetic individuals. CONCLUSIONS The metabolic biomarkers identified using 1H NMR-based metabolomics will represent a useful resource to explore metabolic pathways involved in T2D in the db/db mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Mora-Ortiz
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus, P.O. Box 226, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK.
- Department of Twin Research, Kings' College London, St Thomas' Hospital Campus, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EW, UK.
| | - Patricia Nuñez Ramos
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, Campus de Badajoz, C.P. 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Alain Oregioni
- MRC Biomedical NMR Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sandrine P Claus
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus, P.O. Box 226, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK.
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Schrama D, Cerqueira M, Raposo CS, Rosa da Costa AM, Wulff T, Gonçalves A, Camacho C, Colen R, Fonseca F, Rodrigues PM. Dietary Creatine Supplementation in Gilthead Seabream ( Sparus aurata): Comparative Proteomics Analysis on Fish Allergens, Muscle Quality, and Liver. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1844. [PMID: 30622481 PMCID: PMC6308192 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality of fish flesh depends on the skeletal muscle's energetic state and delaying energy depletion through diets supplementation could contribute to the preservation of muscle's quality traits and modulation of fish allergens. Food allergies represent a serious public health problem worldwide with fish being one of the top eight more allergenic foods. Parvalbumins, have been identified as the main fish allergen. In this study, we attempted to produce a low allergenic farmed fish with improved muscle quality in controlled artificial conditions by supplementing a commercial fish diet with different creatine percentages. The supplementation of fish diets with specific nutrients, aimed at reducing the expression of parvalbumin, can be considered of higher interest and beneficial in terms of food safety and human health. The effects of these supplemented diets on fish growth, physiological stress, fish muscle status, and parvalbumin modulation were investigated. Data from zootechnical parameters were used to evaluate fish growth, food conversion ratios and hepatosomatic index. Physiological stress responses were assessed by measuring cortisol releases and muscle quality analyzed by rigor mortis and pH. Parvalbumin, creatine, and glycogen concentrations in muscle were also determined. Comparative proteomics was used to look into changes in muscle and liver tissues at protein level. Our results suggest that the supplementation of commercial fish diets with creatine does not affect farmed fish productivity parameters, or either muscle quality. Additionally, the effect of higher concentrations of creatine supplementation revealed a minor influence in fish physiological welfare. Differences at the proteome level were detected among fish fed with different diets. Differential muscle proteins expression was identified as tropomyosins, beta enolase, and creatine kinase among others, whether in liver several proteins involved in the immune system, cellular processes, stress, and inflammation response were modulated. Regarding parvalbumin modulation, the tested creatine percentages added to the commercial diet had also no effect in the expression of this protein. The use of proteomics tools showed to be sensitive to infer about changes of the underlying molecular mechanisms regarding fish responses to external stimulus, providing a holistic and unbiased view on fish allergens and muscle quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Schrama
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Marco Cerqueira
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | | | - Ana M. Rosa da Costa
- Centro de Investigação de Química do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Tune Wulff
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Amparo Gonçalves
- Divisão de Aquacultura e Valorização, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carolina Camacho
- Divisão de Aquacultura e Valorização, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rita Colen
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Flávio Fonseca
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
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Andrade WB, Jacinto JL, da Silva DK, Roveratti MC, Estoche JM, Oliveira DB, Balvedi MCW, da Silva RA, Aguiar AF. l-Arginine supplementation does not improve muscle function during recovery from resistance exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:928-936. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of l-arginine supplementation on muscle recovery after a single session of high-intensity resistance exercise (RE). Twenty healthy young adult participants (22.8 ± 3.4 years old) were assigned to 1 of 2 groups (N = 10 per group): a placebo-supplement group or an l-arginine-supplement group. The groups completed a session of high-intensity RE (0 h) and 3 subsequent fatigue test sessions (at 24, 48, and 72 h postexercise) to assess the time course of muscle recovery. During the test sessions, we assessed the following dependent variables: number of maximum repetitions, electromyographic signal (i.e., root mean square (RMS) and median frequency (MF) slope), muscle soreness, perceived exertion, blood levels of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate, and testosterone:cortisol ratio. Number of maximum repetitions increased at 48 and 72 h postexercise in both groups (time, P < 0.05). CK levels and muscle soreness increased at 24 h postexercise and then progressively returned to baseline at 72 h post exercise in both groups (time, P < 0.05). Lactate levels increased immediately postexercise but were reduced at 24 h postexercise in both groups (time, P < 0.05). Testosterone:cortisol ratio, RMS, and MF slope remained unchanged during the recovery period in both groups (time, P > 0.05). No significant (P > 0.05) group × time interaction was found for all dependent variables during the recovery period. In conclusion, our data indicate that l-arginine supplementation does not improve muscle recovery following a high-intensity RE session in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walquiria Batista Andrade
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Lucas Jacinto
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
| | - Douglas Kratki da Silva
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
| | - Mirela Casonato Roveratti
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
| | - José Maria Estoche
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
| | - Douglas Benedito Oliveira
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
| | - Mario Carlos Welin Balvedi
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
| | - Rubens Alexandre da Silva
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
| | - Andreo Fernando Aguiar
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
