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Chi M, Li N, Cui J, Karlin S, Rohr N, Sharma N, Thieringer FM. Biomimetic, mussel-inspired surface modification of 3D-printed biodegradable polylactic acid scaffolds with nano-hydroxyapatite for bone tissue engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:989729. [PMID: 36159699 PMCID: PMC9493000 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.989729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) has been widely used as filaments for material extrusion additive manufacturing (AM) to develop patient-specific scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. Hydroxyapatite (HA), a major component of natural bone, has been extensively recognized as an osteoconductive biomolecule. Here, inspired by the mussel-adhesive phenomenon, in this study, polydopamine (PDA) coating was applied to the surface of 3D printed PLA scaffolds (PLA@PDA), acting as a versatile adhesive platform for immobilizing HA nanoparticles (nHA). Comprehensive analyses were performed to understand the physicochemical properties of the 3D-printed PLA scaffold functionalized with nHA and PDA for their potent clinical application as a bone regenerative substitute. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and element dispersive X-ray (EDX) confirmed a successful loading of nHA particles on the surface of PLA@PDA after 3 and 7 days of coating (PLA@PDA-HA3 and PLA@PDA-HA7), while the surface micromorphology and porosity remain unchanged after surface modification. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that 7.7 % and 12.3% mass ratio of nHA were loaded on the PLA scaffold surface, respectively. The wettability test indicated that the hydrophilicity of nHA-coated scaffolds was greatly enhanced, while the mechanical properties remained uncompromised. The 3D laser scanning confocal microscope (3DLS) images revealed that the surface roughness was significantly increased, reaching Sa (arithmetic mean height) of 0.402 μm in PLA@PDA-HA7. Twenty-eight days of in-vitro degradation results showed that the introduction of nHA to the PLA surface enhances its degradation properties, as evidenced by the SEM images and weight loss test. Furthermore, a sustainable release of Ca2+ from PLA@PDA-HA3 and PLA@PDA-HA7 was recorded, during the degradation process. In contrast, the released hydroxyl group of nHA tends to neutralize the local acidic environments, which was more conducive to osteoblastic differentiation and extracellular mineralization. Taken together, this facile surface modification provides 3D printed PLA scaffolds with effective bone regenerative properties by depositing Ca2+ contents, improving surface hydrophilicity, and enhancing the in-vitro degradation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghan Chi
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Na Li
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Junkui Cui
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, United States
| | - Sabrina Karlin
- Biomaterials and Technology, Department of Research, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nadja Rohr
- Biomaterials and Technology, Department of Research, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Biomaterials and Technology, Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Nadja Rohr, ; Neha Sharma,
| | - Neha Sharma
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland
- Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Nadja Rohr, ; Neha Sharma,
| | - Florian M. Thieringer
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland
- Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Voss JO, Kasselmann S, Koerdt S, Rendenbach C, Fischer H, Jöhrens K, Czabanka M, Schmidt-Bleek K, Duda GN, Heiland M, Raguse JD. Treatment options for critical size defects - Comparison of different materials in a calvaria split model in sheep. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 136:212788. [PMID: 35929320 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bone defects of the craniofacial skeleton are often associated with aesthetic and functional impairment as well as loss of protection to intra- and extracranial structures. Solid titanium plates and individually adapted bone cements have been the materials of choice, but may lead to foreign-body reactions and insufficient osseointegration. In contrast, porous scaffolds are thought to exhibit osteoconductive properties to support bone ingrowth. Here, we analyse in critical size defects of the calvaria in sheep whether different bone replacement materials may overcome those remaining challenges. In a critical size defect model, bilateral 20 × 20 × 5-mm craniectomies were performed on either side of the sagittal sinus in 24 adult female blackheaded sheep. Bony defects were randomised to one of five different bone replacement materials (BRMs): titanium scaffold, biodegradable poly(d,l-lactic acid) calcium carbonate scaffold (PDLLA/CC), polyethylene 1 (0.71 mm mean pore size) or 2 (0.515 mm mean pore size) scaffolds and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-based bone cement block. Empty controls (n = 3) served as references. To evaluate bone growth over time, three different fluorochromes were administered at different time points. At 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery, animals were sacrificed and the BRMs and surrounding bone analysed by micro-CT and histomorphometry. The empty control group verified that the calvaria defect in this study was a reliable critical size defect model. Bone formation in vivo was detectable in all BRMs after 12 months by micro-CT and histomorphometric analysis, except for the non-porous PMMA group. A maximum of bone formation was detected in the 12-months group for titanium and PDLLA/CC. Bone formation in PDLLA/CC starts to increase rapidly between 6 and 12 months, as the BRM resorbs over time. Contact between bone and BRM influenced bone formation inside the BRM. Empty controls exhibited bone formation solely at the periphery. Overall, porous BRMs offered bone integration to different extent over 12 months in the tested calvaria defect model. Titanium and PDLLA/CC scaffolds showed remarkable osseointegration properties by micro-CT and histomorphometric analysis. PDLLA/CC scaffolds degraded over time without major residues. Pore size influenced bone ingrowth in polyethylene, emphasising the importance of porous scaffold structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Oliver Voss
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Straße 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Svenja Kasselmann
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Koserstraße 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Steffen Koerdt
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Carsten Rendenbach
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Heilwig Fischer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Straße 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany; Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Korinna Jöhrens
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Marcus Czabanka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsmedizin Frankfurt am Main, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Katharina Schmidt-Bleek
- Julius Wolff Institute and Berlin Institute of Health Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité Universitätsmedizin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Georg N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute and Berlin Institute of Health Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité Universitätsmedizin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Max Heiland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jan-Dirk Raguse
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Fachklinik Hornheide, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dorbaumstraße 300, 48147 Münster, Germany.
