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Zhu J, Ye Q, Xu S, Chang YX, Liu X, Ma Y, Zhu Y, Hua S. Shengmai injection alleviates H 2O 2‑induced oxidative stress through activation of AKT and inhibition of ERK pathways in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 239:111677. [PMID: 30615921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Shengmai injection (SMI) is a classical traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) officially recorded in Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (version 2015) and has long been used to treat heart failure in China. However scientific evidence for the anti-oxidative stress potential of SMI used in traditional medicine is lacking. AIM OF STUDY The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of SMI in alleviating H2O2‑induced Oxidative Stress the underlying mechanisms MATERIALS AND METHODS: H2O2-induced oxidative stress model of cardiomyocytes was established with primary cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. CCK8 cell viability assay and lacatate dehydrogenase cytotoxicity assay were performed to ensure the safety dose and lowest effective dose for the mode employing CCK-8 cell viability assay kit and lactate dehydrogenase cytotoxicity assay kit. ROS levels were determined using CM-H2DCFDA fluorescent probe in cardiomyocytes with H2O2-induced oxidative stress. The change of NAD(P)H level in cardiomyocytes was evaluated during the process of oxidative stress. The content of myocardial cytosolic Ca2+ and Ca2+ was determined using Fura-2/AM and Rhod 2-AM fluorescent probe in mitochondrial in the process of oxidative stress. Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining was applied to examine the apoptotic cells in cardiomyocytes with oxidative stress. To identify the apoptosis after oxidative stress myocardial cells with the application of Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining apoptosis detection kit. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was applied to measure the expression of antioxidant enzymes: catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GSR). Western blot was performed to observe the phosphorylation of AKT and ERK1/2. RESULTS SMI was shown to significantly attenuate oxidative stress-induced cell proliferation arrest and apoptosis in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. In addition, SMI treatment could decrease the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduce the overloads of cytoplasmic Ca2+ and mitochondrial Ca2+ induced by H2O2. SMI could also restore the mRNA expression and activities of SOD, GSR, and CAT suppressed by H2O2. Mechanistically, SMI upregulated intracellular AKT phosphorylation and downregulate ERK1/2 phosphorylation in H2O2-treated cardiomyocytes. Pretreatment with LY294002, an AKT phosphorylation inhibitor, suppressed the protective role of SMI in cardiomyocytes, while pretreatment with PD98059, an ERK1/2 phosphorylation inhibitor, enhanced the effect of SMI. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, SMI may attenuate oxidative stress-induced damage in cardiomyocytes potentially through the AKT and ERK1/2 pathway and can function as a promising injectable traditional Chinese medicine to treat oxidative stress-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiang Zhu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Qiaofeng Ye
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Shixin Xu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 314 An Shan Xi Road, Nan Kai District, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Yan-Xu Chang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300150, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology & Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Shengyu Hua
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; College of Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
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Zhao G, Zhang H, Chen X, Zhu X, Guo Y, He C, Anwar Khan F, Chen Y, Hu C, Chen H, Guo A. Mycoplasma bovis NADH oxidase functions as both a NADH oxidizing and O 2 reducing enzyme and an adhesin. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44. [PMID: 28246386 PMCID: PMC5427908 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00121-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis causes considerable economic losses in the cattle industry worldwide. In mycoplasmal infections, adhesion to the host cell is of the utmost importance. In this study, the amino acid sequence of NOX was predicted to have enzymatic domains. The nox gene was then cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The enzymatic activity of recombinant NOX (rNOX) was confirmed based on its capacity to oxidize NADH to NAD+ and reduce O2 to H2O2. The adherence of rNOX to embryonic bovine lung (EBL) cells was confirmed with confocal laser scanning microscopy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and flow cytometry. Both preblocking EBL cells with purified rNOX and preneutralizing M. bovis with polyclonal antiserum to rNOX significantly reduced the adherence of M. bovis to EBL cells. Mycoplasma bovisNOX–expressed a truncated NOX protein at a level 10-fold less than that of the wild type. The capacities of M. bovisNOX– for cell adhesion and H2O2 production were also significantly reduced. The rNOX was further used to pan phage displaying lung cDNA library and fibronectin was determined to be potential ligand. In conclusion, M. bovis NOX functions as both an active NADH oxidase and adhesin, and is therefore a potential virulence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xi Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xifang Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yusi Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chenfei He