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Machek SB, Bagley JR. Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation: Considerations for Cognitive Performance in Athletes. Strength Cond J 2018. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Duarte-Silva S, Neves-Carvalho A, Soares-Cunha C, Silva JM, Teixeira-Castro A, Vieira R, Silva-Fernandes A, Maciel P. Neuroprotective Effects of Creatine in the CMVMJD135 Mouse Model of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3. Mov Disord 2018; 33:815-826. [PMID: 29570846 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases. Creatine administration increases concentration of the energy buffer phosphocreatine, exerting protective effects in the brain. We evaluate whether a creatine-enriched diet would be beneficial for a mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, a genetically defined neurodegenerative disease for which no treatment is available. METHODS We performed 2 independent preclinical trials using the CMVMJD135 mouse model (treating 2 groups of animals with different disease severity) and wild-type mice, to which 2% creatine was provided for 19 (preclinical trial 1) or 29 (preclinical trial 2) weeks, starting at a presymptomatic age. Motor behavior was evaluated at several time points from 5 to 34 weeks of age, and neuropathological studies were performed at the end of each trial. RESULTS Creatine supplementation led to an overall improvement in the motor phenotype of CMVMJD135 mice in both trials, rescuing motor balance and coordination and also restored brain weight, mitigated astrogliosis, and preserved Calbindin-positive cells in the cerebellum. Moreover, a reduction of mutant ataxin-3 aggregates occurred despite maintained steady-state levels of the protein and the absence of autophagy activation. Creatine treatment also restored the expression of the mitochondrial mass marker Porin and reduced the expression of antioxidant enzymes Heme oxygenase 1 (HO1) and NAD(P)H Quinone Dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), suggesting a beneficial effect at the level of mitochondria and oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS Creatine slows disease progression and improves motor dysfunction as well as ameliorates neuropathology of the CMVMJD135 animals, supporting this as a useful strategy to slow the progression of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Duarte-Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Andreia Neves-Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Carina Soares-Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joana M Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Andreia Teixeira-Castro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rita Vieira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Anabela Silva-Fernandes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Maciel
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Iqbal F, Hoeger H, Lubec G, Bodamer O. Biochemical and behavioral phenotype of AGAT and GAMT deficient mice following long-term Creatine monohydrate supplementation. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1951-1961. [PMID: 28808834 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The creatine/phosphocreatine system is essential for cellular phosphate coupled energy storage and production. We investigated the utility of creatine monohydrate supplementation in two different creatine deficient knockout mouse models. Following weaning, female Arginine: Glycine Amidinotransferase (AGAT) and Guanidinoacetate: methyltransferase (GAMT) knockouts and wild type mice were studied based on their genotypes and dietary supplementation (creatine free or 2% creatine monohydrate supplemented diet) for 10 weeks, using a series of behavioral tests and biochemical analyzes. An improved Rota rod performance was observed in both AGAT (p = 0.02) and GAMT knockout mice (p < 0.001) supplemented with 2% creatine. During Morris water maze probe trial, creatine supplemented AGAT knockout mice took less time to reach virtual platform (p = 0.03) and more frequently crossed this area (p = 0.001) than mice on creatine free diet. Similar observations were recorded for GAMT knockout mice. Urinary creatinine concentrations for AGAT (p = 0.001) and GAMT (p = 0.05) knockout mice were increased following creatine supplementation. Creatine supplementation has a potential to improve neuro-muscular coordination, spatial learning in both AGAT and GAMT knockout mice. Long term Creatine supplementation results in increased urine creatinine concentrations indicating improved creatine metabolism in knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furhan Iqbal
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Laboratory for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Zoology Division, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Herald Hoeger
- Core Unit of Biomedical Research, Division of Laboratory Animal Science and Genetics, Brauhausgasse 34, A-2235, Himberg, Austria
| | - Gurt Lubec
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Laboratory for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Olaf Bodamer
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Wallimann T, Riek U, Möddel M. Intradialytic creatine supplementation: A scientific rationale for improving the health and quality of life of dialysis patients. Med Hypotheses 2017; 99:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Pinto CL, Botelho PB, Pimentel GD, Campos-Ferraz PL, Mota JF. Creatine supplementation and glycemic control: a systematic review. Amino Acids 2016; 48:2103-29. [PMID: 27306768 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2277-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The focus of this review is the effects of creatine supplementation with or without exercise on glucose metabolism. A comprehensive examination of the past 16 years of study within the field provided a distillation of key data. Both in animal and human studies, creatine supplementation together with exercise training demonstrated greater beneficial effects on glucose metabolism; creatine supplementation itself demonstrated positive results in only a few of the studies. In the animal studies, the effects of creatine supplementation on glucose metabolism were even more distinct, and caution is needed in extrapolating these data to different species, especially to humans. Regarding human studies, considering the samples characteristics, the findings cannot be extrapolated to patients who have poorer glycemic control, are older, are on a different pharmacological treatment (e.g., exogenous insulin therapy) or are physically inactive. Thus, creatine supplementation is a possible nutritional therapy adjuvant with hypoglycemic effects, particularly when used in conjunction with exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Lemos Pinto
- Clinical and Sports Nutrition Research Laboratory, Nutrition Faculty, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Borges Botelho
- Clinical and Sports Nutrition Research Laboratory, Nutrition Faculty, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Duarte Pimentel
- Clinical and Sports Nutrition Research Laboratory, Nutrition Faculty, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Lopes Campos-Ferraz
- School of Physical Education and Sport, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Faculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - João Felipe Mota
- Clinical and Sports Nutrition Research Laboratory, Nutrition Faculty, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, GO, Brazil.
