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Rafieenia F, Abbaszadegan MR, Poursheikhani A, Razavi SMS, Jebelli A, Molaei F, Aghaee‐Bakhtiari SH. In silico evidence of high frequency of miRNA‐related SNPs in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:966-978. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rafieenia
- Medical Genetics Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Student Research Committee Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Abbaszadegan
- Medical Genetics Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Immunology Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Arash Poursheikhani
- Medical Genetics Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | | | - Amir Jebelli
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Department Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Mashhad Branch Mashhad Iran
| | - Fatemeh Molaei
- Medical Genetics Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Seyed Hamid Aghaee‐Bakhtiari
- Bioinformatics Research Group Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
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De Souza K, Atabani S, Madhusudan S. Precision medicine in gastric cancer: where are we now? EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2017.1357431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen De Souza
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | - Suha Atabani
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | - Srinivasan Madhusudan
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
- Translational Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Meulendijks D, Rozeman EA, Cats A, Sikorska K, Joerger M, Deenen MJ, Beijnen JH, Schellens JHM. Pharmacogenetic variants associated with outcome in patients with advanced gastric cancer treated with fluoropyrimidine and platinum-based triplet combinations: a pooled analysis of three prospective studies. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2016; 17:441-451. [DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2016.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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The effects of genomic polymorphisms in one-carbon metabolism pathways on survival of gastric cancer patients received fluorouracil-based adjuvant therapy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28019. [PMID: 27456431 PMCID: PMC4960563 DOI: 10.1038/srep28019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is widely used to treat patients with gastric cancer (GC). However, the response rate is quite heterogeneous. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and their interactions of genes in the one-carbon metabolism (OCM) pathway, including Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), Methionine synthase reductase (MTRR), Methionine synthase (MTR), and Thymidylate synthase (TS), significantly affect 5-FU metabolism. In this study, 650 stage II-III patients were recruited from 1998 to 2006. Among them, 251 received 5-FU treatment and other 399 patients were untreated. The Cox regression analysis, log-rank tests and Kaplan-Meier plots were adopted. In the chemotherapy cohort, MTRR 66 GA + GG genotypes decreased death risk, however, the protect effect of MTRR 66 GA + GG disappeared when GC patients simultaneously had MTHFR 677TT + TC or MTR 2756GG + GA genotypes. TS 5'-UTR 2R3R + 3R3R genotypes also prolonged overall survival of patients treated with 5-FU. And this favorable prognosis obviously enhanced when GC patients simultaneously had TS 3'-UTR DD + DI and TS 5'-UTR 2R3R + 3R3R genotypes. Our findings showed that the polymorphisms of MTRR 66 A > G and TS 5'-UTR 3R > 2R may be potential prognostic factors for GC patients receiving 5-FU.
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Lin G, Xu K. [Advances in tumor chemo-resistance regulated by MicroRNA]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2015; 17:741-9. [PMID: 25342041 PMCID: PMC6000396 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2014.10.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is one of the primary treatment for malignant tumors. Tumor multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major cause of clinical failure of chemotherapy; however the mechanisms of chemo-resistance have not been fully elucidated. Recently, microRNA is one of the new hotspots in life science. MicroRNA regulates the expression of genes and plays roles a series of life events by post-transcriptional regulations, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, fat metabolism, nervous development, hormone secretion, tumor vessels generation, stem cell differentiation, tumor cell invasion and metastasis, and other physiological and pathological processes. Recent studies show that microRNA regulates the expression of multiple genes with high efficiency and specificity. The abnormal regulation of target genes by microRNA is responsible for tumor chemo-resistance, this may be an important component of the complexity of the regulation of chemo-resistance. Therefore, the study of microRNA and tumor drug resistance has profound practical significance. In this review, recent studies of tumor drug resistance, regulation of tumor drug resistance by microRNA, and microRNA as a potential target for tumor drug resistance therapy are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyang Lin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute,
Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute,
Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
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Germline oncopharmacogenetics, a promising field in cancer therapy. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2015; 38:65-89. [PMID: 25573079 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-014-0214-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics (PGx) is the study of the relationship between inter-individual genetic variation and drug responses. Germline variants of genes involved in drug metabolism, drug transport, and drug targets can affect individual response to medications. Cancer therapies are characterized by an intrinsically high toxicity; therefore, the application of pharmacogenetics to cancer patients is a particularly promising method for avoiding the use of inefficacious drugs and preventing the associated adverse effects. However, despite continuing efforts in this field, very few labels include information about germline genetic variants associated with drug responses. DPYD, TPMT, UGT1A1, G6PD, CYP2D6, and HLA are the sole loci for which the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) report specific information. This review highlights the germline PGx variants that have been approved to date for anticancer treatments, and also provides some insights about other germline variants with potential clinical applications. The continuous and rapid evolution of next-generation sequencing applications, together with the development of computational methods, should help to refine the implementation of personalized medicine. One day, clinicians may be able to prescribe the best treatment and the correct drug dosage based on each patient's genotype. This approach would improve treatment efficacy, reduce toxicity, and predict non-responders, thereby decreasing chemotherapy-associated morbidity and improving health benefits.
