1
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Ivashchenko SD, Shulga DA, Ivashchenko VD, Zinovev EV, Vlasov AV. In silico studies of the open form of human tissue transglutaminase. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15981. [PMID: 38987418 PMCID: PMC11236986 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66348-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Human tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is an intriguing multifunctional enzyme involved in various diseases, including celiac disease and neurological disorders. Although a number of tTG inhibitors have been developed, the molecular determinants governing ligand binding remain incomplete due to the lack of high-resolution structural data in the vicinity of its active site. In this study, we obtained the complete high-resolution model of tTG by in silico methods based on available PDB structures. We discovered significant differences in the active site architecture between our and known tTG models, revealing an additional loop which affects the ligand binding affinity. We assembled a library of new potential tTG inhibitors based on the obtained complete model of the enzyme. Our library substantially expands the spectrum of possible drug candidates targeting tTG and encompasses twelve molecular scaffolds, eleven of which are novel and exhibit higher binding affinity then already known ones, according to our in silico studies. The results of this study open new directions for structure-based drug design of tTG inhibitors, offering the complete protein model and suggesting a wide range of new compounds for further experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Ivashchenko
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia, 141701
- Laboratory of Microbiology, BIOTECH University, Moscow, Russia, 125080
| | - D A Shulga
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - V D Ivashchenko
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia, 141701
| | - E V Zinovev
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia, 141701
| | - A V Vlasov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia, 141701.
- Laboratory of Microbiology, BIOTECH University, Moscow, Russia, 125080.
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia, 141980.
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2
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Yao Z, Fan Y, Lin L, Kellems RE, Xia Y. Tissue transglutaminase: a multifunctional and multisite regulator in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:281-325. [PMID: 37712623 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00003.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a widely distributed multifunctional protein involved in a broad range of cellular and metabolic functions carried out in a variety of cellular compartments. In addition to transamidation, TG2 also functions as a Gα signaling protein, a protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), a protein kinase, and a scaffolding protein. In the nucleus, TG2 modifies histones and transcription factors. The PDI function catalyzes the trimerization and activation of heat shock factor-1 in the nucleus and regulates the oxidation state of several mitochondrial complexes. Cytosolic TG2 modifies proteins by the addition of serotonin or other primary amines and in this way affects cell signaling. Modification of protein-bound glutamines reduces ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation. At the cell membrane, TG2 is associated with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), where it functions in transmembrane signaling. TG2 is also found in the extracellular space, where it functions in protein cross-linking and extracellular matrix stabilization. Of particular importance in transglutaminase research are recent findings concerning the role of TG2 in gene expression, protein homeostasis, cell signaling, autoimmunity, inflammation, and hypoxia. Thus, TG2 performs a multitude of functions in multiple cellular compartments, making it one of the most versatile cellular proteins. Additional evidence links TG2 with multiple human diseases including preeclampsia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, organ fibrosis, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and celiac disease. In conclusion, TG2 provides a multifunctional and multisite response to physiological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouzhou Yao
- National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhua Fan
- National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhen Lin
- National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rodney E Kellems
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Yang Xia
- National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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3
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Selcuk K, Leitner A, Braun L, Le Blanc F, Pacak P, Pot S, Vogel V. Transglutaminase 2 has higher affinity for relaxed than for stretched fibronectin fibers. Matrix Biol 2024; 125:113-132. [PMID: 38135164 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) plays a vital role in stabilizing extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins through enzymatic crosslinking during tissue growth, repair, and inflammation. TG2 also binds non-covalently to fibronectin (FN), an essential component of the ECM, facilitating cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and survival. However, the interaction between TG2 and fibrillar FN remains poorly understood, as most studies have focused on soluble or surface-adsorbed FN or FN fragments, which differ in their conformations from insoluble FN fibers. Using a well-established in vitro FN fiber stretch assay, we discovered that the binding of a crosslinking enzyme to ECM fibers is mechano-regulated. TG2 binding to FN is tuned by the mechanical tension of FN fibers, whereby TG2 predominantly co-localizes to low-tension FN fibers, while fiber stretching reduces their affinity for TG2. This mechano-regulated binding relies on the proximity between the N-terminal β-sandwich and C-terminal β-barrels of TG2. Crosslinking mass spectrometry (XL-MS) revealed a novel TG2-FN synergy site within TG2's C-terminal β-barrels that interacts with FN regions located outside of the canonical gelatin binding domain, specifically FNI2 and FNIII14-15. Combining XL-MS distance restraints with molecular docking revealed the mechano-regulated binding mechanism between TG2 and modules FNI7-9 by which mechanical forces regulate TG2-FN interactions. This highlights a previously unrecognized role of TG2 as a tension sensor for FN fibers. This novel interaction mechanism has significant implications in physiology and mechanobiology, including how forces regulate cell adhesion, spreading, migration, phenotype modulation, depending on the tensional state of ECM fibers. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD043976.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Selcuk
