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Accogli A, Park YN, Lenk GM, Severino M, Scala M, Denecke J, Hempel M, Lessel D, Kortüm F, Salpietro V, de Marco P, Guerrisi S, Torella A, Nigro V, Srour M, Turro E, Labarque V, Freson K, Piatelli G, Capra V, Kitzman JO, Meisler MH. Biallelic loss-of-function variants of SLC12A9 cause lysosome dysfunction and a syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder. Genet Med 2024; 26:101097. [PMID: 38334070 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2024.101097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Pathogenic variants of FIG4 generate enlarged lysosomes and neurological and developmental disorders. To identify additional genes regulating lysosomal volume, we carried out a genome-wide activation screen to detect suppression of enlarged lysosomes in FIG4-/- cells. METHODS The CRISPR-a gene activation screen utilized sgRNAs from the promoters of protein-coding genes. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting separated cells with correction of the enlarged lysosomes from uncorrected cells. Patient variants of SLC12A9 were identified by exome or genome sequencing and studied by segregation analysis and clinical characterization. RESULTS Overexpression of SLC12A9, a solute co-transporter, corrected lysosomal swelling in FIG4-/- cells. SLC12A9 (NP_064631.2) colocalized with LAMP2 at the lysosome membrane. Biallelic variants of SLC12A9 were identified in 3 unrelated probands with neurodevelopmental disorders. Common features included intellectual disability, skeletal and brain structural abnormalities, congenital heart defects, and hypopigmented hair. Patient 1 was homozygous for nonsense variant p.(Arg615∗), patient 2 was compound heterozygous for p.(Ser109Lysfs∗20) and a large deletion, and proband 3 was compound heterozygous for p.(Glu290Glyfs∗36) and p.(Asn552Lys). Fibroblasts from proband 1 contained enlarged lysosomes that were corrected by wild-type SLC12A9 cDNA. Patient variant p.(Asn552Lys) failed to correct the lysosomal defect. CONCLUSION Impaired function of SLC12A9 results in enlarged lysosomes and a recessive disorder with a recognizable neurodevelopmental phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Accogli
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Specialized Medicine, McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Young N Park
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Guy M Lenk
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Marcello Scala
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jonas Denecke
- University Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maja Hempel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Davor Lessel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fanny Kortüm
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | | | - Annalaura Torella
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Nigro
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Myriam Srour
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; McGill University Health Center (MUHC) Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ernest Turro
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Veerle Labarque
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Paediatric Hemato-Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Freson
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gianluca Piatelli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gaslini Children's Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Valeria Capra
- Genomics and Clinical Genetics, IRCCS Instituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jacob O Kitzman
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Miriam H Meisler
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
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Iacomino M, Houerbi N, Fortuna S, Howe J, Li S, Scorrano G, Riva A, Cheng KW, Steiman M, Peltekova I, Yusuf A, Baldassari S, Tamburro S, Scudieri P, Musante I, Di Ludovico A, Guerrisi S, Balagura G, Corsello A, Efthymiou S, Murphy D, Uva P, Verrotti A, Fiorillo C, Delvecchio M, Accogli A, Elsabbagh M, Houlden H, Scherer SW, Striano P, Zara F, Chou TF, Salpietro V. Allelic heterogeneity and abnormal vesicle recycling in PLAA-related neurodevelopmental disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1268013. [PMID: 38650658 PMCID: PMC11033462 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1268013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The human PLAA gene encodes Phospholipase-A2-Activating-Protein (PLAA) involved in trafficking of membrane proteins. Through its PUL domain (PLAP, Ufd3p, and Lub1p), PLAA interacts with p97/VCP modulating synaptic vesicles recycling. Although few families carrying biallelic PLAA variants were reported with progressive neurodegeneration, consequences of monoallelic PLAA variants have not been elucidated. Using exome or genome sequencing we identified PLAA de-novo missense variants, affecting conserved residues within the PUL domain, in children affected with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including psychomotor regression, intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Computational and in-vitro studies of the identified variants revealed abnormal chain arrangements at C-terminal and reduced PLAA-p97/VCP interaction, respectively. These findings expand both allelic and phenotypic heterogeneity associated to PLAA-related neurological disorders, highlighting perturbed vesicle recycling as a potential disease mechanism in NDDs due to genetic defects of PLAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Iacomino