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Yu CY, Chen HY. Genetic Variations and Gastric Cancer. Gastrointest Tumors 2015. [DOI: 10.1159/000431265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
<b><i>Background:</i></b> Gastric cancer (GC) has an apparent hereditary component. However, in a large fraction of gastric cases, no known genetic syndrome or family history can be identified, suggesting the presence of ‘missing heritability' in GC etiology. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and traditional candidate gene studies have both led to the identification of multiple replicable common genetic variants associated with GC risk. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> We summarize the genetic variants associated with GC risk identified up to date. Achievements derived from translational cancer research including the following aspects: (a) contribution to the our understanding of gastric tumorigenesis, (b) guidance to individualized treatment and (c) prediction of patient prognosis. We also prospect future research direction such as post-GWAS analyses and rare variants studies. <b><i>Key Message:</i></b> Many genetic variants were found through GWAS or candidate gene studies, and interpreting their underlying mechanisms will help us translate risk profiles generated from these variations into use in the clinical setting for targeted screening and treatment. <b><i>Practical Implications:</i></b> Investigation of the potential use of genetic variations as prognostic and predictive markers is a developing field. Many people could benefit from a better understanding of genetic polymorphisms to potentially identify a priori individuals who might have the best chance of survival and therefore derive most clinical benefit from treatment. Outcomes of particular scientific interest for molecular epidemiologic studies should include overall survival, recurrence- and progression-free survival, response to treatment, and early and late toxicities stemming from chemotherapy and radiation.
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Relationship Between the DPD and TS mRNA Expression and the Response to S-1-Based Chemotherapy and Prognosis in Patients with Advanced Gastric Cancer. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 71:1653-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0387-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Panczyk M. Pharmacogenetics research on chemotherapy resistance in colorectal cancer over the last 20 years. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:9775-827. [PMID: 25110414 PMCID: PMC4123365 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past two decades the first sequencing of the human genome was performed showing its high degree of inter-individual differentiation, as a result of large international research projects (Human Genome Project, the 1000 Genomes Project International HapMap Project, and Programs for Genomic Applications NHLBI-PGA). This period was also a time of intensive development of molecular biology techniques and enormous knowledge growth in the biology of cancer. For clinical use in the treatment of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), in addition to fluoropyrimidines, another two new cytostatic drugs were allowed: irinotecan and oxaliplatin. Intensive research into new treatment regimens and a new generation of drugs used in targeted therapy has also been conducted. The last 20 years was a time of numerous in vitro and in vivo studies on the molecular basis of drug resistance. One of the most important factors limiting the effectiveness of chemotherapy is the primary and secondary resistance of cancer cells. Understanding the genetic factors and mechanisms that contribute to the lack of or low sensitivity of tumour tissue to cytostatics is a key element in the currently developing trend of personalized medicine. Scientists hope to increase the percentage of positive treatment response in CRC patients due to practical applications of pharmacogenetics/pharmacogenomics. Over the past 20 years the clinical usability of different predictive markers has been tested among which only a few have been confirmed to have high application potential. This review is a synthetic presentation of drug resistance in the context of CRC patient chemotherapy. The multifactorial nature and volume of the issues involved do not allow the author to present a comprehensive study on this subject in one review.
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Shen R, Liu H, Wen J, Liu Z, Wang LE, Wang Q, Tan D, Ajani JA, Wei Q. Genetic polymorphisms in the microRNA binding-sites of the thymidylate synthase gene predict risk and survival in gastric cancer. Mol Carcinog 2014; 54:880-8. [PMID: 24756984 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thymidylate synthase (TYMS) plays a crucial role in folate metabolism as well as DNA synthesis and repair. We hypothesized that functional polymorphisms in the 3' UTR of TYMS are associated with gastric cancer risk and survival. In the present study, we tested our hypothesis by genotyping three potentially functional (at miRNA binding sites) TYMS SNPs (rs16430 6bp del/ins, rs2790 A>G and rs1059394 C>T) in 379 gastric cancer patients and 431 cancer-free controls. Compared with the rs16430 6bp/6bp + 6bp/0bp genotypes, the 0bp/0bp genotype was associated with significantly increased gastric cancer risk (adjusted OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.15-2.58). Similarly, rs2790 GG and rs1059394 TT genotypes were also associated with significantly increased risk (adjusted OR = 2.52, 95% CI = 1.25-5.10 and adjusted OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.04-2.35, respectively), compared with AA + AG and CC + CT genotypes, respectively. In the haplotype analysis, the T-G-0bp haplotype was associated with significantly increased gastric cancer risk, compared with the C-A-6bp haplotype (adjusted OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.05-1.72). Survival analysis revealed that rs16430 0bp/0bp and rs1059394 TT genotypes were also associated with poor survival in gastric cancer patients who received chemotherapy treatment (adjusted HR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.05-2.48 and adjusted HR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.02-2.48, respectively). These results suggest that these three variants in the miRNA binding sites of TYMS may be associated with cancer risk and survival of gastric cancer patients. Larger population studies are warranted to verify these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Shen
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Chemotherapy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Juyi Wen
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhensheng Liu
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Li-E Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Qiming Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Dongfeng Tan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jaffer A Ajani
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Qingyi Wei
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Liu JH, Wang T, Zhou WJ, Pang C, Wang L, Chen C, Dai PG. Single tube genotyping of TYMS 1494del6 polymorphism in the Chinese Han population by duplex scorpion primers. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 96:269-73. [PMID: 24667064 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of pharmacogenomics has created an urgent need for robust molecular characterization. And it has become a challenge to develop suitable detecting methods for routine clinical use. AIM The aim of the current study is to develop a simple and reliable TYMS 1494del6 polymorphism genotyping assay by duplex scorpion primers in the Chinese Han population. METHOD We evaluated the performance of the duplex scorpion primer assay in the genotyping of TYMS 1494del6 polymorphism and screened 54 DNA samples of the Chinese Han population. The results were further validated by pyrosequencing. RESULTS The duplex scorpion primer assay showed high specificity and accuracy for genotyping TYMS 1494del6 polymorphism. Complete concordance was observed between the duplex scorpion primer assay and pyrosequencing. The frequency of the TYMS +6 bp allele was 34% and the -6 bp allele was 66% in 54 Chinese Han population DNA samples. CONCLUSION The duplex scorpion primer assay provides a rapid, reliable and high-throughput method to genotype TYMS 1494del6 polymorphism in the Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-hui Liu
- The National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Ting Wang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Wen-jing Zhou
- The National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Cong Pang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Le Wang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China; Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Chao Chen
- The National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Peng-gao Dai
- The National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China.