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 37-39 GLC G11, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Leitner
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Braun
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 37-39 GLC G11, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fanny Le Blanc
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paulina Pacak
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 37-39 GLC G11, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Pot
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 37-39 GLC G11, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Viola Vogel
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 37-39 GLC G11, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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4
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The Impact of Nε-Acryloyllysine Piperazides on the Conformational Dynamics of Transglutaminase 2. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021650. [PMID: 36675164 PMCID: PMC9865645 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to the classic functions of proteins, such as acting as a biocatalyst or binding partner, the conformational states of proteins and their remodeling upon stimulation need to be considered. A prominent example of a protein that undergoes comprehensive conformational remodeling is transglutaminase 2 (TGase 2), the distinct conformational states of which are closely related to particular functions. Its involvement in various pathophysiological processes, including fibrosis and cancer, motivates the development of theranostic agents, particularly based on inhibitors that are directed toward the transamidase activity. In this context, the ability of such inhibitors to control the conformational dynamics of TGase 2 emerges as an important parameter, and methods to assess this property are in great demand. Herein, we describe the application of the switchSENSE® principle to detect conformational changes caused by three irreversibly binding Nε-acryloyllysine piperazides, which are suitable radiotracer candidates of TGase 2. The switchSENSE® technique is based on DNA levers actuated by alternating electric fields. These levers are immobilized on gold electrodes with one end, and at the other end of the lever, the TGase 2 is covalently bound. A novel computational method is introduced for describing the resulting lever motion to quantify the extent of stimulated conformational TGase 2 changes. Moreover, as a complementary biophysical method, native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed under similar conditions to validate the results. Both methods prove the occurrence of an irreversible shift in the conformational equilibrium of TGase 2, caused by the binding of the three studied Nε-acryloyllysine piperazides.
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5
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Müller CD, Ruiz-Gómez G, Cazzonelli S, Möller S, Wodtke R, Löser R, Freyse J, Dürig JN, Rademann J, Hempel U, Pisabarro MT, Vogel S. Sulfated glycosaminoglycans inhibit transglutaminase 2 by stabilizing its closed conformation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13326. [PMID: 35922533 PMCID: PMC9349199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGs) catalyze the covalent crosslinking of proteins via isopeptide bonds. The most prominent isoform, TG2, is associated with physiological processes such as extracellular matrix (ECM) stabilization and plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of e.g. fibrotic diseases, cancer and celiac disease. Therefore, TG2 represents a pharmacological target of increasing relevance. The glycosaminoglycans (GAG) heparin (HE) and heparan sulfate (HS) constitute high-affinity interaction partners of TG2 in the ECM. Chemically modified GAG are promising molecules for pharmacological applications as their composition and chemical functionalization may be used to tackle the function of ECM molecular systems, which has been recently described for hyaluronan (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS). Herein, we investigate the recognition of GAG derivatives by TG2 using an enzyme-crosslinking activity assay in combination with in silico molecular modeling and docking techniques. The study reveals that GAG represent potent inhibitors of TG2 crosslinking activity and offers atom-detailed mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Damaris Müller
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gloria Ruiz-Gómez
- Structural Bioinformatics, BIOTEC, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sophie Cazzonelli
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephanie Möller
- Biomaterials Department, INNOVENT e.V., Prüssingstraße 27 B, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Robert Wodtke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Reik Löser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Joanna Freyse
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2/4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan-Niklas Dürig
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2/4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Rademann
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2/4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Hempel
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Teresa Pisabarro
- Structural Bioinformatics, BIOTEC, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Sarah Vogel
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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6
