Sustained remission of child depression despite drift in parent emotion management skills 18 weeks following Parent Child Interaction Therapy: emotion development

Preschool Mood Disorders: A Review of the Literature from 2017 to 2024

Depression symptoms that onset during early childhood are increasingly recognized as a significant public health concern. A proliferation of research over the last 2 decades has identified preschool depression as a diagnostic reality that is associated with a severe and persistent course of depression throughout the lifespan. The current review summarizes the research on preschool depression from the last 7 years (2017-2024), with a particular focus on the assessment of, factors and outcomes associated with, neurobiological underpinnings of, and treatments for preschool depression. We also discuss potential avenues of inquiry that further elucidate the nature of preschool depression.

The effects of physical exercise, parent-child interaction and peer relationship on adolescent depression: An empirical analysis based on CEPS data

Currently, depression is the predominant mental illness impacting adolescents, causing severe damage to their overall health. Engaging in physical exercise can not only aid in restoring adolescent physical well-being but also function as a strategy to prevent depression and lower suicide rates. Drawing upon data from the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS) conducted between 2014 and 2015, this study delves into the effects of physical exercise on alleviating depressive symptoms among adolescent students and explores the underlying mechanisms through the lens of parent-child interactions and peer relationships. The mediation effect tests indicate that physical exercise can mitigate adolescent depression by reinforcing parent-child bonds and improving peer connections. Parents and educational institutions should judiciously plan the time for adolescents to engage in both academic pursuits and physical activities, and they should encourage greater participation in sports among adolescents through various means, thereby maximizing the beneficial role of physical exercise in ameliorating adolescent depression.

Early Emotion Development Intervention Improves Mental Health Outcomes in Low-Income, High-Risk Community Children

Children living in poverty and facing related forms of adversity are at higher risk for experiencing concurrent and later psychopathology. Although negative psychological outcomes can be improved by enhancing sensitive and responsive caregiving early in development, interventions targeting the caregiver-child dyad are not readily accessible. The present study investigated the feasibility and effectiveness of delivering a shortened eight-session form of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy-Emotion Development (PCIT-ED) in-person or remotely as an early intervention for 3-6-year-old children (N = 62) at elevated risk for psychopathology who were growing up in low-income communities. Caregiver-child dyads were randomized to eight-sessions of PCIT-ED or online parenting education. Relative to parenting education, children receiving PCIT-ED exhibited lower externalizing symptoms and functional impairment and more positive peer relationships following the intervention. Findings support the effectiveness of this shortened form of PCIT-ED, delivered in-person or remotely, as an early intervention to improve symptoms of psychopathology and functioning in high-risk children living in poverty.Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov; NCT04399629.

Novel mechanism-based treatments for pediatric anxiety and depressive disorders

Pediatric anxiety and depressive disorders are common, can be highly impairing, and can persist despite the best available treatments. Here, we review research into novel treatments for childhood anxiety and depressive disorders designed to target underlying cognitive, emotional, and neural circuit mechanisms. We highlight three novel treatments lying along a continuum relating to clinical impact of the disorder and the intensity of clinical management required. We review cognitive training, which involves the lowest risk and may be applicable for problems with mild to moderate impact; psychotherapy, which includes a higher level of clinical involvement and may be sufficient for problems with moderate impact; and brain stimulation, which has the highest potential risks and is therefore most appropriate for problems with high impact. For each treatment, we review the specific underlying cognitive, emotional, and brain circuit mechanisms that are being targeted, whether treatments modify those underlying mechanisms, and efficacy in reducing symptoms. We conclude by highlighting future directions, including the importance of work that leverages developmental windows of high brain plasticity to time interventions to the specific epochs in childhood that have the largest and most enduring life-long impact.

Developmental pathways from preschool temper tantrums to later psychopathology

Temper tantrums are sudden, overt negative emotional displays that are disproportionate to the eliciting event. Research supports that severe temper tantrums during the preschool period are associated with preschool psychopathology, but few studies have identified which characteristics of preschool tantrums are predictive of distal psychopathological outcomes in later childhood and adolescence. To examine this question, we used a prospective, longitudinal dataset enriched for early psychopathology. Participants (N = 299) included 3-to 6-year-old children (47.8% female) assessed for tantrums and early childhood psychopathology using diagnostic interviews and then continually assessed using diagnostic interviews over 10 subsequent time points throughout childhood and adolescence. We identified two unique groupings of tantrum behaviors: aggression towards others/objects (e.g., hitting others) and aggression towards self (e.g., hitting self). While both types of tantrum behaviors were associated with early childhood psychopathology severity, tantrum behaviors characterized by aggression towards self were more predictive of later psychopathology. Children displaying high levels of both types of tantrum behaviors had more severe externalizing problems during early childhood and more severe depression and oppositional defiant disorder across childhood and adolescence. Findings suggest that tantrum behaviors characterized by aggression towards self are particularly predictive of later psychopathology.

Scientific collaborations and research trends in Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: a bibliometric analysis

Parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) is considered to be an effective intervention for children aged 2-7 years with conduct problems. PCIT research has been conducted for approximately 50 years; however, an analysis of general research patterns has not been published. In this context, the present study outlines a bibliometric analysis of scientific collaborations, prevalence across locations on the basis of countries and organizations, leading researchers, and trends within PCIT research. Findings demonstrate that PCIT is an area in which international scientific collaborations are intense and current, and collaborations continue to be formed around the world. Additionally, results indicate that dissemination of intercultural PCIT adaptations are continuous.