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Patel JN, Fuchs CS, Owzar K, Chen Z, McLeod HL. Gastric cancer pharmacogenetics: progress or old tripe? Pharmacogenomics 2014; 14:1053-64. [PMID: 23837480 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer remains the second most frequent cause of cancer-related mortality. While surgery is traditionally the initial treatment for early-stage disease, the addition of chemotherapy has been shown to significantly increase overall survival and progression-free survival in advanced and metastatic stages of disease. However, despite the incorporation of newer chemotherapies and regimens into gastric cancer clinical trials, the response rate and median overall survival for treated patients has not significantly improved throughout the years; therefore, newer therapeutic approaches to improve upon the medication selection process are warranted. Treatment and dose selection based on patient factors, such as genetic variation, may provide a more rational and potentially more powerful means of personalizing chemotherapy. This review provides an update on the current status of pharmacogenetic studies regarding germline DNA mutations that may alter response to chemotherapeutic agents used to treat gastric cancer, including perspectives on clinical translation and future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai N Patel
- UNC Institute for Pharmacogenomics & Individualized Therapy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7361, USA
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Manikandan M, Munirajan AK. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in microRNA binding sites of oncogenes: implications in cancer and pharmacogenomics. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2013; 18:142-54. [PMID: 24286505 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2013.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer, a complex genetic disease involving uncontrolled cell proliferation, is caused by inactivation of tumor suppressor genes and activation of oncogenes. A vast majority of these cancer causing genes are known targets of microRNAs (miRNAs) that bind to complementary sequences in 3' untranslated regions (UTR) of messenger RNAs and repress them from translation. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) occurring naturally in such miRNA binding regions can alter the miRNA:mRNA interaction and can significantly affect gene expression. We hypothesized that 3'UTR SNPs in miRNA binding sites of proto-oncogenes could abrogate their post-transcriptional regulation, resulting in overexpression of oncogenic proteins, tumor initiation, progression, and modulation of drug response in cancer patients. Therefore, we developed a systematic computational pipeline that integrates data from well-established databases, followed stringent selection criteria and identified a panel of 30 high-confidence SNPs that may impair miRNA target sites in the 3' UTR of 54 mRNA transcripts of 24 proto-oncogenes. Further, 8 SNPs amidst them had the potential to determine therapeutic outcome in cancer patients. Functional annotation suggested that altogether these SNPs occur in proto-oncogenes enriched for kinase activities. We provide detailed in silico evidence for the functional effect of these candidate SNPs in various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayakannan Manikandan
- Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras , Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Lima A, Azevedo R, Sousa H, Seabra V, Medeiros R. Current approaches for TYMS polymorphisms and their importance in molecular epidemiology and pharmacogenetics. Pharmacogenomics 2013; 14:1337-51. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
TS is critical for providing the requisite nucleotide precursors in order to maintain DNA synthesis and repair. Furthermore, it is an important target for several drugs such as 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate. However, several mechanisms of resistance to TS inhibitors have been explained as linked to TYMS overexpression. Some authors have described the relationship between genetic polymorphisms on TYMS, in particular rs34743033, rs2853542 and rs34489327, with the development of several diseases and with the clinical response to drug therapy and/or survival. Nevertheless, the obtained results described in the literature are controversial, which has lead to a search strategy to understand the impact of these polymorphisms on molecular epidemiology and pharmacogenetics. With the progress of these scientific areas, early identification of individuals at risk of disease along with improvement in the prediction of patients’ outcome will offer a powerful tool for the translation of TYMS polymorphisms into clinical practice and individualization of treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurea Lima
- Molecular Oncology Group CI, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- CESPU, Health Sciences Research Center (CICS), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Higher Institute of Health Sciences – North (ISCS-N), Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116, Gandra PRD, Portugal.