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Wodtke R, Wodtke J, Hauser S, Laube M, Bauer D, Rothe R, Neuber C, Pietsch M, Kopka K, Pietzsch J, Löser R. Development of an 18F-Labeled Irreversible Inhibitor of Transglutaminase 2 as Radiometric Tool for Quantitative Expression Profiling in Cells and Tissues. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3462-3478. [PMID: 33705656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The transamidase activity of transglutaminase 2 (TGase 2) is considered to be important for several pathophysiological processes including fibrotic and neoplastic tissue growth, whereas in healthy cells this enzymatic function is predominantly latent. Methods that enable the highly sensitive detection of TGase 2, such as application of radiolabeled activity-based probes, will support the exploration of the enzyme's function in various diseases. In this context, the radiosynthesis and detailed in vitro radiopharmacological evaluation of an 18F-labeled Nε-acryloyllysine piperazide are reported. Robust and facile detection of the radiotracer-TGase 2 complex by autoradiography of thin layer plates and polyacrylamide gels after chromatographic and electrophoretic separation owing to irreversible covalent bond formation was demonstrated for the isolated protein, cell lysates, and living cells. By use of this radiotracer, quantitative data on the expression profile of activatable TGase 2 in mouse organs and selected tumors were obtained for the first time by autoradiography of tissue sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wodtke
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Johanna Wodtke
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandra Hauser
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Markus Laube
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - David Bauer
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany.,Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rebecca Rothe
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany.,Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christin Neuber
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Markus Pietsch
- Institut II für Pharmakologie, Zentrum für Pharmakologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität zu Köln, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany.,Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany.,Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Reik Löser
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany.,Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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7
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Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (tTG), also referred to as type 2 transglutaminase or Gαh, can bind and hydrolyze GTP, as well as function as a protein crosslinking enzyme. tTG is widely expressed and can be detected both inside cells and in the extracellular space. In contrast to many enzymes, the active and inactive conformations of tTG are markedly different. The catalytically inactive form of tTG adopts a compact “closed-state” conformation, while the catalytically active form of the protein adopts an elongated “open-state” conformation. tTG has long been appreciated as an important player in numerous diseases, including celiac disease, neuronal degenerative diseases, and cancer, and its roles in these diseases often depend as much upon its conformation as its catalytic activity. While its ability to promote these diseases has been traditionally thought to be dependent on its protein crosslinking activity, more recent findings suggest that the conformational state tTG adopts is also important for mediating its effects. In particular, we and others have shown that the closed-state of tTG is important for promoting cell growth and survival, while maintaining tTG in the open-state is cytotoxic. In this review, we examine the two unique conformations of tTG and how they contribute to distinct biological processes. We will also describe how this information can be used to generate novel therapies to treat diseases, with a special focus on cancer.
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8
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Lee SH, Lee WK, Kim N, Kang JH, Kim KH, Kim SG, Lee JS, Lee S, Lee J, Joo J, Kwon WS, Rha SY, Kim SY. Renal Cell Carcinoma Is Abrogated by p53 Stabilization through Transglutaminase 2 Inhibition. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10110455. [PMID: 30463244 PMCID: PMC6267221 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10110455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In general, expression of transglutaminase 2 (TGase 2) is upregulated in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), resulting in p53 instability. Previous studies show that TGase 2 binds to p53 and transports it to the autophagosome. Knockdown or inhibition of TGase 2 in RCC induces p53-mediated apoptosis. Here, we screened a chemical library for TGase 2 inhibitors and identified streptonigrin as a potential therapeutic compound for RCC. Surface plasmon resonance and mass spectroscopy were used to measure streptonigrin binding to TGase 2. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that streptonigrin binds to the N-terminus of TGase 2 (amino acids 95–116), which is associated with inhibition of TGase 2 activity in vitro and with p53 stabilization in RCC. The anti-cancer effects of streptonigrin on RCC cell lines were demonstrated in cell proliferation and cell death assays. In addition, a single dose of streptonigrin (0.2 mg/kg) showed marked anti-tumor effects in a preclinical RCC model by stabilizing p53. Inhibition of TGase 2 using streptonigrin increased p53 stability, which resulted in p53-mediated apoptosis of RCC. Thus, targeting TGase 2 may be a new therapeutic approach to RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Hyeong Lee
- Tumor Microenvironment Research Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea.
| | - Won-Kyu Lee
- Tumor Microenvironment Research Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea.
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Korea.
| | - Nayeon Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Research Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea.
