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Luckhoff H, Phahladira L, Scheffler F, Asmal L, du Plessis S, Chiliza B, Kilian S, Emsley R. Weight gain and metabolic change as predictors of symptom improvement in first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorder patients treated over 12 months. Schizophr Res 2019; 206:171-176. [PMID: 30503765 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment-emergent weight gain is associated with antipsychotic efficacy in schizophrenia patients treated with clozapine and olanzapine. However, few studies have investigated this relationship in first-episode patients treated with other antipsychotics, in particular those with a lower obesogenic potential. Aim To investigate the relationships between weight gain and associated metabolic changes with psychopathology improvement in relation to age, sex, ethnicity, substance use, treatment duration and antipsychotic dose in first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorder patients. METHODS This single site cohort study included 106 minimally treated or antipsychotic-naive patients treated with flupenthixol decanoate over 12 months. Psychopathology was evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and BMI, fasting blood lipids and glucose were assessed at regular intervals. Linear regression models were constructed to determine the effects of socio-demographic, clinical and metabolic factors as predictors of change in total PANSS score and factor-derived domains. RESULTS BMI change scores were inversely correlated with change in PANSS total (R = -0.25; p = 0.011), positive (R = -0.23; p = 0.019), depressive anxiety (R = -0.21; p = 0.031) and disorganized symptoms (R = -0.32; p < 0.001). Linear regression analysis showed that increased BMI and treatment duration both predicted improvement in global psychopathology and disorganized symptoms independent of age, sex, ethnicity, substance use, co-medication with antidepressants and/or anticholinergics, as well as the dose and duration of antipsychotic exposure. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the relationship between treatment-emergent weight gain and psychopathology improvement is not limited to patients treated with antipsychotics most associated with weight gain, and is not confounded by treatment duration and dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Luckhoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
| | - L Phahladira
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - F Scheffler
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - L Asmal
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - S du Plessis
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - B Chiliza
- Department of Psychiatry, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - S Kilian
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - R Emsley
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
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Luckhoff HK, Kilian S, Olivier MR, Phahladira L, Scheffler F, du Plessis S, Chiliza B, Asmal L, Emsley R. Relationship between changes in metabolic syndrome constituent components over 12 months of treatment and cognitive performance in first-episode schizophrenia. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:469-476. [PMID: 30604027 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0372-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the longitudinal effects of treatment-emergent metabolic syndrome changes on cognitive performance in first-episode psychosis. The aim of the present study was to determine the associations between changes in metabolic syndrome constituent component over 12 months of treatment and end-point cognitive performance in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. This single site-cohort study included 72 minimally treated or antipsychotic-naïve first-episode patients. Cognitive performance was evaluated using the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). Our primary objective of interest was the relationship between metabolic syndrome constituent component changes over 12 months of treatment and end-point cognitive performance. Secondary objectives included investigating whether this relationship was affected by age, sex, antipsychotic dose, treatment duration and substance use. Weight gain predicted better overall cognition (p = 0.02) at end-point, adjusting for age, sex, substance use, baseline cognitive score and BMI, modal antipsychotic dose and treatment duration. Weight loss (p = 0.04) and substance use (p = 0.01) were both associated with poorer working memory performance at end-point. Low baseline BMI showed differential effects on end-point working memory performance in substance users (unfavorable) compared to non-users (favorable) (p < 0.05). In conclusion, weight gain over the course of antipsychotic treatment is associated with better overall cognitive performance and the working memory domain in first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorder patients. In contrast, low baseline BMI may represent an unfavorable marker in substance users, who demonstrated weight loss compared to non-users.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Luckhoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, 7500, South Africa.