| | - Rita Azevedo
- Molecular Oncology Group CI, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto (FMUP), Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sousa
- Molecular Oncology Group CI, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto (FMUP), Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Virology Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vítor Seabra
- CESPU, Health Sciences Research Center (CICS), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Higher Institute of Health Sciences – North (ISCS-N), Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116, Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology Group CI, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Virology Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- Research Department – Portuguese League Against Cancer (LPCC-NRNorte), Estrada Interior da Circunvalação, 6657, 4200-177, Porto, Portugal
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Wang X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Cheng J, Wang Y, Ha M. Association of thymidylate synthase gene 3'-untranslated region polymorphism with sensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer to pemetrexed treatment: TS gene polymorphism and pemetrexed sensitivity in NSCLC. J Biomed Sci 2013; 20:5. [PMID: 23350714 PMCID: PMC3577430 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-20-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thymidylate synthase (TS) is a key enzyme responsible for DNA synthesis and repair. Altered expression of TS protein or TS gene polymorphisms has been associated with cancer progression and treatment response. This study investigated the expressions of TS and its gene SNPs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and then its association with sensitivity to pemetrexed treatment. Immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR were performed on 160 resected NSCLC specimens and corresponding normal tissues to assess the expressions of TS protein and TS mRNA, and for associations with clinicopathological data. Blood samples of 106 lung adenocarcinoma patients were examined for polymorphisms of the TS gene 3’-UTR 1494del 6 bp, which was then investigated for associations with responses of the patients to pemetrexed treatment and survival. Results Expression of both TS protein and its mRNA was elevated in NSCLC tissues compared with matched normal tissues, and significantly higher in lung squamous cell carcinoma than in lung adenocarcinoma. TS expression was associated with poor tumor differentiation. Furthermore, the genotyping data showed that 56% of lung adenocarcinoma patients had the TS gene 3’-UTR 1494 bp (−6 bp/-6 bp) genotype and the rest had TS gene 3’-UTR 1494 bp (−6 bp/+6 bp). There was no TS 3’-UTR 1494 bp (+6 bp/+6 bp) genotype in any patients. Statistical analysis revealed that gender, tumor stage, and TS 3’-UTR 1494del 6 bp polymorphism were significant prognostic factors after short-term pemetrexed treatment. Log-rank analysis revealed that patients with the (−6 bp/-6 bp) genotype had significantly better progression-free and overall survival than patients with (−6 bp/+6 bp). Conclusions This study showed that TS protein is highly expressed in NSCLC and that polymorphisms of TS 3’-UTR 1494del 6 bp are associated with sensitivity of lung adenocarcinoma patients to pemetrexed treatment. This suggests that TS gene polymorphisms should be further evaluated as prognostic markers for personalized therapy in lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical College, Jinzhou, China
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Hu Q, Li X, Su C, Chen X, Gao G, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Li J, Zhou C. Correlation between thymidylate synthase gene polymorphisms and efficacy of pemetrexed in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Exp Ther Med 2012; 4:1010-1016. [PMID: 23226765 PMCID: PMC3494125 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2012.730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the target genes of pemetrexed (PEM), thymidylate synthase (TS), has been shown to have a close association with its efficacy. TS gene polymorphisms have been shown to be associated with the efficacy of antifolate treatment in enteron tumors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of TS gene polymorphisms in patients with advanced NSCLC receiving PEM-based treatment. The variable nucleoid tandem repeat in the 5′-UTR region was amplified and detected using fluorescently labeled multiplex short tandem repeat polymerase chain reaction. The polymorphism in the 3′-UTR region of the TS gene was detected using the Taqman probe. Efficacy of PEM was assessed according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, version 1.1. None of the genotypes were associated with gender, smoking status and age. Disease control rate (DCR), objective response rate (ORR) and progression-free survival (PFS) were similar between patients harboring 2R and 3R alleles (PFS, p=0.518; DCR, p=0.631; ORR, p=0.541), as well as those with a 6-bp insertion and 6-bp deletion (PFS, p=0.776; DCR, p=0.626; ORR, p=0.330). To study the combined effect of TS polymorphisms, the study population was divided into three groups: 2R&6 del, 2R&6 ins and 3R&6 del. No significant differences were observed among the different groups according to DCR (p=0.517), ORR (p=0.611) and PFS (p=0.938). In conclusion, polymorphisms of the TS gene do not appear to be a prognostic marker for advanced NSCLC patients receiving PEM-based treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine
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Luo J, Cai Q, Wang W, Huang H, Zeng H, He W, Deng W, Yu H, Chan E, NG CF, Huang J, Lin T. A microRNA-7 binding site polymorphism in HOXB5 leads to differential gene expression in bladder cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40127. [PMID: 22768238 PMCID: PMC3387002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the biological function of HOXB5 in human bladder cancer and explore whether the HOXB5 3'-UTR SNP (1010A/G), which is located within the microRNA-7 binding site, was correlated with clinical features of bladder cancer. METHODS Expression of HOXB5 in 35 human bladder cancer tissues and 8 cell lines were examined using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Next, we explored the biological function of HOXB5 in vitro using cell proliferation, migration and colony formation assays. Using bioinformatics, a SNP (1010A/G) was found located within the microRNA-7 binding site in the 3'-UTR of HOXB5. Real-time PCR was used to test HOXB5 expression affected by different alleles. Finally, multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between SNP (1010A/G) frequency and clinical features in 391 cases. RESULTS HOXB5 was frequently over-expressed both in bladder cancer tissues and cell lines. Inhibition of HOXB5 suppressed the oncogenic function of cancer cells. Next, we demonstrated that a SNP (1010A/G), located within the microRNA-7 binding site in the 3'-UTR of HOXB5, could affect HOXB5 expression in bladder cancer mainly by differential binding activity of microRNA-7 and SNP-related mRNA stability. Finally, we also showed the frequency of 1010G genotype was higher in cancer group compared to normal controls and correlated with the risk of high grade and high stage. CONCLUSION HOXB5 is overexpressed in bladder cancer. A miRNA-binding SNP (1010A/G) located within 3'-UTR of HOXB5 is associated with gene expression and may be a promising prognostic factor for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Luo
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Cai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command (Guangzhou Liuhuaqiao Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wang He
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixi Deng
- Lin Bai-xin Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Eddie Chan
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-fai NG
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (TL); (JH)
| | - Tianxin Lin
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Lin Bai-xin Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (TL); (JH)