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 2-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Korea.
| | - Joon Hee Kang
- Tumor Microenvironment Research Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Hee Kim
- Omics Core Lab, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea.
| | - Seul-Gi Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Research Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea.
| | - Jae-Seon Lee
- Tumor Microenvironment Research Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea.
| | - Soohyun Lee
- Tumor Microenvironment Research Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea.
| | - Jongkook Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, Korea.
| | - Jungnam Joo
- Biometric Research Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea.
| | - Woo Sun Kwon
- Songdang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Sun Young Rha
- Songdang Institute for Cancer Research, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Soo-Youl Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Research Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea.
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9
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Kim SY. New Insights into Development of Transglutaminase 2 Inhibitors as Pharmaceutical Lead Compounds. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:medsci6040087. [PMID: 30297644 PMCID: PMC6313797 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (EC 2.3.2.13; TG2 or TGase 2) plays important roles in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancers, neurodegeneration, and inflammatory disorders. Under normal conditions, however, mice lacking TGase 2 exhibit no obvious abnormal phenotype. TGase 2 expression is induced by chemical, physical, and viral stresses through tissue-protective signaling pathways. After stress dissipates, expression is normalized by feedback mechanisms. Dysregulation of TGase 2 expression under pathologic conditions, however, can potentiate pathogenesis and aggravate disease severity. Consistent with this, TGase 2 knockout mice exhibit reversal of disease phenotypes in neurodegenerative and chronic inflammatory disease models. Accordingly, TGase 2 is considered to be a potential therapeutic target. Based on structure–activity relationship assays performed over the past few decades, TGase 2 inhibitors have been developed that target the enzyme’s active site, but clinically applicable inhibitors are not yet available. The recently described the small molecule GK921, which lacks a group that can react with the active site of TGase 2, and efficiently inhibits the enzyme’s activity. Mechanistic studies revealed that GK921 binds at an allosteric binding site in the N-terminus of TGase 2 (amino acids (a.a.) 81–116), triggering a conformational change that inactivates the enzyme. Because the binding site of GK921 overlaps with the p53-binding site of TGase 2, the drug induces apoptosis in renal cell carcinoma by stabilizing p53. In this review, we discuss the possibility of developing TGase 2 inhibitors that target the allosteric binding site of TGase 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Youl Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Research Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea.
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10
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Kim N, Kang JH, Lee WK, Kim SG, Lee JS, Lee SH, Park JB, Kim KH, Gong YD, Hwang KY, Kim SY. Allosteric inhibition site of transglutaminase 2 is unveiled in the N terminus. Amino Acids 2018; 50:1583-1594. [PMID: 30105541 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2635-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Previously we have demonstrated transglutaminase 2 (TGase 2) inhibition abrogated renal cell carcinoma (RCC) using GK921 (3-(phenylethynyl)-2-(2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethoxy)pyrido[3,2-b]pyrazine), although the mechanism of TGase 2 inhibition remains unsolved. Recently, we found that the increase of TGase 2 expression is required for p53 depletion in RCC by transporting the TGase 2 (1-139 a.a)-p53 complex to the autophagosome, through TGase 2 (472-687 a.a) binding p62. In this study, mass analysis revealed that GK921 bound to the N terminus of TGase 2 (81-116 a.a), which stabilized p53 by blocking TGase 2 binding. This suggests that RCC survival can be stopped by p53-induced cell death through blocking the p53-TGase 2 complex formation using GK921. Although GK921 does not bind to the active site of TGase 2, GK921 binding to the N terminus of TGase 2 also inactivated TGase 2 activity through acceleration of non-covalent self-polymerization of TGase 2 via conformational change. This suggests that TGase 2 has an allosteric binding site (81-116 a.a) which changes the conformation of TGase 2 enough to accelerate inactivation through self-polymer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayeon Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hee Kang
- Tumor Microenvironment Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kyu Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul-Gi Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seon Lee
- Tumor Microenvironment Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Hyeong Lee
- Tumor Microenvironment Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Bae Park
- Department of System Cancer Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Kim
- Omics Core Lab, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Dae Gong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Yeon Hwang
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Youl Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Arbildi P, Sóñora C, Del Río N, Marqués JM, Hernández A. Alternative RNA splicing of leucocyte tissue transglutaminase in coeliac disease. Scand J Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29543397 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase is a ubiquitous and multifunctional protein that contributes to several processes such as apoptosis/survival, efferocytosis, inflammation and tissue repairing under physiological and pathological conditions. Several activities can be associated with well-established functional domains; in addition, four RNA alternative splice variants have been described, characterized by sequence divergences and residues deletion at the C-terminal domains. Tissue transglutaminase is recognized as the central player in the physiopathology of coeliac disease (CD) mainly through calcium-dependent enzymatic activities. It can be hypothesized that differential regulation of tissue transglutaminase splice variants expression in persons with CD contributes to pathology by altering the protein