| | - S Kilian
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, 7500, South Africa
| | - M R Olivier
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, 7500, South Africa
| | - L Phahladira
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, 7500, South Africa
| | - F Scheffler
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, 7500, South Africa
| | - S du Plessis
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, 7500, South Africa
| | - B Chiliza
- Department of Psychiatry, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - L Asmal
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, 7500, South Africa
| | - R Emsley
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, 7500, South Africa
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Van Skike CE, Maggio SE, Reynolds AR, Casey EM, Bardo MT, Dwoskin LP, Prendergast MA, Nixon K. Critical needs in drug discovery for cessation of alcohol and nicotine polysubstance abuse. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 65:269-87. [PMID: 26582145 PMCID: PMC4679525 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Polysubstance abuse of alcohol and nicotine has been overlooked in our understanding of the neurobiology of addiction and especially in the development of novel therapeutics for its treatment. Estimates show that as many as 92% of people with alcohol use disorders also smoke tobacco. The health risks associated with both excessive alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking create an urgent biomedical need for the discovery of effective cessation treatments, as opposed to current approaches that attempt to independently treat each abused agent. The lack of treatment approaches for alcohol and nicotine abuse/dependence mirrors a similar lack of research in the neurobiology of polysubstance abuse. This review discusses three critical needs in medications development for alcohol and nicotine co-abuse: (1) the need for a better understanding of the clinical condition (i.e. alcohol and nicotine polysubstance abuse), (2) the need to better understand how these drugs interact in order to identify new targets for therapeutic development and (3) the need for animal models that better mimic this human condition. Current and emerging treatments available for the cessation of each drug and their mechanisms of action are discussed within this context followed by what is known about the pharmacological interactions of alcohol and nicotine. Much has been and will continue to be gained from studying comorbid alcohol and nicotine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Van Skike
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - S E Maggio
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - A R Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - E M Casey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - M T Bardo
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Center for Drug Abuse and Research Translation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - L P Dwoskin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Center for Drug Abuse and Research Translation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - M A Prendergast
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - K Nixon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
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Engster KM, Wismar J, Kroczek AL, Teuffel P, Nolte S, Rose M, Stengel A, Kobelt P. The dopamine antagonist flupentixol does not alter ghrelin-induced food intake in rats. Neuropeptides 2015; 53:19-27. [PMID: 26329764 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that dopamine antagonists suppress the ghrelin-induced increased motivation to work for food. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the dopamine antagonist flupentixol on ghrelin-induced food intake. Ad libitum fed male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were injected intraperitoneally (ip) with vehicle plus vehicle, vehicle plus ghrelin (13 μg/kg), 0.25mg/kg or 0.5mg/kg flupentixol plus ghrelin, or 0.25mg/kg or 0.5 mg/kg flupentixol plus vehicle. In a second experiment, intracerebroventricularly (icv) cannulated rats received an ip injection of vehicle (0.15M NaCl) or flupentixol (0.25mg/kg) and 20 min later an icv injection of vehicle or ghrelin (1 μg/rat). Both experiments were performed twice: first, rats were offered only standard chow, while in the second experiment they could choose between standard chow and a palatable/preferred chow. Cumulative light phase food intake was assessed for 7h. Ip as well as icv injected ghrelin reliably increased intake of standard chow. Flupentixol did not affect ghrelin-induced intake of standard chow. Ip injected ghrelin failed to increase the intake of palatable chow, whereas icv injected ghrelin did. This effect was not blocked by ip flupentixol. In summary, ip administered ghrelin did not increase the intake of chow the rats preferred; whereas icv injected ghrelin further stimulated the intake of preferred chow suggesting a direct central mediation of this effect. Our results show that the dopamine antagonist flupentixol does not influence ghrelin-induced feeding in our choice paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim-Marie Engster
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Division of General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jamina Wismar
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Division of General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arthur L Kroczek
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Division of General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pauline Teuffel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Division of General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Nolte
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Division of General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Rose
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Division of General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Division of General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Kobelt
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Division of General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
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Wackernah RC, Minnick MJ, Clapp P. Alcohol use disorder: pathophysiology, effects, and pharmacologic options for treatment. Subst Abuse Rehabil 2014; 5:1-12. [PMID: 24648792 PMCID: PMC3931699 DOI: 10.2147/sar.s37907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders (AUD) continue to be a concerning health issue worldwide. Harmful alcohol use leads to 2.5 million deaths annually worldwide. Multiple options exist for the management of dependence on alcohol, not all of which are approved by drug-regulating agencies. Current practice in treating AUD does not reflect the diversity of pharmacologic options that have potential to provide benefit, and guidance for clinicians is limited. Few medications are approved for treatment of AUD, and these have exhibited small and/or inconsistent effects in broad patient populations with diverse drinking patterns. The need for continued research into the treatment of this disease is evident in order to provide patients with more specific and effective options. This review describes the neurobiological mechanisms of AUD that are amenable to treatment and drug therapies that target pathophysiological conditions of AUD to reduce drinking. In addition, current literature on pharmacologic (both approved and non-approved) treatment options for AUD offered in the United States and elsewhere are reviewed. The aim is to inform clinicians regarding the options for alcohol abuse treatment, keeping in mind that not all treatments are completely successful in reducing craving or heavy drinking or increasing abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin C Wackernah