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Exploratory studies of the potential anti-cancer effects of creatine. Amino Acids 2016; 48:1993-2001. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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The Effects of Hyperhydrating Supplements Containing Creatine and Glucose on Plasma Lipids and Insulin Sensitivity in Endurance-Trained Athletes. JOURNAL OF AMINO ACIDS 2015; 2015:352458. [PMID: 26167296 PMCID: PMC4488253 DOI: 10.1155/2015/352458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The addition of carbohydrate (CHO) in the form of simple sugars to creatine (Cr) supplements is central. The study aimed to determine whether ingestion of glucose (Glu) simultaneously with Cr and glycerol (Cr/Gly) supplement is detrimental to plasma lipids of endurance-trained individuals and find out whether modification arising can be attenuated by replacing part of the Glu with alpha lipoic acid (Ala). Twenty-two endurance-trained cyclists were randomized to receive Cr/Gly/Glu (11.4 g Cr-H2O, 1 g Gly/kg BM, and 150 g Glu) or Cr/Gly/Glu/Ala (11.4 g Cr-H2O, 1 g Gly/kg BM, 100 g Glu, and 1 g Ala) for 7 days. Fasting concentration of TAG increased significantly (P < 0.01) after supplementation with Cr/Gly/Glu (before: 0.9 ± 0.2 mmol/L; after: 1.3 ± 0.4 mmol/L) and Cr/Gly/Glu/Ala (before: 0.8 ± 0.2 mmol/L; after: 1.2 ± 0.5 mmol/L) but changes were not different between the groups. Supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) increased the TAG to HDL-cholesterol ratio but had no effect on fasting concentration of total, HDL-, and LDL-cholesterol and insulin resistance. Thus, addition of Glu to Cr containing supplements enhances plasma TAG concentration and the TAG to HDL-cholesterol ratio and this enhancement cannot be attenuated by partial replacement of Glu with Ala.
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Dickinson H, Ellery S, Ireland Z, LaRosa D, Snow R, Walker DW. Creatine supplementation during pregnancy: summary of experimental studies suggesting a treatment to improve fetal and neonatal morbidity and reduce mortality in high-risk human pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014; 14:150. [PMID: 24766646 PMCID: PMC4007139 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-14-150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
While the use of creatine in human pregnancy is yet to be fully evaluated, its long-term use in healthy adults appears to be safe, and its well documented neuroprotective properties have recently been extended by demonstrations that creatine improves cognitive function in normal and elderly people, and motor skills in sleep-deprived subjects. Creatine has many actions likely to benefit the fetus and newborn, because pregnancy is a state of heightened metabolic activity, and the placenta is a key source of free radicals of oxygen and nitrogen. The multiple benefits of supplementary creatine arise from the fact that the creatine-phosphocreatine [PCr] system has physiologically important roles that include maintenance of intracellular ATP and acid–base balance, post-ischaemic recovery of protein synthesis, cerebral vasodilation, antioxidant actions, and stabilisation of lipid membranes. In the brain, creatine not only reduces lipid peroxidation and improves cerebral perfusion, its interaction with the benzodiazepine site of the GABAA receptor is likely to counteract the effects of glutamate excitotoxicity – actions that may protect the preterm and term fetal brain from the effects of birth hypoxia. In this review we discuss the development of creatine synthesis during fetal life, the transfer of creatine from mother to fetus, and propose that creatine supplementation during pregnancy may have benefits for the fetus and neonate whenever oxidative stress or feto-placental hypoxia arise, as in cases of fetal growth restriction, premature birth, or when parturition is delayed or complicated by oxygen deprivation of the newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - David W Walker
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, 27-31 Wright St,, Clayton, Melbourne 3168 Australia.