functionality. We characterized the expression pattern of RNA alternative splice variants by RT-PCR in peripheral cells from patients with CD under free gluten diet adhesion; we considered inflammatory parameters and specific antibodies as markers of the stage of disease. We found significant higher expression of both the full length and the shortest C-truncated splice variants in leucocytes from patients with CD in comparison with healthy individuals. As tissue transglutaminase expression and canonical enzymatic activity are linked to inflammation, we studied the RNA expression of inflammatory cytokines in peripheral leucocytes of persons with CD in relation with splice variants expression; interestingly, we found that recently diagnosed patients showed significant correlation between both the full length and the shortest alternative spliced variants with IL-1 expression. Our results points that regulation of alternative splicing of tissue transglutaminase could account for the complex physiopathology of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Arbildi
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química y Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - C Sóñora
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química y Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Facultad de Medicina, Escuela Universitaria de Tecnología Médica, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - N Del Río
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química y Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - J M Marqués
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Higiene, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A Hernández
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química y Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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12
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Teran-Hinojosa E, Sobral H, Sánchez-Pérez C, Pérez-García A, Alemán-García N, Hernández-Ruiz J. Differentiation of fibrotic liver tissue using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:3816-3827. [PMID: 28856052 PMCID: PMC5560843 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.003816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic cirrhosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide due to hepatitis C, alcoholism and fatty liver disease associated with obesity. Assessment of hepatic fibrosis relies in qualitative histological evaluation of biopsy samples. This method is time-consuming and depends on the histopathologists' interpretation. In the last decades, non-invasive techniques were developed to detect and monitor hepatic fibrosis. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a good candidate for a real-time, independent and fast technique to diagnose hepatic fibrosis. In this work LIBS was employed to characterize rat liver tissues with different stages of fibrosis. Depth profiling measurements were carried out by using a nanosecond Nd:YAG laser operated at the fundamental wavelength and an echelle spectrometer coupled with an ICCD camera. Due to the soft nature of the samples, plasma conditions largely change between consecutives shots. Thus, a theoretically supported procedure to correct the spectral line intensities was implemented. This procedure allows the reduction of the intensities' dispersion from 67% to 12%. After the correction, the LIBS signal shows an enhancement in calcium intensity by a factor of three as the fibrosis progressed. Calcium is known to increase crosslinking of extracellular matrix proteins in the fibrous septa. Therefore, our result singles it out as a key participant in the hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Teran-Hinojosa
- Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (CCADET-UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-186, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - H. Sobral
- Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (CCADET-UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-186, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - C. Sánchez-Pérez
- Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (CCADET-UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-186, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - A. Pérez-García
- Laboratorio de Hígado, Páncreas y Motilidad (HIPAM), Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Hospital General de México, Dr. Eduardo Liceaga, México
| | - N. Alemán-García
- Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (CCADET-UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-186, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - J. Hernández-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Hígado, Páncreas y Motilidad (HIPAM), Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Hospital General de México, Dr. Eduardo Liceaga, México
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13
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Song M, Hwang H, Im CY, Kim SY. Recent Progress in the Development of Transglutaminase 2 (TGase2) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2016; 60:554-567. [PMID: 28122456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TGase2, TG2) activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of unrelated disorders, including celiac, neurological, and renal diseases, and various forms of cancer. It has been suggested that TGase2 activity, such as cross-linking, deamidation, and GTP-related activity, is associated with each disease. Continuing efforts to develop small molecule TG2 inhibitors are ongoing. To develop a new class of TG2 inhibitors, the factors impeding the development of TG2 inhibitors have been identified. Additionally, the conformational effect of TG2 enzyme in regard to its pathological roles, in vitro screening methods, recently discovered TG2 inhibitors, and preclinical evaluations are discussed with a brief summary of current TG2 inhibitor pipelines under the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsoo Song
- New Drug Development Center (NDDC), Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF) , 80 Cheombok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 701-310, Korea
| | - Hayoung Hwang
- New Drug Development Center (NDDC), Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF) , 80 Cheombok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 701-310, Korea
| | - Chun Young Im
- New Drug Development Center (NDDC), Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF) , 80 Cheombok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 701-310, Korea
| | - Soo-Youl Kim
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center , Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Korea
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