Voltammetric measurement of trace amount of glutathione using multiwall carbon nanotubes as a sensor and chlorpromazine as a mediator

CuSeO3@f-CNFs: A superoxide nanozyme for the selective nanomolar determination of the key cardiovascular biomarker, Glutathione

Nanocomposites that mimic the characteristics of enzymes, commonly as nanozymes, can function as an efficient sensing material with high selectivity towards the targeted biological macromolecule. These nanozymes overcome of the challenges that arise when using natural enzymes as sensing material. This study presents a novel nanozyme, Copper Selenite (CuSeO3) nanoparticles mounted on f-CNF, to electrochemically determine a potential cardiovascular biomarker, Glutathione (GSH). The choice of this material is due to the well-known ability of GSH to form a complex with copper. When a Cu ion enters a healthy cell, it quickly forms a complex with GSH, which then moves to another storage molecule: either a metalloprotein or a chelator. CNF was functionalized using acid to generate functionalized-CNF to enhance biocompatibility and boost conductivity. This was done to provide many active sites for effective integration of CuSeO3 in the nanocomposite preparation. The glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface was enhanced by introducing CuSeO3@f-CNF nanocomposite, resulting in a significant increase in the current response for GSH in comparison to prior research. CuSeO3@f-CNF/GCE sensor has shown excellent sensing properties, like enhanced stability, selectivity, sensitivity, and reproducibility, for detecting and quantifying GSH. The sensor demonstrated an extensive linear detection range from 62.5 nM to 7785.0 μM, signifying one of the most comprehensive ranges documented to date. It attained a remarkable detection limit (LOD) of 17.6 nM. The sensor's performance was further tested by analyzing genuine biological fluid samples. The nanozyme-modified GCE demonstrated exceptional electrocatalytic efficiency for GSH detection, making it extremely appropriate for real-time monitoring applications.

Green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticle with Mentha pulegium L. extracts in A549 cell line, characterization, biological activities, Genotoxicity in comet test and SMART assay in Drosophila melanogaster

In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were obtained by green synthesis method using extracts prepared from Mentha pulegium L. species in order to investigate the cytotoxic, genotoxic and antimicrobial activities of nanoparticles. For the characterization of these nanoparticles, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, FT-IR, XRD and SEM analysis methods were used. For cell culture studies were carried out to determine the cytotoxic and genotoxic activities of ZnO NPs obtained by green synthesis with A549 cell line, which is a lung cancer cell. In the genotoxicity results determined by the Comet method, the highest DNA damage was seen at a concentration of 3.75 mg/mL. The genotoxic activity of different concentrations (0.1, 1, 5, 10 mM) of ZNO NPs were evaluated with SMART assay on Drosophila melanogaster. According to results ZNO NPs applications were found to be similar to the control group in all doses. On the other hand, in order to determine the antimicrobial activity, Escherichia coli (ATTC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus (ATTC 29213), Candida albicans (ATTC 90028), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATTC 700603) and Salmonella enteritidis (ATTC 13076) microorganisms were cultured and disc diffusion test method was applied. In the disc diffusion test, dose application was made in the range of 15.6-500 mg/mL concentrations and it was observed that inhibition zone was formed at all concentrations.

Cu-BTC MOF/ionic liquid nanocomposite as novel catalyst to electrochemical monitoring of digoxin in pharmaceutical and environmental samples

There is no effective environmental treatment strategy that does not include monitoring for pharmaceutical compounds in environmental and biological fluids. The widespread presence of pharmaceutical-based pollutants in water sources is a significant public health concern. The treatment process relies heavily on maintaining a stable digoxin concentration in bodily fluids. Finding the correct dose for this medication appears to be crucial. In this research, an easy and high sensibility electrochemical sensor was developed to determine digoxin based on a paste electrode (CPE) that was modified with Cu-BTC MOF and ion liquid ((IL); 1-Methyl-3-Butyl-imidazolinium bromide in this case) using voltammetric methods in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at pH 5.0. The sensor's selectivity was significantly increased by using Cu-BTC MOF and IL to detect digoxin. The characteristics of the electrode modifiers were evaluated by SEM, XRD and EDS techniques. The LDR was found to be 0.1-40 μM and the LOD of 0.08 μM, respectively.

Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles derived from water and methanol extract of Centaurea solstitialis leaves and tested for antimicrobial activity and dye decolorization capability

In this research, nanoparticles derived from water extract of Centaurea solstitialis leaves were used as green adsorbent in Fenton reaction for Reactive Red 180 (RR180) and Basic Red 18 (BR18) dyes removal. At optimum operating conditions, nanoparticles proved high performance in the tested dyes removal with more than 98% of removal elimination. The free-radical scavenging, DNA nuclease, biofilm inhibition capability, antimicrobial activity, microbial cell viability, and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy activities of the iron oxide nanoparticles (FeO-NPs) derived from water and methanol extract of plant were investigated. Each of the following analysis: SEM-EDX, XRD, and Zeta potential was implemented for the prepared NPs characterization and to describe their morphology, composition and its behavior in an aqueous solution, respectively. It was found that, the DPPH scavenging activities increased when the amount of nanoparticles increased. The highest radical scavenging activity achieved with FeO-NPs derived from water extract of plant as 97.41% at 200 mg/L. The new green synthesized FeO-NPs demonstrated good DNA cleavage activity. FeO-NPs showed good in vitro antimicrobial activities against human pathogens. The results showed that both synthesized FeO-NPs displayed 100% antimicrobial photodynamic therapy activity after LED irradiation. The water extract of FeO-NPs and methanol extract of FeO-NPs also showed a significant biofilm inhibition.

A novel voltammetric amaranth sensor based on screen printed electrode modified with polypyrrole nanotubes

Azo dyes are the most used type of dye in the textile industry. Some of these dyes have the potential to be extremely toxic to both human health and the environment. The purpose of this study was to develope an electrochemical sensor for detection of amaranth. The electrochemical sensor based on the modification of a screen-printed electrode via polypyrrole nanotubes (PPy NTs/SPE) for detection of amaranth was developed. The preparation of PPy NTs was performed through the pyrrole monomer oxidation with iron (III) chloride in exposure to methyl orange as structure-guiding agent. Findings exhibited an excellent electrocatalytic activity of as-fabricated sensor for amaranth detection. Our sensor under the optimized circumstances also had a broad linear dynamic range (between 0.03 μM and 290.0 μM) and a narrow limit of detection (0.01 μM) towards the amaranth detection. Moreover, the proposed sensor could practically and successfully determine the amaranth content present in the real food specimens, with acceptable recovery rates.

Utilization of a double-cross-linked amino-functionalized three-dimensional graphene networks as a monolithic adsorbent for methyl orange removal: Equilibrium, kinetics, thermodynamics and artificial neural network modeling

Herein, it is aimed to develop a high-performance monolithic adsorbent to be utilized in methyl orange (MO) adsorption. Therefore, amino-functionalized three-dimensional graphene networks (3D-GN_f) fulfilling the requirements of reusability and high capacity have been fabricated via hydrothermal self-assembly approach followed by a double-crosslinking strategy. The potential utilization of 3D-GN_f as an adsorbent for removal MO has been assessed using both batch-adsorption studies and an artificial neural network (ANN) approach. Graphene oxide sheets have been amino-functionalized and cross-linked, by ethylenediamine (EDA) during hydrothermal treatment, following the glutaraldehyde has used as a double-crosslinking agent to facilitate the crosslinking of architecture. The successful fabrication of 3D-GN_f has been confirmed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Moreover, N₂ adsorption/desorption isotherms have revealed the high specific surface area (1015 m² g^-1) with high pore volume (1.054 cm³ g^-1) and hierarchical porous structure of 3D-GN_f. The effect of initial concentration, contact time, and temperature on adsorption capacity have been thoroughly studied, and the kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics of MO adsorption have been modelled. The MO adsorption has been well defined by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model with a monolayer adsorption capacity of 270.27 mg g^-1 at 25 °C. The thermodynamic findings have revealed MO adsorption has occurred spontaneously with an endothermic process. The Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation algorithm has been implemented to train the ANN model, which has used the activation functions of tansig and purelin functions at the hidden and output layers, respectively. An optimum ANN model with high-performance metrics (coefficient of determination, R² = 0.9995; mean squared error, MSE = 0.0008) composed of three hidden layers with 5 neurons in each layer was constructed to forecast MO adsorption. The findings have shown that experimental results are consistent with ANN-based data, implying that the suggested ANN model may be used to forecast cationic dye adsorption.