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Araújo MBD, Vieira Junior RC, Moura LPD, Costa Junior M, Dalia RA, Sponton ACDS, Ribeiro C, Mello MARD. Influence of creatine supplementation on indicators of glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle of exercised rats. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742013000400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of creatine supplementation in the diet on indicators of glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle of exercised rats. Forty Wistar adult rats were distributed into four groups for eight weeks: 1) Control: sedentary rats that received balanced diet; 2) Creatine control: sedentary rats that received supplementation of 2% creatine in the balanced diet; 3) Trained: rats that ran on a treadmill at the Maximal Lactate Steady State and received balanced diet; and 4) Supplemented-trained: rats that ran on a treadmill at the Maximal Lactate Steady State and received creatine supplementation (2%) in the balanced diet. The hydric intake increased and the body weight gain decreased in the supplemented-trained group. In the soleus muscle, the glucose oxidation increased in both supplemented groups. The production of lactate and glycemia during glucose tolerance test decreased in the supplemented-trained group. Creatine supplementation in conjunction with exercise training improved muscular glycidic metabolism of rats.
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Alves CRR, Santiago BM, Lima FR, Otaduy MCG, Calich AL, Tritto ACC, de Sá Pinto AL, Roschel H, Leite CC, Benatti FB, Bonfá E, Gualano B. Creatine supplementation in fibromyalgia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2013; 65:1449-59. [PMID: 23554283 DOI: 10.1002/acr.22020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficacy and safety of creatine supplementation in fibromyalgia patients. METHODS A 16-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial was conducted. Fibromyalgia patients were randomly assigned to receive either creatine monohydrate or placebo in a double-blind manner. The patients were evaluated at baseline and after 16 weeks. Muscle function, aerobic conditioning, cognitive function, quality of sleep, quality of life, kidney function, and adverse events were assessed. Muscle phosphorylcreatine content was measured through (31) P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS After the intervention, the creatine group presented higher muscle phosphorylcreatine content when compared with the placebo group (+80.3% versus -2.7%; P = 0.04). Furthermore, the creatine group presented greater muscle strength than the placebo group in the leg press and chest press exercises (+9.8% and +1.2% for creatine versus -0.5% and -7.2% for placebo, respectively; P = 0.02 and P = 0.002, respectively). Isometric strength was greater in the creatine group than in the placebo group (+6.4% versus -3.2%; P = 0.007). However, no general changes were observed in aerobic conditioning, pain, cognitive function, quality of sleep, and quality of life. Food intake remained unaltered and no side effects were reported. CONCLUSION Creatine supplementation increased intramuscular phosphorylcreatine content and improved lower- and upper-body muscle function, with minor changes in other fibromyalgia features. These findings introduce creatine supplementation as a useful dietary intervention to improve muscle function in fibromyalgia patients.
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Perasso L, Spallarossa P, Gandolfo C, Ruggeri P, Balestrino M. Therapeutic Use of Creatine in Brain or Heart Ischemia: Available Data and Future Perspectives. Med Res Rev 2011; 33:336-63. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Perasso
- Department of Neuroscience, Opthalmology and Genetics; University of Genova; Genova Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology; University of Genova; Genova Italy
| | - Paolo Spallarossa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardionephrology; University of Genova; Genova Italy
| | - Carlo Gandolfo
- Department of Neuroscience, Opthalmology and Genetics; University of Genova; Genova Italy
| | - Piero Ruggeri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology; University of Genova; Genova Italy
| | - Maurizio Balestrino
- Department of Neuroscience, Opthalmology and Genetics; University of Genova; Genova Italy
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Gualano B, Roschel H, Lancha AH, Brightbill CE, Rawson ES. In sickness and in health: the widespread application of creatine supplementation. Amino Acids 2011; 43:519-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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GUALANO BRUNO, DE SALLES PAINNELI VITOR, ROSCHEL HAMILTON, ARTIOLI GUILHERMEGIANNINI, NEVES MANOEL, DE SÁ PINTO ANALÚCIA, DA SILVA MARIAELIZABETHROSSI, CUNHA MARIAROSÁRIA, OTADUY MARIACONCEPCIÓNGARCÍA, DA COSTA LEITE CLAUDIA, FERREIRA JÚLIOCÉSAR, PEREIRA ROSAMARIA, BRUM PATRÍCIACHAKUR, BONFÁ ELOISA, LANCHA ANTONIOHERBERT. Creatine in Type 2 Diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43:770-8. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181fcee7d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wallimann T, Tokarska-Schlattner M, Schlattner U. The creatine kinase system and pleiotropic effects of creatine. Amino Acids 2011; 40:1271-96. [PMID: 21448658 PMCID: PMC3080659 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0877-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 510] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The pleiotropic effects of creatine (Cr) are based mostly on the functions of the enzyme creatine kinase (CK) and its high-energy product phosphocreatine (PCr). Multidisciplinary studies have established molecular, cellular, organ and somatic functions of the CK/PCr system, in particular for cells and tissues with high and intermittent energy fluctuations. These studies include tissue-specific expression and subcellular localization of CK isoforms, high-resolution molecular structures and structure–function relationships, transgenic CK abrogation and reverse genetic approaches. Three energy-related physiological principles emerge, namely that the CK/PCr systems functions as (a) an immediately available temporal energy buffer, (b) a spatial energy buffer or intracellular energy transport system (the CK/PCr energy shuttle or circuit) and (c) a metabolic regulator. The CK/PCr energy shuttle connects sites of ATP production (glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation) with subcellular sites of ATP utilization (ATPases). Thus, diffusion limitations of ADP and ATP are overcome by PCr/Cr shuttling, as most clearly seen in polar cells such as spermatozoa, retina photoreceptor cells and sensory hair bundles of the inner ear. The CK/PCr system relies on the close exchange of substrates and products between CK isoforms and ATP-generating or -consuming processes. Mitochondrial CK in the mitochondrial outer compartment, for example, is tightly coupled to ATP export via adenine nucleotide transporter or carrier (ANT) and thus ATP-synthesis and respiratory chain activity, releasing PCr into the cytosol. This coupling also reduces formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibits mitochondrial permeability transition, an early event in apoptosis. Cr itself may also act as a direct and/or indirect anti-oxidant, while PCr can interact with and protect cellular membranes. Collectively, these factors may well explain the beneficial effects of Cr supplementation. The stimulating effects of Cr for muscle and bone growth and maintenance, and especially in neuroprotection, are now recognized and the first clinical studies are underway. Novel socio-economically relevant applications of Cr supplementation are emerging, e.g. for senior people, intensive care units and dialysis patients, who are notoriously Cr-depleted. Also, Cr will likely be beneficial for the healthy development of premature infants, who after separation from the placenta depend on external Cr. Cr supplementation of pregnant and lactating women, as well as of babies and infants are likely to be of benefit for child development. Last but not least, Cr harbours a global ecological potential as an additive for animal feed, replacing meat- and fish meal for animal (poultry and swine) and fish aqua farming. This may help to alleviate human starvation and at the same time prevent over-fishing of oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Wallimann
- Institute of Cell Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Nicastro H, Gualano B, de Moraes WMAM, de Salles Painelli V, da Luz CR, dos Santos Costa A, de Salvi Guimarães F, Medeiros A, Brum PC, Lancha AH. Effects of creatine supplementation on muscle wasting and glucose homeostasis in rats treated with dexamethasone. Amino Acids 2011; 42:1695-701. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0871-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Exercise-induced, but not creatine-induced, decrease in intramyocellular lipid content improves insulin sensitivity in rats. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 22:1178-85. [PMID: 21333514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of creatine supplementation, alone or in combination with exercise training, on insulin sensitivity, intramyocellular lipid content (IMCL) and fatty acid translocase (FAT)/CD36 content was investigated in rats fed a sucrose-rich cafeteria diet during 12 weeks. Five experimental conditions were CON, receiving normal pellets; CAF, fed the cafeteria diet; CAF(TR), fed the cafeteria diet together with exercise training in weeks 8-12 and CAF(CR) and CAF(CRT) that were analogous to CAF and CAF(TR), respectively, but which received daily 2.5% of creatine monohydrate. During intravenous glucose tolerance test, compared with CON, whole-body glucose tolerance was reduced in CAF and CAF(CR) but not in CAF(TR) and CAF(CRT). Insulin-stimulated glucose transport in perfused red gastrocnemius muscles was impaired in CAF and CAF(CR) but not in the trained groups. IMCL content in soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles was higher in CAF than in CON, but not in CAF(TR), CAF(CR) and CAF(CRT). Compared with CON and CAF, FAT/CD36 protein content in m. soleus, was ~40% lower in CAF(CR), CAF(TR) and CAF(CRT). The fraction of fecal fat, as determined in a 3-week post hoc study, was 25% higher in CAF(CR) than in CON. Moreover, in CAF(CR), triglyceride concentration in blood and liver were significantly lower than in CAF. It is concluded that creatine supplementation in rats on a cafeteria diet inhibits IMCL accumulation via inhibition of gastrointestinal lipid absorption together with lower muscle FAT/CD36 content. Furthermore, exercise-induced but not creatine-induced reduction of IMCL is associated with improved insulin action on glucose transport in muscle cells.
