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Johannesen KM, Mitter D, Janowski R, Roth C, Toulouse J, Poulat AL, Ville DM, Chatron N, Brilstra E, Geleijns K, Born AP, McLean S, Nugent K, Baynam G, Poulton C, Dreyer L, Gration D, Schulz S, Dieckmann A, Helbig KL, Merkenschlager A, Jamra R, Finck A, Gardella E, Hjalgrim H, Mirzaa G, Brancati F, Bierhals T, Denecke J, Hempel M, Lemke JR, Rubboli G, Muschke P, Guerrini R, Vetro A, Niessing D, Lesca G, Møller RS. Defining and expanding the phenotype of QARS-associated developmental epileptic encephalopathy. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2020; 5:e373. [PMID: 32042906 PMCID: PMC6927360 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective The study is aimed at widening the clinical and genetic spectrum and at assessing genotype-phenotype associations in QARS encephalopathy. Methods Through diagnostic gene panel screening in an epilepsy cohort, and recruiting through GeneMatcher and our international network, we collected 10 patients with biallelic QARS variants. In addition, we collected data on 12 patients described in the literature to further delineate the associated phenotype in a total cohort of 22 patients. Computer modeling was used to assess changes on protein folding. Results Biallelic pathogenic variants in QARS cause a triad of progressive microcephaly, moderate to severe developmental delay, and early-onset epilepsy. Microcephaly was present at birth in 65%, and in all patients at follow-up. Moderate (14%) or severe (73%) developmental delay was characteristic, with no achievement of sitting (85%), walking (86%), or talking (90%). Additional features included irritability (91%), hypertonia/spasticity (75%), hypotonia (83%), stereotypic movements (75%), and short stature (56%). Seventy-nine percent had pharmacoresistant epilepsy with mainly neonatal onset. Characteristic cranial MRI findings include early-onset progressive atrophy of cerebral cortex (89%) and cerebellum (61%), enlargement of ventricles (95%), and age-dependent delayed myelination (88%). A small subset of patients displayed a less severe phenotype. Conclusions These data revealed first genotype-phenotype associations and may serve for improved interpretation of new QARS variants and well-founded genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine M Johannesen
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Diana Mitter
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Robert Janowski
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Christian Roth
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Joseph Toulouse
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Anne-Lise Poulat
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Dorothee M Ville
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Nicolas Chatron
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Eva Brilstra
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Karin Geleijns
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Alfred Peter Born
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Scott McLean
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Kimberly Nugent
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Gareth Baynam
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Cathryn Poulton
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Lauren Dreyer
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Dylan Gration
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Solveig Schulz
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Andrea Dieckmann
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Katherine L Helbig
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Andreas Merkenschlager
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Rami Jamra
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Anja Finck
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Elena Gardella
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Helle Hjalgrim
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Ghayda Mirzaa
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Francesco Brancati
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Tatjana Bierhals
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Jonas Denecke
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Maja Hempel
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Johannes R Lemke
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Guido Rubboli
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Petra Muschke
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Annalisa Vetro
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Dierk Niessing
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Rikke S Møller
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine (K.J.M., E.G., G.R., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.J.M., E.G., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Institute of Human Genetics (D.M., R. Jamra, A.F., J.R.L.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology (R. Janowski, D.N.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Radiology (C.R.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Department of Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology (J.T.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Neuropediatric Unit (A.-L.P., D.M.V., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; Department of Medical Genetics (N.C., G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, France; GenDev Team (N.C.), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL and University of Lyon, France; Department of Genetics (E.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology (K.G.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics (A.P.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Baylor College of Medicine (S.M., K.N.), Children's Hospital of San Antonio; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (G.B., C.P.), Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies (G.B., D.G.), Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and the School of Paediatrics and Child Health (G.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Linear Clinical Research (L.D.), WA, Australia; Center of Human Genetics (S.S), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neuropediatrics (A.M.), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Amplexa Genetics (H.H.), Odense, Denmark; Clinic for Children (H.H.), Værløse, Denmark; Center for Integrative Brain Research (G.M.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Pediatrics (G.M.), University of Washington, Seattle; Medical Genetics Unit (F.B.), Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (F.B.), IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B., M.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Childrens Hospital (J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; University of Copenhagen (G.R.), Denmark; Institute for Human Genetics (P.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany; Children's Hospital A. Meyer (R.G., A.V.), University of Florence, Italy; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (D.N.), Ulm University, Germany