Green synthesis, characterization and bioactivity of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles

In this study, we tried to enlighten the structure of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) obtained from Thymbra Spicata L. plant by using green synthesis method in various ways. Some properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles were determined by using the characterization methods that scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), fouirer transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) spectroscopy methods. The detected Zn nanoparticle sizes were determined to be between 6.5 nm and 7.5 nm. In addition to these studies, we investigated the antimicrobial effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis against some pathogens. According to the results, it was seen that zinc oxide nanoparticles formed zones with a diameter of 16.3 mm, 10.25 mm, 13 mm and 10.2 mm, respectively, against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Escherichia coli ATCC 25952, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 bacteria and Candida albicans ATTC 90028 fungus, respectively. However, the radical quenching activity (DPPH) of the nanoparticles (Ts-ZnONP (79.67%)) was determined to be quite good compared to the positive control BHA. In addition, it is seen that the protective effect of ZnO NPs against DNA damage increases depending on the concentration. At a concentration of 100 mg/L, the DNA damage inhibitory effect was found to be maximum. In line with the comprehensive results, it was determined that the zinc oxide nanoparticles obtained with the green synthesis method have the potential of use in a wide variety of fields.

A nanosecond pulsed laser-ablated MWCNT-Au heterostructure: an innovative ultra-sensitive electrochemical sensing prototype for the identification of glutathione

Here, a scheme that aptly describes the reduction of gold nanoparticles’ crystalline size on the surface of MWCNTs in an aqueous phase to generate a LAMWCNT-Au heterostructure, employing an Nd:YAG laser (energy = 505 mJ and λ = 1064 nm) is developed.

Recent Advantages of Mediator Based Chemically Modified Electrodes; Powerful Approach in Electroanalytical Chemistry

Background:

Modified electrodes have advanced from the initial studies aimed at understanding electron transfer in films to applications in areas such as energy production and analytical chemistry. This review emphasizes the major classes of modified electrodes with mediators that are being explored for improving analytical methodology. Chemically modified electrodes (CMEs) have been widely used to counter the problems of poor sensitivity and selectivity faced in bare electrodes. We have briefly reviewed the organometallic and organic mediators that have been extensively employed to engineer adapted electrode surfaces for the detection of different compounds. Also, the characteristics of the materials that improve the electrocatalytic activity of the modified surfaces are discussed.

Objective:

Improvement and promotion of pragmatic CMEs have generated a diversity of novel and probable strong detection prospects for electroanalysis. While the capability of handling the chemical nature of the electrode/solution interface accurately and creatively increases , it is predictable that different mediators-based CMEs could be developed with electrocatalytic activity and completely new applications be advanced.

Properties and Recent Advantages of N,N’-dialkylimidazolium-ion Liquids Application in Electrochemistry

:

N,Nʹ-dialkylimidazolium-ion liquids is one of the important ionic liquids with a wide range of application as conductive electrolyte and in electrochemistry. The modified electrodes create a new view in fabrication of electroanalytical sensors. Many modifiers have beeen suggested for modification of electroanalytical sensor since many years ago. Over these years, ionic liquids and especially room temperature ionic liquids have attracted more attention due to their wide range of electrochemical windows and high electrical conductivity. N,Nʹ-dialkylimidazolium-ion liquids are one of the main important ionic liquids suggested for modification of bare electrodes and especially carbon paste electrodes. Although many review articles have reported onthe use of ionic liquids in electrochemical sensors, no review article has been specifically introduced so far on the review of the advantages of N,Nʹ-dialkylimidazolium ionic liquid. Therefore, in this review paper we focused on the introduction of recent advantages of N,Nʹ-dialkyl imidazolium ionic liquid in electrochemistry.