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nadia Houerbi
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Sara Fortuna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Jennifer Howe
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shan Li
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Giovanna Scorrano
- Department of Pediatrics, Sant'Annunziata Hospital, University "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonella Riva
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Kai-Wen Cheng
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Mandy Steiman
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Azrieli Centre for Autism Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Iskra Peltekova
- McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Afiqah Yusuf
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Azrieli Centre for Autism Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simona Baldassari
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Serena Tamburro
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Scudieri
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Musante
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Armando Di Ludovico
- Department of Pediatrics, Sant'Annunziata Hospital, University "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Sara Guerrisi
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ganna Balagura
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio Corsello
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Murphy
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Uva
- Clinical Bioinformatics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Fiorillo
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Delvecchio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Andrea Accogli
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Specialized Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mayada Elsabbagh
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Azrieli Centre for Autism Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Tsui-Fen Chou
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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Kaiyrzhanov R, Ortigoza-Escobar JD, Stringer BW, Ganieva M, Gowda VK, Srinivasan VM, Macaya A, Laner A, Onbool E, Al-Shammari R, Al-Owain M, Deconinck N, Vilain C, Dontaine P, Self E, Akram R, Hussain G, Baig SM, Iqbal J, Salpietro V, Neshatdoust M, Kasiri M, Yesil G, Uygur T, Pysden K, Berry IR, Alves CA, Giacomotto J, Houlden H, Maroofian R. Clinical and Molecular Spectrum of Autosomal Recessive CA8-Related Cerebellar Ataxia. Mov Disord 2024. [PMID: 38581205 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on a limited number of reported families, biallelic CA8 variants have currently been associated with a recessive neurological disorder named, cerebellar ataxia, mental retardation, and dysequilibrium syndrome 3 (CAMRQ-3). OBJECTIVES We aim to comprehensively investigate CA8-related disorders (CA8-RD) by reviewing existing literature and exploring neurological, neuroradiological, and molecular observations in a cohort of newly identified patients. METHODS We analyzed the phenotype of 27 affected individuals from 14 families with biallelic CA8 variants (including data from 15 newly identified patients from eight families), ages 4 to 35 years. Clinical, genetic, and radiological assessments were performed, and zebrafish models with ca8 knockout were used for functional analysis. RESULTS Patients exhibited varying degrees of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD), along with predominantly progressive cerebellar ataxia and pyramidal signs and variable bradykinesia, dystonia, and sensory impairment. Quadrupedal gait was present in only 10 of 27 patients. Progressive selective cerebellar atrophy, predominantly affecting the superior vermis, was a key diagnostic finding in all patients. Seven novel homozygous CA8 variants were identified. Zebrafish models demonstrated impaired early neurodevelopment and motor behavior on ca8 knockout. CONCLUSION Our comprehensive analysis of phenotypic features indicates that CA8-RD exhibits a wide range of clinical manifestations, setting it apart from other subtypes within the category of CAMRQ. CA8-RD is characterized by cerebellar atrophy and should be recognized as part of the autosomal-recessive cerebellar ataxias associated with NDD. Notably, the presence of progressive superior vermis atrophy serves as a valuable diagnostic indicator. © 2024 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rauan Kaiyrzhanov
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Darío Ortigoza-Escobar
- U-703 Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Movement Disorders Unit, Pediatric Neurology Department, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Brett W Stringer