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Du L, Pertsemlidis A. microRNA regulation of cell viability and drug sensitivity in lung cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12:1221-39. [PMID: 22731874 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.697149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION microRNAs (miRNAs) are 19 - 23 nucleotide long RNAs found in multiple organisms that regulate gene expression and have been shown to play important roles in tumorigenesis. In the context of lung cancer, numerous studies have shown that tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes that play crucial roles in lung tumor development and progression are targets of miRNA regulation. Manipulation of miRNA levels that modulate lung cancer cell survival and drug sensitivity can therefore provide novel therapeutic targets and agents. AREAS COVERED Here, the authors review the published in vitro, in vivo and preclinical studies on the functional role of miRNAs in modulating lung cancer cell viability and drug response, and discuss the limitations and promise of translating current findings into miRNA-based therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. EXPERT OPINION Although many miRNAs have been identified as potent regulators of cell viability and drug sensitivity in lung cancer, most of them have not been characterized for potential clinical application. Further study is warranted to evaluate translation of the current findings to the clinic to improve the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. In addition, most studies have focused on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It is therefore important to raise interest in investigating miRNAs in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) as well as in comparative studies of miRNA expression and function in different histological subtypes of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Du
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Robb WB, Mariette C. Predicting the response to chemotherapy in gastric adenocarcinoma: who benefits from neoadjuvant chemotherapy? Recent Results Cancer Res 2012; 196:241-68. [PMID: 23129379 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-31629-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite a decline in the overall incidence, gastric adenocarcinoma remains the second most common cause of cancer death worldwide and thus a significant global health problem. Even in early-stage locoregional confined disease the 5-year survival rarely exceeds 25-35 %. Randomized trials have demonstrated a benefit from neoadjuvant and perioperative chemotherapy. However the optimal approach in individual patients is not clear and remains controversial. A consistent finding is that patients who have a histopathological response to neoadjuvant therapy are more likely to receive a survival benefit. These clinical data provide a strong argument for the urgent development of methods to predict histopathological response to neoadjuvant therapies for gastric adenocarcinomas. Published data demonstrate that clinico-pathological features (tumour histology and location), imaging through metabolic response by FDG-PET and tissue/molecular biomarkers may all have a predictive value for neoadjuvant therapies. However it is still uncertain from published data whether or not they will be useful for clinical decision making in individual patients. Existing candidate biomarkers need to be properly qualified and validated and novel biomarkers are required and an optimal approach should involve the combination and integration of clinical, imaging, pathological and molecular biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Robb
- Department of Digestive and Oncological Surgery, University Hospital Claude Huriez Regional University Hospital Center, Lille Cedex, France
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20
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Quantitative prediction of tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer: novel marker genes and prediction model using the expression levels. Breast Cancer 2011; 19:37-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s12282-011-0263-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Thymidylate synthase (TS) inhibitors activate human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1. We evaluated the contribution of TS expression to determine a treatment method providing an effect from gemcitabine (GEM). METHODS The expression of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and GEM metabolic factors (5-FU: TS, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, orotate phosphoribosyltransferase; GEM: human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1, deoxycytidine kinase, cytidine deaminase, 5'-nucleotidase) were studied in 7 pancreatic cancer cell lines by Western blotting, and drug resistance was evaluated by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol]-2,5-dephenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. The expression of 5-FU factors was observed immunohistochemically in resected pancreatic cancer specimens. RESULTS Gemcitabine concentrations that inhibited colony formation by 50% correlated with TS protein expression (P = 0.0169). With a 5-FU non-growth-inhibiting dose, GEM concentrations that inhibited colony formation by 50% were significantly reduced by one fourth to one tenth. Knockout of TS expression by small interfering RNA decreased resistance to GEM in the cell lines (P = 0.0019). Immunohistochemically, TS expression related to disease-free survival time of patients treated with GEM (P = 0.0224). A high expression of 5-FU factors was detected: orotate phosphoribosyltransferase: differentiated cases (P = 0.0137), lower T factor (P = 0.0411); dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase: nerve invasion (P = 0.0188), lymph node recurrence (P = 0.0253); TS, positive N factor (P = 0.0061). CONCLUSIONS The expression of TS provides an alternative source of substrate for DNA synthesis and positively correlates with GEM resistance and shortened patient survival.
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Shitara K, Muro K, Ito S, Sawaki A, Tajika M, Kawai H, Yokota T, Takahari D, Shibata T, Ura T, Ito H, Hosono S, Kawase T, Watanabe M, Tajima K, Yatabe Y, Tanaka H, Matsuo K. Folate intake along with genetic polymorphisms in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:1311-9. [PMID: 20447923 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A relationship between dietary folate intake and efficacy of fluorouracil (FU) is supported by preclinical data. Furthermore, there are several reports that evaluated genetic polymorphisms of MTHFR (methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase) or TYMS (thymidylate synthase) and efficacy of FU. However, to our knowledge, there are no reports that evaluate simultaneously the effects of folate intake and genetic polymorphisms on clinical outcome of gastric cancer patients. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the survival impact of estimated folate intake by a food frequency questionnaire and MTHFR and TYMS polymorphisms in 132 patients with advanced gastric cancer who were treated with first-line FU-based chemotherapy. RESULTS Median overall survival was 11.3 months (95% confidence interval, 9.4-13.4 mo) and median progression-free survival was 5.2 months (95% confidence interval, 4.1-6.3 mo). Patients with folate intake of >260 microg/day (n=88) showed longer overall survival compared with low folate intake (n=44; overall survival, 12.2 versus 8.4 mo). In a multivariate Cox model, patients who had folate intake of >260 microg/day, MTHFR 677 TT polymorphism, and TYMS-3' untranslated region 6-bp insertion were associated with better survival. Similar tendency was observed in progression-free survival. No interaction was observed between folate intake and favorable genotypes. CONCLUSION Folate intake and genetic polymorphisms of MTHFR and TYMS were associated with better clinical outcome by FU-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer. IMPACT Our results suggested folate intake and folate-related genetic polymorphisms may play an important role in efficacy of FU-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Shitara
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, and Department of Epidemiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8681, Aichi, Japan.
