1
|
Rutkowska-Zapała M, Grabowska-Gurgul A, Lenart M, Szaflarska A, Kluczewska A, Mach-Tomalska M, Baj-Krzyworzeka M, Siedlar M. Gene Signature of Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Children with Selective IgA Deficiency and Common Variable Immunodeficiency. Cells 2024; 13:417. [PMID: 38474381 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Selective IgA deficiency (SIgAD) is the most common form and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most symptomatic form of predominant antibody deficiency. Despite differences in the clinical picture, a similar genetic background is suggested. A common feature of both disorders is the occurrence of autoimmune conditions. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are the major immune cell type that maintains autoimmune tolerance. As the different types of abnormalities of Treg cells have been associated with autoimmune disorders in primary immunodeficiency (PID) patients, in our study we aimed to analyze the gene expression profiles of Treg cells in CVID and SIgAD patients compared to age-matched healthy controls. The transcriptome-wide gene profiling was performed by microarray technology. As a result, we analyzed and visualized gene expression patterns of isolated population of Treg cells. We showed the differences at the gene level between patients with and without autoimmunizations. Our findings suggest that the gene signatures of Treg cells isolated from SIgAD and CVID patients differ from age-matched healthy controls and from each other, presenting transcriptional profiles enriched in innate immune or Th response, respectively. The occurrence of autoimmunity in both types of PID is associated with down-regulation of class I IFNs signaling pathways. In summary, our findings improve our understanding of Treg dysfunctions in patients with common PIDs and associated autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Rutkowska-Zapała
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Grabowska-Gurgul
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marzena Lenart
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Szaflarska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Kluczewska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Mach-Tomalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Baj-Krzyworzeka
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pudjihartono N, Ho D, Golovina E, Fadason T, Kempa-Liehr AW, O'Sullivan JM. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated genetic loci exhibit spatially constrained gene regulatory effects across multiple tissues and immune cell types. J Autoimmun 2023; 138:103046. [PMID: 37229810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is an autoimmune, inflammatory joint disease with complex genetic etiology. Previous GWAS have found many genetic loci associated with JIA. However, the biological mechanism behind JIA remains unknown mainly because most risk loci are located in non-coding genetic regions. Interestingly, increasing evidence has found that regulatory elements in the non-coding regions can regulate the expression of distant target genes through spatial (physical) interactions. Here, we used information on the 3D genome organization (Hi-C data) to identify target genes that physically interact with SNPs within JIA risk loci. Subsequent analysis of these SNP-gene pairs using data from tissue and immune cell type-specific expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) databases allowed the identification of risk loci that regulate the expression of their target genes. In total, we identified 59 JIA-risk loci that regulate the expression of 210 target genes across diverse tissues and immune cell types. Functional annotation of spatial eQTLs within JIA risk loci identified significant overlap with gene regulatory elements (i.e., enhancers and transcription factor binding sites). We found target genes involved in immune-related pathways such as antigen processing and presentation (e.g., ERAP2, HLA class I and II), the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., LTBR, TYK2), proliferation and differentiation of specific immune cell types (e.g., AURKA in Th17 cells), and genes involved in physiological mechanisms related to pathological joint inflammation (e.g., LRG1 in arteries). Notably, many of the tissues where JIA-risk loci act as spatial eQTLs are not classically considered central to JIA pathology. Overall, our findings highlight the potential tissue and immune cell type-specific regulatory changes contributing to JIA pathogenesis. Future integration of our data with clinical studies can contribute to the development of improved JIA therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Pudjihartono
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - D Ho
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - E Golovina
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - T Fadason
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - A W Kempa-Liehr
- Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J M O'Sullivan