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Tarailo-Graovac M, Shyr C, Ross CJ, Horvath GA, Salvarinova R, Ye XC, Zhang LH, Bhavsar AP, Lee JJY, Drögemöller BI, Abdelsayed M, Alfadhel M, Armstrong L, Baumgartner MR, Burda P, Connolly MB, Cameron J, Demos M, Dewan T, Dionne J, Evans AM, Friedman JM, Garber I, Lewis S, Ling J, Mandal R, Mattman A, McKinnon M, Michoulas A, Metzger D, Ogunbayo OA, Rakic B, Rozmus J, Ruben P, Sayson B, Santra S, Schultz KR, Selby K, Shekel P, Sirrs S, Skrypnyk C, Superti-Furga A, Turvey SE, Van Allen MI, Wishart D, Wu J, Wu J, Zafeiriou D, Kluijtmans L, Wevers RA, Eydoux P, Lehman AM, Vallance H, Stockler-Ipsiroglu S, Sinclair G, Wasserman WW, van Karnebeek CD. Exome Sequencing and the Management of Neurometabolic Disorders. N Engl J Med 2016; 374:2246-55. [PMID: 27276562 PMCID: PMC4983272 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1515792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole-exome sequencing has transformed gene discovery and diagnosis in rare diseases. Translation into disease-modifying treatments is challenging, particularly for intellectual developmental disorder. However, the exception is inborn errors of metabolism, since many of these disorders are responsive to therapy that targets pathophysiological features at the molecular or cellular level. METHODS To uncover the genetic basis of potentially treatable inborn errors of metabolism, we combined deep clinical phenotyping (the comprehensive characterization of the discrete components of a patient's clinical and biochemical phenotype) with whole-exome sequencing analysis through a semiautomated bioinformatics pipeline in consecutively enrolled patients with intellectual developmental disorder and unexplained metabolic phenotypes. RESULTS We performed whole-exome sequencing on samples obtained from 47 probands. Of these patients, 6 were excluded, including 1 who withdrew from the study. The remaining 41 probands had been born to predominantly nonconsanguineous parents of European descent. In 37 probands, we identified variants in 2 genes newly implicated in disease, 9 candidate genes, 22 known genes with newly identified phenotypes, and 9 genes with expected phenotypes; in most of the genes, the variants were classified as either pathogenic or probably pathogenic. Complex phenotypes of patients in five families were explained by coexisting monogenic conditions. We obtained a diagnosis in 28 of 41 probands (68%) who were evaluated. A test of a targeted intervention was performed in 18 patients (44%). CONCLUSIONS Deep phenotyping and whole-exome sequencing in 41 probands with intellectual developmental disorder and unexplained metabolic abnormalities led to a diagnosis in 68%, the identification of 11 candidate genes newly implicated in neurometabolic disease, and a change in treatment beyond genetic counseling in 44%. (Funded by BC Children's Hospital Foundation and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Tarailo-Graovac
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Casper Shyr
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Colin J Ross
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Gabriella A Horvath
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Ramona Salvarinova
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Xin C Ye
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Lin-Hua Zhang
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Amit P Bhavsar
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Jessica J Y Lee
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Britt I Drögemöller
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Mena Abdelsayed
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Majid Alfadhel
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Linlea Armstrong
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Matthias R Baumgartner
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Patricie Burda
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Mary B Connolly
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Jessie Cameron
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Michelle Demos
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Tammie Dewan
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Janis Dionne
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - A Mark Evans
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Jan M Friedman
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Ian Garber
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Suzanne Lewis
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Jiqiang Ling
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Rupasri Mandal
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Andre Mattman
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Margaret McKinnon
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Aspasia Michoulas
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Daniel Metzger
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Oluseye A Ogunbayo
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Bojana Rakic
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Jacob Rozmus
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Peter Ruben
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Bryan Sayson
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Saikat Santra
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Kirk R Schultz
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Kathryn Selby
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Paul Shekel
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Sandra Sirrs
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Cristina Skrypnyk
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Margot I Van Allen
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - David Wishart
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Jiang Wu
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - John Wu
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Dimitrios Zafeiriou
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Leo Kluijtmans
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Ron A Wevers
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Patrice Eydoux
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Anna M Lehman
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Hilary Vallance
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Sylvia Stockler-Ipsiroglu
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Graham Sinclair
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Wyeth W Wasserman
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Clara D van Karnebeek
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
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