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Abstract
Many studies have highlighted the role that microRNAs have in physiological processes and how their deregulation can lead to cancer. More recently, it has been proposed that the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms in microRNA genes, their processing machinery and target binding sites affects cancer risk, treatment efficacy and patient prognosis. In reviewing this new field of cancer biology, we describe the methodological approaches of these studies and make recommendations for which strategies will be most informative in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bríd M Ryan
- Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Center for Cancer Training, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Building 37, Room 3068A, Bethesda, MD 20892-4258, USA
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miRNAs modulate the drug response of tumor cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 52:797-801. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-009-0114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Zhuang W, Wu XT, Zhou Y, Liu GJ, Wu TX, Yao X, Du L, Wei ML. Polymorphisms of thymidylate synthase in the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions and gastric cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54:1379-85. [PMID: 18989779 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-008-0511-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Studies investigating the association of polymorphisms in the 5'-untranslated regions (5'UTR) and 3'-untranslated regions (3'UTR) of thymidylate synthase with gastric cancer susceptibility and sensitivity to fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy report conflicting results. The objective of this study was to quantitatively summarize the evidence for such a relationship. This meta-analysis included ten studies, which included 1,730 gastric cancer cases and 1,843 controls. The combined results based on all studies showed that there was no significant difference in genotype distribution of 5'UTR or 3'UTR between gastric cancer and noncancer patients. When stratifying for race, we found that: (1) among Asians, patients with gastric cancer had significantly higher frequency of 2R/2R of 5'UTR than did noncancer patients, and (2) among Caucasians, patients with gastric cancer had significantly lower frequency of ins6/ins6 and higher frequency of ins6/del6 of 3'UTR than did noncancer patients. No significantly different response rate or survival of gastric cancer with fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy were observed with genotype distribution of 5'UTR or 3'UTR among Caucasians or Asians. This meta-analysis suggests that polymorphisms in the 5'UTR and 3'UTR of thymidylate synthase may be associated with gastric cancer susceptibility, but are not correlated with sensitivity of gastric cancer to fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhuang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China.
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Shimoyama S. Pharmacogenetics of fluoropyrimidine and cisplatin. A future application to gastric cancer treatment. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 24:970-81. [PMID: 19638079 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.05856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of gastric cancer both in adjuvant or advanced settings. Recent randomized trials in Japan have proved that S-1, a novel fluoropyrimidine derivative, and cisplatin are the most promising agents. However, both the efficacy and toxicity of a given regimen vary widely among patients due to the inherited variability of genes that involve drug anabolism and catabolism. A narrow therapeutic index of antitumor agents, i.e. a given regimen being too toxic and/or less effective to some segment of patients, prevents the overall improvement of treatment outcomes. Pharmacogenetics, a research field elucidating genetic polymorphism in drug metabolizing enzymes, may contribute to identifying patients who benefit from chemotherapy or who will experience life-threatening toxicity. There are several crucial enzymes identified involving anabolism and the catabolism of fluoropyrimidine and cisplatin, including dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, thymidylate synthase, orotate phosphoribosyl transferase, glutathione S transferase, and excision repair cross complementary group. Various polymorphisms and ethnic variabilities of these genes have been elucidated. This review highlights variations within biological functions, detection systems, and possible clinical applications of these enzymatic polymorphisms. This knowledge provides a tool to determine an optimum regimen according to the patient's drug metabolizing characteristics. This stance will contribute to establishing individualized therapies for gastric cancer, which offers superior efficacy with a minimal chance of severe toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouji Shimoyama
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Settlement Clinic, Towa, Adachi-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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27
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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenomics in gastric cancer chemotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:402-7. [PMID: 19133303 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive efforts, treatment of gastric cancer by chemotherapy, the globally accepted standard, is yet undetermined, and uncertainty remains regarding the optimal regimen. Recent introduction of active "new generation agents" offers hope for improving patient outcomes. Current chemotherapeutic trials provided several regimens that may become a possible standard treatment, including docetaxel/cisplatin/5-FU (TCF) and cisplatin/S-1 for advanced and metastatic cancer and S-1 monotherapy in the adjuvant setting. Along with the development of novel active regimens, individual optimization of cancer chemotherapy has been attempted in order to reduce toxicity and enhance tumor response. Unlike the rare and limited contribution of pharmacokinetic studies, pharmacogenomic studies are increasing the potential to realize the therapeutics against gastric cancer. Despite the limited data, pharmacogenomics in gastric cancer have provided a number of putative biomarkers for the prediction of tumor response to chemotherapies and of toxicity.