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Gualano B, de Salles Painelli V, Roschel H, Lugaresi R, Dorea E, Artioli GG, Lima FR, da Silva MER, Cunha MR, Seguro AC, Shimizu MH, Otaduy MCG, Sapienza MT, da Costa Leite C, Bonfá E, Lancha Junior AH. Creatine supplementation does not impair kidney function in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 111:749-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1676-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Tan B, Yin Y, Kong X, Li P, Li X, Gao H, Li X, Huang R, Wu G. L-Arginine stimulates proliferation and prevents endotoxin-induced death of intestinal cells. Amino Acids 2010; 38:1227-35. [PMID: 19669080 PMCID: PMC2850530 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that L-arginine (Arg) may stimulate cell proliferation and prevent lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced death of intestinal cells. Intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-1) were cultured for 4 days in Arg-free Dulbecco's modified Eagle's-F12 Ham medium (DMEM-F12) containing 10, 100 or 350 microM Arg and 0 or 20 ng/ml LPS. Cell numbers, protein concentrations, protein synthesis and degradation, as well as mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathways were determined. Without LPS, IPEC-1 cells exhibited time- and Arg-dependent growth curves. LPS treatment increased cell death and reduced protein concentrations in IPEC-1 cells. Addition of 100 and 350 microM Arg to culture medium dose-dependently attenuated LPS-induced cell death and reduction of protein concentrations, in comparison with the basal medium containing 10 microM Arg. Furthermore, supplementation of 100 and 350 microM Arg increased protein synthesis and reduced protein degradation in both control and LPS-treated IPEC-1 cells. Consistent with the data on cell growth and protein turnover, addition of 100 or 350 microM Arg to culture medium increased relative protein levels for phosphorylated mTOR and phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 kinase-1, while reducing the relative levels of TLR4 and phosphorylated levels of nuclear factor-kappaB in LPS-treated IPEC-1 cells. These results demonstrate a protective effect of Arg against LPS-induced enterocyte damage through mechanisms involving mTOR and TLR4 signaling pathways, as well as intracellular protein turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bie Tan
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Healthy Animal Husbandry and Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 410125 Hunan, China
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
- The Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100039 Beijing, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Healthy Animal Husbandry and Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 410125 Hunan, China
| | - Xiangfeng Kong
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Healthy Animal Husbandry and Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 410125 Hunan, China
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Xilong Li
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Haijun Gao
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Xinguo Li
- Hunan Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changsha, 410131 Hunan, China
| | - Ruilin Huang
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Healthy Animal Husbandry and Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 410125 Hunan, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
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Roschel H, Gualano B, Marquezi M, Costa A, Lancha AH. Creatine supplementation spares muscle glycogen during high intensity intermittent exercise in rats. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2010; 7:6. [PMID: 20205834 PMCID: PMC2825211 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-7-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of creatine (CR) supplementation on glycogen content are still debatable. Thus, due to the current lack of clarity, we investigated the effects of CR supplementation on muscle glycogen content after high intensity intermittent exercise in rats. Methods First, the animals were submitted to a high intensity intermittent maximal swimming exercise protocol to ensure that CR-supplementation was able to delay fatigue (experiment 1). Then, the CR-mediated glycogen sparing effect was examined using a high intensity intermittent sub-maximal exercise test (fixed number of bouts; six bouts of 30-second duration interspersed by two-minute rest interval) (experiment 2). For both experiments, male Wistar rats were given either CR supplementation or placebo (Pl) for 5 days. Results As expected, CR-supplemented animals were able to exercise for a significant higher number of bouts than Pl. Experiment 2 revealed a higher gastrocnemius glycogen content for the CR vs. the Pl group (33.59%). Additionally, CR animals presented lower blood lactate concentrations throughout the intermittent exercise bouts compared to Pl. No difference was found between groups in soleus glycogen content. Conclusion The major finding of this study is that CR supplementation was able to spare muscle glycogen during a high intensity intermittent exercise in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamilton Roschel
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Sakkas GK, Schambelan M, Mulligan K. Can the use of creatine supplementation attenuate muscle loss in cachexia and wasting? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2009; 12:623-7. [PMID: 19741514 PMCID: PMC2905310 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e328331de63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Weight loss and low BMI due to an underlying illness have been associated with increased mortality, reduced functional capacity, and diminished quality of life. There is a need for well tolerated, long-term approaches to maintain body weight in patients with cachexia or wasting. The purpose of this review is to highlight the scientific and clinical evidence derived from the recent literature investigating the rationale for and potential medical use of creatine supplementation in patients with cachexia or wasting. RECENT FINDINGS Some studies have demonstrated that supplementation with creatine can increase creatine reserves in skeletal muscle and increase muscle mass and performance in various disease states that affect muscle size and function. The mechanisms underlying these effects are not clear. It has been suggested that creatine supplementation may increase intramuscular phosphocreatine stores and promote more rapid recovery of adenosine triphosphate levels following exercise, thus allowing users to exercise for longer periods or at higher intensity levels. Other hypothesized mechanisms include attenuation of proinflammatory cytokines, stimulation of satellite cell proliferation and upregulation of genes that promote protein synthesis and cell repair. SUMMARY Creatine is a generally well tolerated, low-cost, over-the-counter nutritional supplement that shows potential in improving lean body mass and functionality in patients with wasting diseases. However, placebo-controlled studies have shown variable effects, with improvements in some and not in others. Additional studies with longer follow-up are required to identify the populations that might benefit most from creatine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgos K. Sakkas
- Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece
- Center for Research and Technology, Thessaly, Greece
| | - Morris Schambelan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen Mulligan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Wu G, Bazer FW, Davis TA, Kim SW, Li P, Marc Rhoads J, Carey Satterfield M, Smith SB, Spencer TE, Yin Y. Arginine metabolism and nutrition in growth, health and disease. Amino Acids 2009; 37:153-68. [PMID: 19030957 PMCID: PMC2677116 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-008-0210-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 865] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
L-Arginine (Arg) is synthesised from glutamine, glutamate, and proline via the intestinal-renal axis in humans and most other mammals (including pigs, sheep and rats). Arg degradation occurs via multiple pathways that are initiated by arginase, nitric-oxide synthase, Arg:glycine amidinotransferase, and Arg decarboxylase. These pathways produce nitric oxide, polyamines, proline, glutamate, creatine, and agmatine with each having enormous biological importance. Arg is also required for the detoxification of ammonia, which is an extremely toxic substance for the central nervous system. There is compelling evidence that Arg regulates interorgan metabolism of energy substrates and the function of multiple organs. The results of both experimental and clinical studies indicate that Arg is a nutritionally essential amino acid (AA) for spermatogenesis, embryonic survival, fetal and neonatal growth, as well as maintenance of vascular tone and hemodynamics. Moreover, a growing body of evidence clearly indicates that dietary supplementation or intravenous administration of Arg is beneficial in improving reproductive, cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal, gastrointestinal, liver and immune functions, as well as facilitating wound healing, enhancing insulin sensitivity, and maintaining tissue integrity. Additionally, Arg or L-citrulline may provide novel and effective therapies for obesity, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. The effect of Arg in treating many developmental and health problems is unique among AAs, and offers great promise for improved health and wellbeing of humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Gualano B, Artioli GG, Poortmans JR, Lancha Junior AH. Exploring the therapeutic role of creatine supplementation. Amino Acids 2009; 38:31-44. [PMID: 19253023 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Creatine (Cr) plays a central role in energy provision through a reaction catalyzed by phosphorylcreatine kinase. Furthermore, this amine enhances both gene expression and satellite cell activation involved in hypertrophic response. Recent findings have indicated that Cr supplementation has a therapeutic role in several diseases characterized by atrophic conditions, weakness, and metabolic disturbances (i.e., in the muscle, bone, lung, and brain). Accordingly, there has been an evidence indicating that Cr supplementation is capable of attenuating the degenerative state in some muscle disorders (i.e., Duchenne and inflammatory myopathies), central nervous diseases (i.e., Parkinson's, Huntington's, and Alzheimer's), and bone and metabolic disturbances (i.e., osteoporosis and type II diabetes). In light of this, Cr supplementation could be used as a therapeutic tool for the elderly. The aim of this review is to summarize the main studies conducted in this field and to highlight the scientific and clinical perspectives of this promising therapeutic supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Gualano
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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High fat feeding and dietary L-arginine supplementation differentially regulate gene expression in rat white adipose tissue. Amino Acids 2009; 37:187-98. [PMID: 19212806 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dietary L-arginine (Arg) supplementation reduces white-fat gain in diet-induced obese rats but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that Arg treatment affects expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in adipose tissue. Four-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a low-fat (LF) or high-fat (HF) diet for 15 weeks. Thereafter, lean or obese rats continued to be fed their same respective diets and received drinking water containing 1.51% Arg-HCl or 2.55% L: -alanine (isonitrogenous control). After 12 weeks of Arg supplementation, rats were euthanized to obtain retroperitoneal adipose tissue for analyzing global changes in gene expression by microarray. The results were confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. HF feeding decreased mRNA levels for lipogenic enzymes, AMP-activated protein kinase, glucose transporters, heme oxygenase 3, glutathione synthetase, superoxide dismutase 3, peroxiredoxin 5, glutathione peroxidase 3, and stress-induced protein, while increasing expression of carboxypeptidase-A, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha, caspase 2, caveolin 3, and diacylglycerol kinase. In contrast, Arg supplementation reduced mRNA levels for fatty acid binding protein 1, glycogenin, protein phosphates 1B, caspases 1 and 2, and hepatic lipase, but increased expression of PPARgamma, heme oxygenase 3, glutathione synthetase, insulin-like growth factor II, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor, and stress-induced protein. Biochemical analysis revealed oxidative stress in white adipose tissue of HF-fed rats, which was prevented by Arg supplementation. Collectively, these results indicate that HF diet and Arg supplementation differentially regulate gene expression to affect energy-substrate oxidation, redox state, fat accretion, and adipocyte differentiation in adipose tissue. Our findings provide a molecular mechanism to explain a beneficial effect of Arg on ameliorating diet-induced obesity in mammals.