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Rueckert-Hartman College for Health Professions, Regis University, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Matthew J Minnick
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Rueckert-Hartman College for Health Professions, Regis University, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Peter Clapp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Rueckert-Hartman College for Health Professions, Regis University, Denver, CO, USA
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Emerging pharmacotherapies for alcohol dependence: a systematic review focusing on reduction in consumption. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 133:15-29. [PMID: 23746430 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND European Medicines Agency guidelines recognize two different treatment goals for alcohol dependence: abstinence and reduction in alcohol consumption. All currently approved agents are indicated for abstinence. This systematic review aimed to identify drugs in development for alcohol dependence treatment and to establish, based upon trial design, if any are seeking market authorization for reduction in consumption. METHODS We searched PubMed and Embase (December 2001-November 2011) to identify agents in development for alcohol dependence treatment. Additional studies were identified by searching ClinicalTrials.gov and the R&D Insight and Clinical Trials Insight databases. Studies in which the primary focus was treatment of comorbidity, or n≤20, were excluded. Studies were then classified as 'abstinence' if they: described a detoxification/alcohol withdrawal period; enrolled patients who had undergone detoxification previously; or presented relapse/abstinence rates as the primary outcome. Studies in patients actively drinking at baseline were classified as 'reduction in consumption'. RESULTS Of 602 abstracts identified, 45 full-text articles were eligible. Five monotherapies were in development for alcohol dependence treatment: topiramate, fluvoxamine, aripiprazole, flupenthixol and nalmefene. Nalmefene was the only agent whose sponsor was clearly seeking definitive approval for reduction in consumption. Development status was unclear for topiramate, fluvoxamine, aripiprazole and flupenthixol. Fifteen agents were examined in published exploratory investigator-initiated trials; the majority focused on abstinence. Ongoing (unpublished) trials tended to focus on reduction in consumption. CONCLUSIONS While published studies generally focused on abstinence, ongoing trials focused on reduction in consumption, suggesting a change in emphasis in the approach to treating alcohol dependence.
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Jacob C. Peter Riederer "70th birthday" neurobiological foundations of modern addiction treatment. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 120:55-64. [PMID: 22903349 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0886-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol dependence is caused by complex interactions of multiple susceptibility genes with little effect each and environmental factors. Candidate genes influence metabolism of alcohol, such as alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, and modulatory transmitter systems, such as the dopaminergic, serotonergic, acetylcholinergic, gamma-aminobutyric acidergic, and various neuropeptidergic systems. Dysfunctional behavioral choices, learning, and memory are involved in the etiology of alcohol dependence. Systematic promotion and maintenance of motivation is a lifetime challenge in the treatment of alcohol use disorders. The second step of treatment management is the discontinuation of alcohol consumption. Withdrawal symptoms can be treated with gamma-aminobutyric acidergic substances such as benzodiazepines. Long-term relapse prevention is another challenge. Multimodal treatment can include naltrexone, a non-selective opioid receptor antagonist, or acamprosate, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor modulator, which are first line for pharmacological treatment on the basis of recent Cochrane analyses. Due to the complexity of etiology with both psychological and neurobiological factors, future treatment management of alcoholism may include the combination of individualized disorder-specific psychotherapy and drugs acting on different neuronal pathways, on the basis of individual vulnerability. However, the question remains unsolved whether an individualized approach is feasible and how subgroups should be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Jacob
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Fuechsleinstrasse 15, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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Hillemacher T, Bayerlein K, Wilhelm J, Frieling H, Thürauf N, Ziegenbein M, Kornhuber J, Bleich S. Nicotine dependence is associated with compulsive alcohol craving. Addiction 2006; 101:892-7. [PMID: 16696633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate a possible association of nicotine dependence and alcohol craving. DESIGN A prospective cross-sectional study on patients diagnosed with alcohol dependence. SETTING Detoxification unit of a regional psychiatric hospital. PARTICIPANTS A total of 127 smoking male patients were included in the study at admission for detoxification from alcohol. MEASUREMENTS The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) was used to assess the severity of nicotine dependence while the Obsessive Compulsive Craving Scale (OCDS) was used to measure alcohol craving. The OCDS was assessed at admission and after 7 days of withdrawal treatment, distinguishing the total score, the obsessive and the compulsive subscale. FINDINGS Spearman's correlation revealed a significant association between the extent of alcohol craving and the FTND score (day 0, n = 127: OCDS total score r = 0.238, P = 0.007; OCDS compulsive score r = 0.280, P = 0.001; day 7; n = 94: OCDS total score r = 0.212, P = 0.040; OCDS compulsive score r = 0.225, P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS The severity of nicotine dependence is associated with higher craving in alcohol-dependent patients. These results point towards shared pathophysiological mechanisms in alcohol craving and nicotine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hillemacher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
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