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Henriette Tanja L, Guchelaar HJ, Gelderblom H. Pharmacogenetics in chemotherapy of colorectal cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2009; 23:257-73. [PMID: 19414151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Although in recent years, chemotherapeutic options for colorectal carcinoma have expanded, overall response rates are still too low, with high rates of toxicity. Pharmacogenetics aim at predicting both treatment response and adverse effects in individual patients. This review describes the current knowledge of pharmacogenetic markers in the systemic treatment of colorectal cancer. UGT1A1*28 leads to reduced conjugation of SN-38, the active metabolite of irinotecan, resulting in an increased rate of adverse effects, especially neutropenia. To a lesser extent, increased 5-FU toxicity is predicted by DPYD*2A. A variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism in the thymidylate synthase enhancer region, in combination with a single nucleotide polymorphism C>G, may predict poorer response to 5-FU. Efficacy of oxaliplatin is influenced by polymorphisms in components of DNA repair systems, such as ERCC1 and XRCC1. Polymorphic changes in the endothelial growth factor receptor probably predict cetuximab efficacy. Furthermore, the antibody-depended cell-mediated cytotoxic effect of cetuximab may be reduced by polymorphisms in the immunoglobin G fragment C receptors. Bevacizumab efficacy is suspected to be influenced by polymorphisms in the VEGF gene and the hypoxia inducible factor 1alpha gene. Although the interpretation of pharmacogenetic studies is complicated, results imply a promising way of pretreatment prediction of chemotherapy efficacy and toxicity.
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Huang ZH, Hua D, Li LH. The polymorphisms of TS and MTHFR predict survival of gastric cancer patients treated with fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy in Chinese population. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2009; 63:911-918. [PMID: 18704422 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-008-0815-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the thymidylate synthase (TS) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms with the clinical outcomes of gastric cancer patients treated with 5-FU-based adjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS One-hundred and sixteen patients with gastric cancer were treated with 5-FU-based adjuvant chemotherapy. The TS (a 28-bp tandem repeat polymorphism in the TS enhancer region (TSER) and a 6 bp deletion/insertion polymorphism in the 3'-untranslated region) and MTHFR C677T polymorphisms were determined in blood samples from those patients using PCR and PCR-LDR (ligation detection reaction) method, respectively. RESULTS The overall survival (OS) in patients with the TS ins6/ins6 genotype was significantly shorter than those in patients with the del6/del6 (P = 0.017) and ins6/del6 (P = 0.022) genotype. The relapse-free survival (RFS) and OS in patients with the MTHFR C/C genotype were significantly worse than those in patients with the T/T or C/T genotype (P = 0.043 and 0.040, respectively). Cox multivariate analysis also showed that patients with the TS ins6/ins6 genotype have worse OS than patients with the T/T or C/T genotype (HR = 2.437, P = 0.041), and the MTHFR C/C genotype was associated with shorter RFS (HR = 1.723, P = 0.031) and OS (HR = 1.681, P = 0.056). No significant association was found between the TSER polymorphism and the clinical outcomes (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The polymorphisms of TS 3'-UTR ins6/del6 and MTHFR C677T appear to be potential prognostic factors in gastric cancer patients treated with 5-FU-based adjuvant chemotherapy, which may allow identification of gastric cancer patients who will benefit from 5-FU chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Hui Huang
- Wuxi Oncology Institute, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, 200 Huihe Road, 214062, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Keam B, Im SA, Han SW, Ham HS, Kim MA, Oh DY, Lee SH, Kim JH, Kim DW, Kim TY, Heo DS, Kim WH, Bang YJ. Modified FOLFOX-6 chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: Results of phase II study and comprehensive analysis of polymorphisms as a predictive and prognostic marker. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:148. [PMID: 18505590 PMCID: PMC2442115 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of infusional 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), folinic acid and oxaliplatin (modified FOLFOX-6) in patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC), as first-line palliative combination chemotherapy. We also analyzed the predictive or prognostic value of germline polymorphisms of candidate genes associated with 5-FU and oxaliplatin. METHODS Seventy-three patients were administered a 2 hour infusion of oxaliplatin (100 mg/m2) and folinic acid (100 mg/m2) followed by a 46 hour continuous infusion of 5-FU (2,400 mg/m2). Genomic DNA from the patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells was extracted. Ten polymorphisms within five genes were investigated including TS, GSTP, ERCC, XPD and XRCC. RESULTS The overall response rate (RR) was 43.8%. Median time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS) were 6.0 months and 12.6 months, respectively. Toxicities were generally tolerable and manageable. The RR was significantly higher in patients with a 6-bp deletion homozygote (-6 bp/-6 bp) in TS-3'UTR (55.0% vs. 30.3% in +6 bp/+6 bp or +6 bp/-6 bp, p = 0.034), and C/A or A/A in XPD156 (52.0% vs. 26.1% in C/C, p = 0.038). The -6 bp/-6 bp in TS-3'UTR was significantly associated with a prolonged TTP and OS. In a multivariate analysis, the 6-bp deletion in TS-3'UTR was identified as an independent prognostic marker of TTP (hazard ratio = 0.561, p = 0.032). CONCLUSION Modified FOLFOX-6 chemotherapy appears to be active and well tolerated as first line chemotherapy in AGC patients. The 6-bp deletion in TS-3'UTR might be a candidate to select patients who are likely to benefit from 5-FU based modified FOLFOX-6 in future large scale trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumsuk Keam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seock-Ah Im
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sae-Won Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Seon Ham
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min A Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Do-Youn Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Se-Hoon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jee Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-You Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dae Seog Heo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yung-Jue Bang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Abstract
Although new drugs and association regimens have been used in recent years, the chemotherapeutic outcome for gastric cancer is still poor and improvement in patient survival is not satisfactory. Pharmacogenetics could represent a useful approach to optimize chemotherapeutic treatments in order to identify individuals that are true candidates for clinical benefits from therapy, avoiding the development of severe side effects. The most recent update regarding gastric cancer pharmacogenetics highlights a prominent role of genetic polymorphisms of thymidylate synthase and glutathione S-transferase in the pharmacological treatment with commonly used drugs, such as 5-fluorouracil and platinum derivatives. In order to validate the genetic markers, further larger scale and controlled studies are required. A future challenge is represented by the introduction of targeted therapy in gastric cancer treatment, with the potential emerging tool of pharmacogenetic impact on this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Toffoli
- C.R.O.-National Cancer Institute, Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy.