Development and Evaluation of Copper Electrodes, Modified with Bimetallic Nanoparticles, to be Used as Sensors of Cysteine-Rich Peptides Synthesized by Tobacco Cells Exposed to Cytotoxic Levels of Cadmium

We report on two new electrochemical sensors which, coupled to differential pulse voltammetry, constitutes a useful tool for diagnosis of heavy metal pollution. The electrochemical sensors AgHgNf/Cu and the AgBiNf/Cu were obtained by deposition of bimetallic particles of AgHg or AgBi on copper electrodes covered with a Nafion (Nf) film, respectively. Micrographs of the electrode's surface showed evenly scattered bimetallic particles, with an approximate diameter of 150 nm, embedded in the Nafion (Nf) film. In order to test the electrodes, the hydrogen evolution signal according to the Brdička reaction was measured for the determination of cysteine-rich peptides (CRp) produced by plants. To check the accuracy of the electrodes, real samples of Nicotiana tabacum cells exposed to cytotoxic levels of cadmium were tested. The AgHgNf/Cu electrode produced detection limits (DLs) of 0.088 µmol L-1 for Cysteine and 0.139µmol L-1 for Glutathione, while for the AgBiNf/Cu electrode DLs were 0.41 µmol L-1 for cysteine and 0.244 µmol L-1 for glutathione. Thus, the new electrodes could be a useful analytical electrochemical system very convenient for fieldwork. The electrodes were capable of direct, accurate, and sensitive detection of synthesized peptides, despite the complex matrix where the Nicotiana tabacum cells were grown.

Electrochemical Analysis of Antipsychotics

Introduction:

Schizophrenia is seizures accompanied by severe psychotic symptoms, and a steady state of continuation in the form of periods of stagnation. Antipsychotics are now the basis of treatment for schizophrenia and there is no other molecule that is antipsychotic priority in treatment. Antipsychotics can be classified into two groups; dopamine receptor antagonists such as promazine, fluphenazine etc. and serotonin-dopamine antagonists including risperidone, olanzapine, ziprasidone, aripiprazole etc.

Materials and Methods:

Electrochemical methods have been used for the determination of antipsychotic agent just as used in the determination of many drug agents. Nearly all of the antipsychotics are electroactive and can be analyzed by electrochemical methods. Electroanalytical methods offer generally high sensitivity, are compatible with modern techniques, have low cost, low requirements, and compact design. Among the most commonly used types, there are cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, square wave voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry.

Conclusion:

The aim of this review is to evaluate the main line and the advantages and uses of electroanalytical methods that employed for the determination of antipsychotic medication agents used in schizophrenia. Moreover, applications of the methods to pharmaceutical analysis of Antipsychotics upto- date is also summarized in a table.

Functionalization of a carbon nanofiber with a tetrasulfonatophenyl ruthenium(II)porphine complex for real-time amperometric sensing of chlorpromazine

A carbon nanofiber functionalized with ruthenium(II)-tetrasulfonato phenyl porphine (CNF/Ru-TSPP) is shown to be viable sensor for amperometric determination of the antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine (CPZ). The hollow platelet structured Ru-TSPP combines with the hollow cylindrical tube-like structure of the CNF via π stacking interaction. The morphological and electro conductive properties of the electrode were characterized by spectrophotometric techniques. The CNF/Ru-TSPP modified electrode displays a large surface-to-volume ratio, good electron transport and good electrocatalytic activity. The amperometric sensor, typically operated at a potential 0.63 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) exhibits a linear response in the 0.6 nM to 1.1 mM CPZ concentration range, has a 0.2 nM detection limit, and a remarkably good electrochemical sensitivity (2.405 μA μM^-1 cm^-2). The sensor is selective, repeatable and reproducible. It was successfully applied to the determination of CPZ in spiked serum samples. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of carbon nanofiber/ tetrasulfonatophenyl Ruthenium(II)porphine (CNF/Ru-TSPP) nanocomposite synthesis and application for the electrochemical determination of chlorpromazine (CPZ).

Highly selective electrochemical detection of antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine in drug and human urine samples based on peas-like strontium molybdate as an electrocatalyst

Electrochemical detection of antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine based on peas-like strontium molybdate as an electrocatalyst.

Fabrication of anl-glutathione sensor based on PEG-conjugated functionalized CNT nanocomposites: a real sample analysis

Three series of polyethylene glycol–carbon nanotube nanocomposites in the form of PEG/CNT_a–e, PEG/f-CNT.Oxi_a–e, and PEG/CNT.C_18a–ehave been fabricated using a dissolution stirring ultra-sonication method.