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; The Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, United Kingdom; Australian Parkinsons Mission, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia; A*STAR Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang J, Hu S, Luo X, Huang C, Cao Q. Causal association of juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis with depression and anxiety: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Int Ophthalmol 2023; 43:589-596. [PMID: 35947254 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-022-02462-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this article was to examine the potential effect of juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis (JIAU) on the risk of major depressive and anxiety disorders through Mendelian randomization (MR) study. METHODS Genetic instrumental variables from the largest available genome-wide association study for JIAU, major depressive disorder, and anxiety disorder were applied. A set of complementary MR approaches including inverse-variance weighted (IVW) were carried out to verify the estimate association and assess horizontal pleiotropy. RESULTS Our results indicated that genetically driven JIAU did not causally produce changes in major depressive or anxiety disorders (IVW: OR = 1.001, 95% CI = 0.997-1.006, P = 0.581; IVW: OR = 1.006, 95% CI = 0.980-1.033, P = 0.649, respectively). In addition, the risk of JIAU could not be influenced by genetically predicted major depressive or anxiety disorders (IVW: OR = 1.132, 95% CI = 0.914-1.404, P = 0.256; IVW: OR = 1.019, 95% CI = 0.548-1.896, P = 0.953, respectively). Besides, several sensitivity analyses indicated that our MR results were robust and no horizontal pleiotropy was observed (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our MR study does not reveal sufficient evidence to support the causal association of JIAU with the development of major depressive or anxiety disorders in both directions. Further large studies are warranted to validate the undetermined relationship between JIAU and the risk of major depressive or anxiety disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, and Chongqing Eye Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuqiong Hu
- Wuhan Aier Eye Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, and Chongqing Eye Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Changwei Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, and Chongqing Eye Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingfeng Cao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, and Chongqing Eye Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
La Bella S, Rinaldi M, Di Ludovico A, Di Donato G, Di Donato G, Salpietro V, Chiarelli F, Breda L. Genetic Background and Molecular Mechanisms of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031846. [PMID: 36768167 PMCID: PMC9916312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common chronic rheumatic disease in the paediatric population. JIA comprises a heterogeneous group of disorders with different onset patterns and clinical presentations with the only element in common being chronic joint inflammation. This review sought to evaluate the most relevant and up-to-date evidence on current knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of JIA subtypes to provide a better understanding of these disorders. Despite significant improvements over the past decade, the aetiology and molecular mechanisms of JIA remain unclear. It has been suggested that the immunopathogenesis is characterised by complex interactions between genetic background and environmental factors that may differ between JIA subtypes. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes and non-HLA genes play a crucial role in the abnormal activation of both innate and adaptive immune cells that cooperate in causing the inflammatory process. This results in the involvement of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IL-21, IL-23, and others. These mediators, interacting with the surrounding tissue, cause cartilage stress and bone damage, including irreversible erosions. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the genetic background and molecular mechanisms of JIA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saverio La Bella
- Paediatric Department, University of Chieti “G. D’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Marta Rinaldi
- Paediatric Department, Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Aylesbury-Thames Valley Deanery, Aylesbury HP21 8AL, UK
| | - Armando Di Ludovico
- Paediatric Department, University of Chieti “G. D’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Giulia Di Donato
- Paediatric Department, University of Chieti “G. D’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Giulio Di Donato
- Paediatric Department, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Chiarelli
- Paediatric Department, University of Chieti “G. D’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Luciana Breda
- Paediatric Department, University of Chieti “G. D’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0871-357377
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Feng R, Lu M, Yin C, Xu K, Liu L, Xu P. Identification of candidate genes and pathways associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis by integrative transcriptome-wide association studies and mRNA expression profiles. Arthritis Res Ther 2023; 25:19. [PMID: 36755318 PMCID: PMC9906884 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03003-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common chronic rheumatic disease of childhood, with genetic susceptibility and pathological processes such as autoimmunity and autoinflammation, but its pathogenesis is unclear. We conducted a transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) using expression interpolation from a large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) dataset to identify genes, biological pathways, and environmental chemicals associated with JIA. METHODS We obtained published GWAS data on JIA for TWAS and used mRNA expression profiling to validate the genes identified by TWAS. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was generated, and central genes were obtained using Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE). Finally, chemical gene expression datasets were obtained from the Comparative Toxicogenomics database for chemical genome enrichment analysis. RESULTS TWAS identified 1481 genes associated with JIA, and 154 differentially expressed genes were identified based on mRNA expression profiles. After comparing the results of TWAS and mRNA expression profiles, we obtained eight overlapping genes. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of the genes identified by TWAS yielded 163 pathways, and PPI network analysis as well as MCODE resolution identified a total of eight clusters. Through chemical gene set enrichment analysis, 287 environmental chemicals associated with JIA were identified. CONCLUSION By integrating TWAS and mRNA expression profiles, genes, biological pathways, and environmental chemicals associated with JIA were identified. Our findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of JIA, including candidate genetic and environmental factors contributing to its onset and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyang Feng
- grid.452452.00000 0004 1757 9282Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 Shanxi China
| | - Mengnan Lu
- grid.452672.00000 0004 1757 5804Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi China
| | - Chunyan Yin
- grid.452672.00000 0004 1757 5804Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi China
| | - Ke Xu
- grid.452452.00000 0004 1757 9282Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 Shanxi China
| | - Lin Liu
- grid.452452.00000 0004 1757 9282Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 Shanxi China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, Shanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ha MK, Bartholomeus E, Van Os L, Dandelooy J, Leysen J, Aerts O, Siozopoulou V, De Smet E, Gielen J, Guerti K, De Maeseneer M, Herregods N, Lechkar B, Wittoek R, Geens E, Claes L, Zaqout M, Dewals W, Lemay A, Tuerlinckx D, Weynants D, Vanlede K, van Berlaer G, Raes M, Verhelst H, Boiy T, Van Damme P, Jansen AC, Meuwissen M, Sabato V, Van Camp G, Suls A, Werff ten Bosch JVD, Dehoorne J, Joos R, Laukens K, Meysman P, Ogunjimi B. Blood transcriptomics to facilitate diagnosis and stratification in pediatric rheumatic diseases - a proof of concept study. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2022; 20:91. [PMID: 36253751 PMCID: PMC9575227 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-022-00747-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcriptome profiling of blood cells is an efficient tool to study the gene expression signatures of rheumatic diseases. This study aims to improve the early diagnosis of pediatric rheumatic diseases by investigating patients' blood gene expression and applying machine learning on the transcriptome data to develop predictive models. METHODS RNA sequencing was performed on whole blood collected from children with rheumatic diseases. Random Forest classification models were developed based on the transcriptome data of 48 rheumatic patients, 46 children with viral infection, and 35 controls to classify different disease groups. The performance of these classifiers was evaluated by leave-one-out cross-validation. Analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEG), gene ontology (GO), and interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) score were also conducted. RESULTS Our first classifier could differentiate pediatric rheumatic patients from controls and infection cases with high area-under-the-curve (AUC) values (AUC = 0.8 ± 0.1 and 0.7 ± 0.1, respectively). Three other classifiers could distinguish chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), and interferonopathies (IFN) from control and infection cases with AUC ≥ 0.8. DEG and GO analyses reveal that the pathophysiology of CRMO, IFN, and JIA involves innate immune responses including myeloid leukocyte and granulocyte activation, neutrophil activation and degranulation. IFN is specifically mediated by antibacterial and antifungal defense responses, CRMO by cellular response to cytokine, and JIA by cellular response to chemical stimulus. IFN patients particularly had the highest mean ISG score among all disease groups. CONCLUSION Our data show that blood transcriptomics combined with machine learning is a promising diagnostic tool for pediatric rheumatic diseases and may assist physicians in making data-driven and patient-specific decisions in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- My Kieu Ha
- Center for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium. .,Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Antwerp Center for Translational Immunology and Virology (ACTIV), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Esther Bartholomeus
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium ,grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Antwerp Center for Translational Immunology and Virology (ACTIV), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium ,grid.411414.50000 0004 0626 3418Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Os
- grid.411414.50000 0004 0626 3418Ophthalmology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Julie Dandelooy
- grid.411414.50000 0004 0626 3418Dermatology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Julie Leysen
- grid.411414.50000 0004 0626 3418Dermatology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ,grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Department of Translational Research in Immunology and Inflammation, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Olivier Aerts