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Bertino JR, Banerjee D, Mishra PJ. Pharmacogenomics of microRNA: a miRSNP towards individualized therapy. Pharmacogenomics 2007; 8:1625-7. [DOI: 10.2217/14622416.8.12.1625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Bertino
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 195, Little Albany Street, Room 3033, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Debabrata Banerjee
- GSBS, Department of Pharmacology, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, UMDNJ, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Prasun J Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology and Medicine, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, UMDNJ, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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Mishra PJ, Humeniuk R, Mishra PJ, Longo-Sorbello GSA, Banerjee D, Bertino JR. A miR-24 microRNA binding-site polymorphism in dihydrofolate reductase gene leads to methotrexate resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:13513-8. [PMID: 17686970 PMCID: PMC1948927 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0706217104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are predicted to regulate approximately 30% of all human genes by targeting sequences in their 3' UTR. Polymorphisms in 3' UTR of several genes have been reported to affect gene expression, but the mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that 829C-->T, a naturally occurring SNP, near the miR-24 binding site in the 3' UTR of human dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) affects DHFR expression by interfering with miR-24 function, resulting in DHFR overexpression and methotrexate resistance. miR-24 has a conserved binding site in DHFR 3' UTR. DHFR with WT and 3' UTR containing the 829C-->T mutation were expressed in DG44 cells that lack DHFR. Overexpression of miR-24 in cells with WT DHFR resulted in down-regulation of DHFR protein, whereas no effect on DHFR protein expression was observed in the mutant 3' UTR-expressing cells. Inhibition of endogenous miR-24 with a specific inhibitor led to up-regulation of DHFR in WT and not in mutant cells. Cells with the mutant 3' UTR had a 2-fold increase in DHFR mRNA half-life, expressed higher DHFR mRNA and DHFR protein, and were 4-fold more resistant to methotrexate as compared with WT cells. SNP-829C-->T, therefore, leads to a decrease in microRNA binding leading to overexpression of its target and results in resistance to methotrexate. We demonstrate that a naturally occurring miRSNP (a SNP located at or near a microRNA binding site in 3' UTR of the target gene or in a microRNA) is associated with enzyme overproduction and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasun J. Mishra
- *Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, and
| | - Rita Humeniuk
- Department of Pharmacology and Medicine, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903
| | - Pravin J. Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology and Medicine, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903
| | - Giuseppe S. A. Longo-Sorbello
- Department of Pharmacology and Medicine, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903
| | - Debabrata Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology and Medicine, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903
| | - Joseph R. Bertino
- Department of Pharmacology and Medicine, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Room 3034, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903. E-mail:
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Pander J, Gelderblom H, Guchelaar HJ. Insights into the role of heritable genetic variation in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anticancer drugs. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007; 8:1197-210. [PMID: 17563256 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.8.9.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics in oncology will ideally allow oncologists to individualise therapy based on a genetic test result. Severe toxicity and clinically significant underdosing may be avoided, whereas predicted non-responders can be offered alternative therapy. This manuscript gives an overview of heritable variants in the genes of nine enzymes or pathways that have been studied most extensively in anticancer chemotherapy. Even though many pharmacogenetic association studies have been published, there is a need for more research. In particular, there is a need for replication of data and development of predictive models. Prospective trials are required to establish clinical value and cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenetic testing in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pander
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Chen JM, Férec C, Cooper DN. A systematic analysis of disease-associated variants in the 3' regulatory regions of human protein-coding genes II: the importance of mRNA secondary structure in assessing the functionality of 3' UTR variants. Hum Genet 2006; 120:301-33. [PMID: 16807757 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-006-0218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/29/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt both to catalogue 3' regulatory region (3' RR)-mediated disease and to improve our understanding of the structure and function of the 3' RR, we have performed a systematic analysis of disease-associated variants in the 3' RRs of human protein-coding genes. We have previously analysed the variants that have occurred in two specific domains/motifs of the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) as well as in the 3' flanking region. Here we have focused upon 83 known variants within the upstream sequence (USS; between the translational termination codon and the upstream core polyadenylation signal sequence) of the 3' UTR. To place these variants in their proper context, we first performed a comprehensive survey of known cis-regulatory elements within the USS and the mechanisms by which they effect post-transcriptional gene regulation. Although this survey supports the view that RNA regulatory elements function within the context of specific secondary structures, there are no general rules governing how secondary structure might exert its influence. We have therefore addressed this question by systematically evaluating both functional and non-functional (based upon in vitro reporter gene and/or electrophoretic mobility shift assay data) USS variant-containing sequences against known cis-regulatory motifs within the context of predicted RNA secondary structures. This has allowed us not only to establish a reliable and objective means to perform secondary structure prediction but also to identify consistent patterns of secondary structural change that could potentiate the discrimination of functional USS variants from their non-functional counterparts. The resulting rules were then used to infer potential functionality in the case of some of the remaining functionally uncharacterized USS variants, from their predicted secondary structures. This not only led us to identify further patterns of secondary structural change but also several potential novel cis-regulatory motifs within the 3' UTRs studied.
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Toffoli G, Cecchin E. Clinical implications of genetic polymorphisms on stomach cancer drug therapy. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2006; 7:76-80. [PMID: 16801937 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, CRO-National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy.
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