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Rode C, Wyrwa R, Weisser J, Schnabelrauch M, Vučak M, Grom S, Reinauer F, Stetter A, Schlegel KA, Lutz R. A Novel Resorbable Composite Material Containing Poly(ester-co-urethane) and Precipitated Calcium Carbonate Spherulites for Bone Augmentation-Development and Preclinical Pilot Trials. Molecules 2020; 26:E102. [PMID: 33379374 PMCID: PMC7795954 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyurethanes have the potential to impart cell-relevant properties like excellent biocompatibility, high and interconnecting porosity and controlled degradability into biomaterials in a relatively simple way. In this context, a biodegradable composite material made of an isocyanate-terminated co-oligoester prepolymer and precipitated calcium carbonated spherulites (up to 60% w/w) was synthesized and investigated with regard to an application as bone substitute in dental and orthodontic application. After foaming the composite material, a predominantly interconnecting porous structure is obtained, which can be easily machined. The compressive strength of the foamed composites increases with raising calcium carbonate content and decreasing calcium carbonate particle size. When stored in an aqueous medium, there is a decrease in pressure stability of the composite, but this decrease is smaller the higher the proportion of the calcium carbonate component is. In vitro cytocompatibility studies of the foamed composites on MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts revealed an excellent cytocompatibility. The in vitro degradation behaviour of foamed composite is characterised by a continuous loss of mass, which is slower with higher calcium carbonate contents. In a first pre-clinical pilot trial the foamed composite bone substitute material (fcm) was successfully evaluated in a model of vertical augmentation in an established animal model on the calvaria and on the lateral mandible of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rode
- Biomaterials Department, INNOVENT e. V., Prüssingstrasse 27B, 07745 Jena, Germany; (C.R.); (R.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Ralf Wyrwa
- Biomaterials Department, INNOVENT e. V., Prüssingstrasse 27B, 07745 Jena, Germany; (C.R.); (R.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Juergen Weisser
- Biomaterials Department, INNOVENT e. V., Prüssingstrasse 27B, 07745 Jena, Germany; (C.R.); (R.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Matthias Schnabelrauch
- Biomaterials Department, INNOVENT e. V., Prüssingstrasse 27B, 07745 Jena, Germany; (C.R.); (R.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Marijan Vučak
- Schaefer Kalk GmbH & Co. KG, Louise-Seher-Straße 6, 65582 Diez, Germany;
| | - Stefanie Grom
- Karl Leibinger Medizintechnik GmbH & Co. KG, a Company of the KLS Martin Group, Kolbinger Straße 10, 78570 Mühlheim an der Donau, Germany; (S.G.); (F.R.)
| | - Frank Reinauer
- Karl Leibinger Medizintechnik GmbH & Co. KG, a Company of the KLS Martin Group, Kolbinger Straße 10, 78570 Mühlheim an der Donau, Germany; (S.G.); (F.R.)
| | - Adrian Stetter
- Clinic for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Glückstrasse 11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.S.); (K.A.S.); (R.L.)
| | - Karl Andreas Schlegel
- Clinic for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Glückstrasse 11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.S.); (K.A.S.); (R.L.)
| | - Rainer Lutz
- Clinic for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Glückstrasse 11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.S.); (K.A.S.); (R.L.)