Glutathione

Glutathione is an endogenous peptide with antioxidant and other metabolic functions. The nomenclature, formulae, elemental composition, and appearance and uses of the drug are included. The methods used for the synthesis and biosynthesis of glutathione are described. This profile contains the physical characteristics of the drug including: solubility, X-ray powder diffraction pattern, crystal structure, melting point, and differential scanning calorimetry. The spectral methods that were used for both the identification and analysis of glutathione include ultraviolet spectrum, vibrational spectrum, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, and mass spectrum. The profile also includes the compendial methods of analysis and the other methods of analysis that are reported in the literature. These other methods of e-analysis are: potentiometric, voltammetric, amperometric, spectrophotometric, specrtofluorometric, chemiluminescence, chromatographic and immunoassay methods. The stability of and several reviews on drug are also provided. More than 170 references are listed at the end this comprehensive profile on glutathione.

Rapid and fast strategy for the determination of glutathione in the presence of vitamin B6in biological and pharmaceutical samples using a nanostructure based electrochemical sensor

In this study, we describe the simultaneous determination of glutathione and vitamin B₆in pharmaceutical and biological samples for the first time.

Synthesis and application of FePt/CNTs nanocomposite as a sensor and novel amide ligand as a mediator for simultaneous determination of glutathione, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and tryptophan

In this study, we report the synthesis and application of a FePt/CNTs nanocomposite as a highly sensitive sensor and novel amide ligand (9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracene-11,12-dicarboximido)-4-ethylbenzene-1,2-diol as a mediator for the determination of glutathione (GSH), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and tryptophan (Trp). The synthesized materials were characterized with different methods such as NMR, IR spectroscopy, TEM, XRD, FESEM, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and square wave voltammetry (SWV). The modified electrode exhibited a potent and persistent electron mediating behavior followed by well-separated oxidation peaks of GSH, NADH and Trp. The peak currents were linearly dependent on GSH, NADH and Trp concentrations in the range of 0.08-220, 1.0-400 and 5.0-500 μmol L(-1), with detection limits of 0.05, 0.8 and 1.0 μmol L(-1), respectively. The modified electrode was used for the determination of these compounds in real samples.

A new strategy for the selective determination of glutathione in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) using a novel modified carbon nanotube paste electrode

A novel electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous determination of glutathione (GSH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) is described. The sensor is based on a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with benzamide derivative and multiwall carbon nanotubes. This mixture makes a modified electrode that is sensitive for the electrochemical detection of these compounds. Under optimum conditions and at pH 7.0, oxidation of GSH occurs at a potential of about 330 mV less positive than that at an unmodified CPE. The voltammetric peak currents are linearly dependent on GSH and NADH concentrations in the ranges 0.09-300 μmol L(-1) GSH and 5.0-600 μmol L(-1) NADH. The detection limits found for GSH and NADH were 0.05 μmol L(-1) and 1.0 μmol L(-1), respectively. The electrochemical sensor was also used for the determination of GSH in urine, pharmaceutical and hemolysed erythrocyte samples.

Determination of 6-mercaptopurine in the presence of uric acid using modified multiwall carbon nanotubes-TiO2 as a voltammetric sensor

In this work, a multiwall carbon nanotubes modified electrode (prepared by incorporating TiO(2) nanoparticles with p-aminophenol as a mediator) was used as voltammetric sensor for the determination of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) in the presence of uric acid (UA). The voltammograms of 6-MP and UA in a mixture can be separated from each other by differential pulse voltammetry with a potential difference of 380 mV at a scan rate of 10 mV s(-1). These conditions are sufficient to allow for the determination of 6-MP and UA both individually and simultaneously. The electrocatalytic currents increase linearly with 6-MP concentration in the ranges of 0.09-350 µmol L(-1) (two linear segments with different slopes). The detection limit for 6-MP was 0.065 µmol L(-1) . The RSD% for 1.0 and 15.0 µmol L(-1) 6-MP were 0.7%, and 1.2%, respectively. The kinetic parameters of the system were determined using electrochemical approaches. The method was successfully applied for the determination of 6-MP in drug sample, and 6-MP plus UA in urine samples.