Updates in treatment of depression in children and adolescents

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

To examine recent evidence that informs the treatment of depression in children and adolescents.

RECENT FINDINGS

There are no new leads in the prevention and early intervention of depression in children and adolescents. For acute treatment of major depressive disorder, talking therapies are moving increasingly to internet-based platforms. Family therapy may have a slight edge over individual psychotherapy in the short-term. Patients with severe depression with endogenous features have a more robust response to pharmacotherapy than do patients with mild-to-moderate depression. Findings in relation to reward sensitivity and changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels contradict research conducted in adults, suggesting developmental differences in the mechanisms underlying depression. Ketamine infusion could have a role for adolescents with treatment refractory depression. There was no new evidence concerning relapse prevention.

SUMMARY

Most new findings have been concerned with moderators and mediators of treatment.

Sleep problems in preschool-onset major depressive disorder: the effect of treatment with parent-child interaction therapy-emotion development

In school-aged children, adolescents, and adults, more than 72% of individuals diagnosed with major depression report co-occurring sleep problems, but little is known about sleep problems in the context of preschool-onset major depressive disorder (PO-MDD). The current study examined the prevalence of various sleep problems in a sample of young children diagnosed with PO-MDD and explored how the treatment of depression, using a modification of parent-child interaction therapy focused on emotional development (PCIT-ED), affects sleep problems. Participants included 229 preschoolers (ages 3-6 years) who met criteria for PO-MDD and participated a single-blind, randomized control trial comparing PCIT-ED to a waitlist control condition. Children were randomly assigned to either PCIT-ED (n = 114) or the waitlist condition (n = 115). Children were assessed at baseline, immediately after PCIT-ED, and 3 months after treatment completion for parent-reported sleep problems across the domains of insomnia, hypersomnia, daytime fatigue, and a total sleep problem index. In our sample, 45% of children had at least one subthreshold sleep problem, 38.4% had at least one threshold sleep problem, and 72.5% had at least one sleep problem (either threshold or subthreshold). Treatment with PCIT-ED significantly reduced sleep problems, including insomnia, daytime fatigue, and total sleep problems, compared to a waitlist condition, even when controlling for child depression. This reduction was maintained at a 3-month follow-up. Sleep problems are a prevalent co-occurring condition with PO-MDD. Interventions such as PCIT-ED that also effectively reduce sleep problems may be particularly beneficial for recovery from PO-MDD.Clinical trial registration information: a randomized control trial of PCIT-ED for preschool depression; https://clinicaltrials.gov/NCT02076425 .

[Evaluation of Short-term Psychoanalytic Child Therapy (PaCT) for Young Children with Depressive Disorders: Results from a Pilot Study]

Depressive disorders in early childhood are associated with high psychosocial impairment and tend to remain stable over time without adequate treatment. Short-term psychoanalytic therapy is a common form of child psychotherapy, yet there is a lack of empirical evaluation of this approach for young children with depressive disorders. Therefore, this secondary evaluation of a study on the treatment of anxiety disorders used an uncontrolled pre-post design in a clinical setting to investigate whether children with depressive comorbidity would evidence significant diagnostic and symptomatic remission after treatment with manualized short-term Psychoanalytic Child Therapy (PaCT). Nineteen children who had an anxiety disorder and a (subclinical) depressive disorder (assessed with the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment using DSM-IV criteria) were treated with PaCT. After treatment, 15 of 19 children (78.94 %) were remitted and 15 of 17 children (88.24 %; 2 were lost to follow-up) were free of depressive disorders at the 6-month follow-up. Further analyses revealed significant effects for pre- to post and pre- to follow-up comparisons regarding internalizing symptoms and overall problems using parent- and (nursery-)teacher-ratings. These results suggest that short-term PaCT shows promise as a treatment for childhood depressive disorders.

Changes in self-reported and observed parenting following a randomized control trial of parent-child interaction therapy for the treatment of preschool depression

BACKGROUND

Parenting in early childhood exerts substantial influence over children's emotional health and development. Using data from a randomized controlled trial of a novel treatment for early childhood depression, Parent-Child Interaction Therapy Emotion Development (PCIT-ED), we explored two broad dimensions of parenting (behavior and affect) to determine whether any changes could be detected following treatment when compared to those in a waitlist control condition.

METHOD

229 caregiver-child dyads, 114 randomly assigned to PCIT-ED for preschool-onset depression, and 115 assigned to a waitlist completed two structured interaction tasks at baseline and post-treatment. Interactions were later coded by observer's blind to diagnostic and treatment status.

RESULTS

Greater reductions were found in self-reported negative parenting behaviors and observed negative affect and greater increases in self-reported positive parenting behaviors and observed positive affect among the caregivers in the treatment group. Increases in the overall positivity of the observed interactional style of caregivers, but no observed parenting behavior change was found following treatment. Discrepancies between self-reported and observed parenting were greater among caregivers on the waitlist.

CONCLUSIONS

Following PCIT-ED treatment, caregivers self-reported improvements in parenting practices and declines in punitive practices along with observed increases in positive affect and decreases in negative affect when interacting with their child. Moreover, coherence between self-reported and observed parenting was higher in the treatment group. These findings highlight the efficacy of PCIT-ED in improving parenting behaviors and the need to use multiple methods to assess parenting in treatment studies.