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Gayer C, Ritter J, Bullemer M, Grom S, Jauer L, Meiners W, Pfister A, Reinauer F, Vučak M, Wissenbach K, Fischer H, Poprawe R, Schleifenbaum JH. Development of a solvent-free polylactide/calcium carbonate composite for selective laser sintering of bone tissue engineering scaffolds. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 101:660-673. [PMID: 31029360 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Since large bone defects cannot be healed by the body itself, continuous effort is put into the development of 3D scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. One method to fabricate such scaffolds is selective laser sintering (SLS). However, there is a lack of solvent-free prepared microparticles suitable for SLS. Hence, the aim of this study was to develop a solvent-free polylactide/calcium carbonate composite powder with tailored material properties for SLS. Four composite powders with a composition of approximately 75 wt% polylactide (PLLA as well as PDLLA) and 25 wt% calcium carbonate (calcite) were prepared by a milling process based on GMP standards. Four different grades of polylactide were chosen to cover a broad inherent viscosity range of 1.0-3.6 dl/g. The composite material with the lowest inherent viscosity (1.0 dl/g) showed the best processability by SLS. This was caused by the small polymer particle diameter (50 μm) and the small zero-shear melt viscosity (400 Pa·s), which led to fast sintering. The SLS process parameters were developed to achieve low micro-porosity (approx. 2%) and low polymer degradation (no measurable decrease of the inherent viscosity). A biaxial bending strength of up to 75 MPa was achieved. Cell culture assays indicated good viability of MG-63 osteoblast-like cells on the SLS specimens. Finally, the manufacture of 3D scaffolds with interconnected pore structure was demonstrated. After proving the biocompatibility of the material, the developed scaffolds could have great potential to be used as patient-specific bone replacement implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gayer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT, Steinbachstrasse 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Jessica Ritter
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Bullemer
- EOS GmbH, Robert-Stirling-Ring 1, 82152 Krailling/Munich, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Grom
- Karl Leibinger Medizintechnik GmbH & Co. KG, Kolbinger Strasse 10, 78570 Mühlheim/Donau, Germany.
| | - Lucas Jauer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT, Steinbachstrasse 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Wilhelm Meiners
- Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT, Steinbachstrasse 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Pfister
- EOS GmbH, Robert-Stirling-Ring 1, 82152 Krailling/Munich, Germany.
| | - Frank Reinauer
- Karl Leibinger Medizintechnik GmbH & Co. KG, Kolbinger Strasse 10, 78570 Mühlheim/Donau, Germany.
| | - Marijan Vučak
- SCHAEFER KALK GmbH & Co. KG, Louise-Seher-Strasse 6, 65582 Diez, Germany.
| | - Konrad Wissenbach
- Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT, Steinbachstrasse 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Horst Fischer
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Reinhart Poprawe
- RWTH Aachen University - Chair for Laser Technology LLT, Steinbachstrasse 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Moser N, Goldstein J, Kauffmann P, Epple M, Schliephake H. Experimental variation of the level and the ratio of angiogenic and osteogenic signaling affects the spatiotemporal expression of bone-specific markers and organization of bone formation in ectopic sites. Clin Oral Investig 2017; 22:1223-1234. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-017-2202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Repair of large saddle defects of the mandibular ridge using dual growth factor release-An experimental pilot study in minipigs. J Clin Periodontol 2017; 44:854-863. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Lohse N, Moser N, Backhaus S, Annen T, Epple M, Schliephake H. Continuous delivery of rhBMP2 and rhVEGF165 at a certain ratio enhances bone formation in mandibular defects over the delivery of rhBMP2 alone--An experimental study in rats. J Control Release 2015; 220:201-209. [PMID: 26485046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that different amounts of vascular endothelial growth factor and bone morphogenic protein differentially affect bone formation when applied for repair of non-healing defects in the rat mandible. Porous composite PDLLA/CaCO3 carriers were fabricated as slow release carriers and loaded with rhBMP2 and rhVEGF165 in 10 different dosage combinations using gas foaming with supercritical carbon dioxide. They were implanted in non-healing defects of the mandibles of 132 adult Wistar rats with additional lateral augmentation. Bone formation was assessed both radiographically (bone volume) and by histomorphometry (bone density). The use of carriers with a ratio of delivery of VEGF/BMP between 0.7 and 1.2 was significantly related to the occurrence of significant increases in radiographic bone volume and/or histologic bone density compared to the use of carriers with a ratio of delivery of ≤ 0.5 when all intervals and all outcome parameters were considered. Moreover, simultaneous delivery at this ratio helped to "save" rhBMP2 as both bone volume and bone density after 13 weeks were reached/surpassed using half the dosage required for rhBMP2 alone. It is concluded, that the combined delivery of rhVEGF165 and rhBMP2 for repair of critical size mandibular defects can significantly enhance volume and density of bone formation over delivery of rhBMP2 alone. It appears from the present results that continuous simultaneous delivery of rhVEGF165 and rhBMP2 at a ratio of approximately 1 is favourable for the enhancement of bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lohse
- Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, George-Augusta-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - N Moser
- Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, George-Augusta-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Backhaus
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - T Annen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - M Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - H Schliephake
- Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, George-Augusta-University, Göttingen, Germany.
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