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Farhan Anwar Khan
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Changmin Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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A 1-Cys Peroxiredoxin from a Thermophilic Archaeon Moonlights as a Molecular Chaperone to Protect Protein and DNA against Stress-Induced Damage. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125325. [PMID: 25933432 PMCID: PMC4416765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) act against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), organic peroxides, and peroxynitrite. Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1, an anaerobic archaeon, contains many antioxidant proteins, including three Prxs (Tk0537, Tk0815, and Tk1055). Only Tk0537 has been found to be induced in response to heat, osmotic, and oxidative stress. Tk0537 was found to belong to a 1-Cys Prx6 subfamily based on sequence analysis and was named 1-Cys TkPrx. Using gel filtration chromatography, electron microscopy, and blue-native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we observed that 1-Cys TkPrx exhibits oligomeric forms with reduced peroxide reductase activity as well as decameric and dodecameric forms that can act as molecular chaperones by protecting both proteins and DNA from oxidative stress. Mutational analysis showed that a cysteine residue at the N-terminus (Cys46) was responsible for the peroxide reductase activity, and cysteine residues at the C-terminus (Cys205 and Cys211) were important for oligomerization. Based on our results, we propose that interconversion between different oligomers is important for regulating the different functions of 1-Cys TkPrx.
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Pham BP, Lee S, Jia B, Kwak JM, Cheong GW. Architecture and characterization of a thermostable MoxR family AAA(+) ATPase from Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1. Extremophiles 2014; 18:537-44. [PMID: 24638259 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-014-0639-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AAA(+) ATPases are ubiquitous enzymes that can function as molecular chaperones, employing the energy obtained from ATP hydrolysis to remodel macromolecules. In this report, the MoxR enzyme from Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1 (TkMoxR) was shown to have two native forms: a two-stack hexameric ring and a hexameric structure, under physiological conditions and cold stress, respectively. TkMoxR was altered to a microtubule-like form in the presence of ATP and tightly interacted with dsDNA molecules of various lengths. In addition, the two-stack hexameric protein catalyzed dsDNA decomposition to form and then release ssDNA, whereas the hexamer TkMoxR structure interacted with but did not release dsDNA. These results suggest that TkMoxR has DNA helicase activity involved in gene expression control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang Phuong Pham
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
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Nisar MA, Rashid N, Bashir Q, Gardner QTAA, Shafiq MH, Akhtar M. TK1299, a highly thermostable NAD(P)H oxidase from Thermococcus kodakaraensis exhibiting higher enzymatic activity with NADPH. J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 116:39-44. [PMID: 23453203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Seven nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase homologs have been found in the genome of Thermococcus kodakaraensis. The gene encoding one of them, TK1299, consisted of 1326 nucleotides, corresponding to a polypeptide of 442 amino acids. To examine the molecular properties of TK1299, the structural gene was cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli and the gene product was characterized. Molecular weight of the recombinant protein was 49,375 Da when determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight and 300 kDa when analyzed by gel filtration chromatography indicating that it existed in a hexameric form. The enzyme was highly thermostable even in boiling water where it exhibited more than 95% of the enzyme activity after incubation of 150 min. TK1299 catalyzed the oxidation of NADH as well as NADPH and predominantly converted O₂ to H₂O (more than 75%). K(m) value of the enzyme towards NADH and NADPH was almost same (24 ± 2 μM) where as specific activity was higher with NADPH compared to NADH. To our knowledge this is the most thermostable and unique NAD(P)H oxidase displaying higher enzyme activity with NADPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Atif Nisar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Punjab, Pakistan