- grid.411414.50000 0004 0626 3418Dermatology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ,grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Department of Translational Research in Immunology and Inflammation, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Vasiliki Siozopoulou
- grid.411414.50000 0004 0626 3418Pathology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Eline De Smet
- grid.411414.50000 0004 0626 3418Radiology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Jan Gielen
- grid.411414.50000 0004 0626 3418Radiology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ,grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Department of Molecular – Morphology – Microscopy, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Khadija Guerti
- grid.411414.50000 0004 0626 3418Clinical Biology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | | | - Nele Herregods
- grid.410566.00000 0004 0626 3303Radiology Department, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bouchra Lechkar
- grid.411414.50000 0004 0626 3418Department of Immunology, Allergology, and Rheumatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Ruth Wittoek
- grid.410566.00000 0004 0626 3303Rheumatology Department, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium ,grid.411414.50000 0004 0626 3418Rheumatology Department, Antwerp Hospital Network, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elke Geens
- grid.411414.50000 0004 0626 3418Rheumatology Department, Antwerp Hospital Network, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laura Claes
- grid.411414.50000 0004 0626 3418Pediatric Neurology Unit, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Mahmoud Zaqout
- grid.411414.50000 0004 0626 3418Pediatric Cardiology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ,grid.411414.50000 0004 0626 3418Pediatric Cardiology Department, Antwerp Hospital Network, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wendy Dewals
- grid.411414.50000 0004 0626 3418Pediatric Cardiology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Annelies Lemay
- Department of Pediatrics, Turnhout General Hospital, Turnhout, Belgium
| | - David Tuerlinckx
- grid.7942.80000 0001 2294 713XDepartment of Pediatrics, Catholic University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium ,grid.6520.10000 0001 2242 8479Department of Pediatrics, Namur University Hospital Center, Site Dinant, Dinant, Belgium
| | - David Weynants
- grid.6520.10000 0001 2242 8479Department of Pediatrics, Namur University Hospital Center, Site Sainte-Elisabeth, Namur, Belgium
| | - Koen Vanlede
- Department of Pediatrics, Nikolaas General Hospital, Sint-Niklaas, Belgium
| | - Gerlant van Berlaer
- Department of Emergency Medicine/Pediatric Care, Brussels University Hospital, Jette, Belgium
| | - Marc Raes
- grid.414977.80000 0004 0578 1096Department of Pediatrics, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Helene Verhelst
- grid.410566.00000 0004 0626 3303Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tine Boiy
- grid.411414.50000 0004 0626 3418Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Damme
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium ,grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Center for the Evaluation of Vaccine, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Anna C. Jansen
- grid.411414.50000 0004 0626 3418Pediatric Neurology Unit, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Marije Meuwissen
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Antwerp Center for Translational Immunology and Virology (ACTIV), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Vito Sabato
- grid.411414.50000 0004 0626 3418Department of Immunology, Allergology, and Rheumatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ,Antwerp Center for Pediatric Rheumatology and Autoinflammatory Diseases, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guy Van Camp
- grid.411414.50000 0004 0626 3418Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Arvid Suls
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Joke Dehoorne
- grid.410566.00000 0004 0626 3303Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rik Joos
- grid.411414.50000 0004 0626 3418Rheumatology Department, Antwerp Hospital Network, Antwerp, Belgium ,grid.411414.50000 0004 0626 3418Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ,Antwerp Center for Pediatric Rheumatology and Autoinflammatory Diseases, Antwerp, Belgium ,grid.410566.00000 0004 0626 3303Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Laukens
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium ,grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681ADREM Data Lab, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium ,grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Biomedical Informatics Research Network Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pieter Meysman
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium ,grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681ADREM Data Lab, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium ,grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Biomedical Informatics Research Network Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benson Ogunjimi
- Center for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium. .,Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Rheumatology Department, Antwerp Hospital Network, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium. .,Antwerp Center for Pediatric Rheumatology and Autoinflammatory Diseases, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Brussels University Hospital, Jette, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|