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Proteomic analysis reveals altered expression of proteins related to glutathione metabolism and apoptosis in the small intestine of zinc oxide-supplemented piglets. Amino Acids 2009; 37:209-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ma X, Lin Y, Jiang Z, Zheng C, Zhou G, Yu D, Cao T, Wang J, Chen F. Dietary arginine supplementation enhances antioxidative capacity and improves meat quality of finishing pigs. Amino Acids 2008; 38:95-102. [PMID: 19057978 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-008-0213-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that dietary arginine supplementation may improve meat quality of finishing pigs. Beginning at approximately 60 kg body weight, pigs were fed a corn- and soybean meal-based diet supplemented with 0, 0.5 or 1% L-arginine until they reached a body weight of approximately 110 kg. On the last day of the experiment, pigs were food-deprived for 16 h before blood samples were obtained for analysis of amino acids, insulin, and other metabolites. Immediately thereafter, pigs were slaughtered for determination of carcass composition, muscle biochemical parameters, and meat quality. The result showed that arginine did not affect pig growth performance or carcass traits. However, 1% arginine decreased drip loss of pork muscle at 48 h postmortem, while increasing intramuscular fat content (P < 0.05). Supplementing 0.5 or 1% arginine to the diet increased arginine concentration and decreased cortisol level in serum, while enhancing antioxidative capacity and glutathione peroxidase activity in serum (P < 0.05). Additionally, 1% arginine increased antioxidative capacity in skeletal muscle (P < 0.05). Furthermore, 0.5 or 1% arginine decreased the cortisol receptor mRNA level in muscle (P < 0.05). Collectively, these results indicate that supplemental arginine improved meat quality and attenuated oxidative stress of finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyong Ma
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Science, 510640, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Gualano B, Ugrinowitsch C, Artioli GG, Benatti FB, Scagliusi FB, Harris RC, Lancha AH. Does creatine supplementation improve the plasma lipid profile in healthy male subjects undergoing aerobic training? J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2008; 5:16. [PMID: 18831767 PMCID: PMC2583972 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-5-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the effects of creatine (Cr) supplementation on the plasma lipid profile in sedentary male subjects undergoing aerobic training. Subjects (n = 22) were randomly divided into two groups and were allocated to receive treatment with either creatine monohydrate (CR) (~20 g·day-1 for one week followed by ~10 g·day-1 for a further eleven weeks) or placebo (PL) (dextrose) in a double blind fashion. All subjects undertook moderate intensity aerobic training during three 40-minute sessions per week, over 3 months. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TAG), fasting insulin and fasting glycemia were analyzed in plasma. Thereafter, the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) was calculated. Tests were performed at baseline (Pre) and after four (Post 4), eight (Post 8) and twelve (Post 12) weeks. We observed main time effects in both groups for HDL (Post 4 versus Post 8; P = 0.01), TAG and VLDL (Pre versus Post 4 and Post 8; P = 0.02 and P = 0.01, respectively). However, no between group differences were noted in HDL, LDL, CT, VLDL and TAG. Additionally, fasting insulin, fasting glycemia and HOMA did not change significantly. These findings suggest that Cr supplementation does not exert any additional effect on the improvement in the plasma lipid profile than aerobic training alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Gualano
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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Gualano B, Artioli GG, Lancha Junior AH. Suplementação de creatina e metabolismo de glicose: efeitos terapêuticos ou adversos? REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922008000500015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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40
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Functions and effects of creatine in the central nervous system. Brain Res Bull 2008; 76:329-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Gualano B, Ugrinowitsch C, Novaes RB, Artioli GG, Shimizu MH, Seguro AC, Harris RC, Lancha AH. Effects of creatine supplementation on renal function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 103:33-40. [PMID: 18188581 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-007-0669-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Creatine (CR) supplementation is commonly used by athletes. However, its effects on renal function remain controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of creatine supplementation on renal function in healthy sedentary males (18-35 years old) submitted to exercise training. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed. Subjects (n = 18) were randomly allocated to receive treatment with either creatine (CR) ( approximately 10 g day(-1) over 3 months) or placebo (PL) (dextrose). All subjects undertook moderate intensity aerobic training, in three 40-min sessions per week, during 3 months. Serum creatinine, serum and urinary sodium and potassium were determined at baseline and at the end of the study. Cystatin C was assessed prior to training (PRE), after 4 (POST 4) and 12 weeks (POST 12). Cystatin C levels (mg L(-1)) (PRE CR: 0.82 +/- 0.09; PL: 0.88 +/- 0.07 vs. POST 12 CR: 0.71 +/- 0.06; PL: 0.75 +/- 0.09, P = 0.0001) were decreased over time, suggesting an increase in glomerular filtration rate. Serum creatinine decreased with training in PL but was unchanged with training in CR. No significant differences were observed within or between groups in other parameters investigated. The decrease in cystatin C indicates that high-dose creatine supplementation over 3 months does not provoke any renal dysfunction in healthy males undergoing aerobic training. In addition, the results suggest that moderate aerobic training per se may improve renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Gualano
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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