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Jia B, Cheong GW, Zhang S. Multifunctional enzymes in archaea: promiscuity and moonlight. Extremophiles 2013; 17:193-203. [PMID: 23283522 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-012-0509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes from many archaea colonizing extreme environments are of great interest because of their potential for various biotechnological processes and scientific value of evolution. Many enzymes from archaea have been reported to catalyze promiscuous reactions or moonlight in different functions. Here, we summarize known archaeal enzymes of both groups that include different kinds of proteins. Knowledge of their biochemical properties and three-dimensional structures has proved invaluable in understanding mechanism, application, and evolutionary implications of this manifestation. In addition, the review also summarizes the methods to unravel the extra function which almost was discovered serendipitously. The study of these amazing enzymes will provide clues to optimize protein engineering applications and how enzymes might have evolved on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolei Jia
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Oxidized NADH oxidase inhibits activity of an ATP/NAD kinase from a Thermophilic archaeon. Protein J 2011; 29:609-16. [PMID: 21082227 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-010-9284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
NADH oxidases (NOXs) are important enzymes in detoxifying oxidative stress and regenerating oxidized pyridine nucleotides. In the present study, a NOX from Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1 (NOXtk) was recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. NOXtk displayed NADH oxidase activity that was inhibited by oxidization. Under physiological conditions, unoxidized and oxidized NOXtk formed dimers and hexamers, respectively. Mutating the single cysteine residue Cys45 to alanine (NOXtkC45A) decreased NADH oxidase activity without affecting dimerization or hexamerization, suggesting that oligomerization does not occur through disulfide bond formation. Pull-down assay results indicated that an ATP/NAD kinase from T. kodakarensis KOD1 (ANKtk) binds to NOXtk. Use of several assays revealed that ANKtk can only bind to oxidized hexameric NOXtk, through which it inhibits ANKtk activity. Because ANKtk converts NADH to NADPH (an important factor in oxidative stress protection), a model based on in vitro result was proposed in which NOXtk hexamerization under oxic conditions inhibits both NOXtk and ANKtk activities, thereby sensitizing cells to oxidative stress-induced death.
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Characterization of NADH oxidase/NADPH polysulfide oxidoreductase and its unexpected participation in oxygen sensitivity in an anaerobic hyperthermophilic archaeon. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:5192-202. [PMID: 20675490 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00235-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many genomes of anaerobic hyperthermophiles encode multiple homologs of NAD(P)H oxidase that are thought to function in response to oxidative stress. We investigated one of the seven NAD(P)H oxidase homologs (TK1481) in the sulfur-reducing hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis, focusing on the catalytic properties and roles in oxidative-stress defense and sulfur-dependent energy conservation. The recombinant form of TK1481 exhibited both NAD(P)H oxidase and NAD(P)H:polysulfide oxidoreductase activities. The enzyme also possessed low NAD(P)H peroxidase and NAD(P)H:elemental sulfur oxidoreductase activities under anaerobic conditions. A mutant form of the enzyme, in which the putative redox-active residue Cys43 was replaced by Ala, still showed NADH-dependent flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) reduction activity. Although it also retained successive oxidase and anaerobic peroxidase activities, the ability to reduce polysulfide and sulfur was completely lost, suggesting the specific reactivity of the Cys43 residue for sulfur. To evaluate the physiological function of TK1481, we constructed a gene deletant, ΔTK1481, and mutant KUTK1481C43A, into which two base mutations altering Cys43 of TK1481 to Ala were introduced. ΔTK1481 exhibited growth properties nearly identical to those of the parent strain, KU216, in sulfur-containing media. Interestingly, in the absence of elemental sulfur, the growth of ΔTK1481 was not affected by dissolved oxygen, whereas the growth of KU216 and KUTK1481C43A was significantly impaired. These results indicate that although TK1481 does not play a critical role in either sulfur reduction or the response to oxidative stress, the NAD(P)H oxidase activity of TK1481 unexpectedly participates in the oxygen sensitivity of the hyperthermophilic archaeon T. kodakarensis in the absence of sulfur.
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