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Centre for Cellular Phenomics, School of Environment and Science Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Manizha Ganieva
- Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, Department of Neurology and Medical Genetics, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | - Vykuntaraju K Gowda
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Alfons Macaya
- European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Enas Onbool
- Neurology department, King Abdulaziz Specialist Hospital, Skaka Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Randa Al-Shammari
- Department of Medical Genomics, Centre for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-Owain
- Department of Medical Genomics, Centre for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicolas Deconinck
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires et Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola (HUDERF), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catheline Vilain
- Department of Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire Reine Fabiola (HUDERF); Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pauline Dontaine
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires et Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola (HUDERF), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eleanor Self
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rabia Akram
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Neurochemical biology and Genetics Laboratory (NGL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Hussain
- Neurochemical biology and Genetics Laboratory (NGL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mahmood Baig
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Department of Neurology, Allied Hospital, Faisalabad Medical University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maedeh Neshatdoust
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Kasiri
- School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Gozde Yesil
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Turkan Uygur
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bezmialem Vakif University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Karen Pysden
- Paediatric Neurology Department, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Berry
- Yorkshire and North East Genomic Laboratory Hub Central Laboratory, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Cesar Augusto Alves
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jean Giacomotto
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Centre for Cellular Phenomics, School of Environment and Science Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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4
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Kaiyrzhanov R, Rad A, Lin SJ, Bertoli-Avella A, Kallemeijn WW, Godwin A, Zaki MS, Huang K, Lau T, Petree C, Efthymiou S, Karimiani EG, Hempel M, Normand EA, Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Schatz UA, Baggelaar MP, Ilyas M, Sultan T, Alvi JR, Ganieva M, Fowler B, Aanicai R, Tayfun GA, Al Saman A, Alswaid A, Amiri N, Asilova N, Shotelersuk V, Yeetong P, Azam M, Babaei M, Monajemi GB, Mohammadi P, Samie S, Banu SH, Pinto Basto J, Kortüm F, Bauer M, Bauer P, Beetz C, Garshasbi M, Issa AH, Eyaid W, Ahmed H, Hashemi N, Hassanpour K, Herman I, Ibrohimov S, Abdul-Majeed BA, Imdad M, Isrofilov M, Kaiyal Q, Khan S, Kirmse B, Koster J, Lourenço CM, Mitani T, Moldovan O, Murphy D, Najafi M, Pehlivan D, Rocha ME, Salpietro V, Schmidts M, Shalata A, Mahroum M, Talbeya JK, Taylor RW, Vazquez D, Vetro A, Waterham HR, Zaman M, Schrader TA, Chung WK, Guerrini R, Lupski JR, Gleeson J, Suri M, Jamshidi Y, Bhatia KP, Vona B, Schrader M, Severino M, Guille M, Tate EW, Varshney GK, Houlden H, Maroofian R. Bi-allelic ACBD6 variants lead to a neurodevelopmental syndrome with progressive and complex movement disorders. Brain 2024; 147:1436-1456. [PMID: 37951597 PMCID: PMC10994533 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The acyl-CoA-binding domain-containing protein 6 (ACBD6) is ubiquitously expressed, plays a role in the acylation of lipids and proteins and regulates the N-myristoylation of proteins via N-myristoyltransferase enzymes (NMTs). However, its precise function in cells is still unclear, as is the consequence of ACBD6 defects on human pathophysiology. Using exome sequencing and extensive international data sharing efforts, we identified 45 affected individuals from 28 unrelated families (consanguinity 93%) with bi-allelic pathogenic, predominantly loss-of-function (18/20) variants in ACBD6. We generated zebrafish and Xenopus tropicalis acbd6 knockouts by CRISPR/Cas9 and characterized the role of ACBD6 on protein N-myristoylation with myristic acid alkyne (YnMyr) chemical proteomics in the model organisms and human cells, with the latter also being subjected further to ACBD6 peroxisomal localization studies. The affected individuals (23 males and 22 females), aged 1-50 years, typically present with a complex and progressive disease involving moderate-to-severe global developmental delay/intellectual disability (100%) with significant expressive language impairment (98%), movement disorders (97%), facial dysmorphism (95%) and mild cerebellar ataxia (85%) associated with gait impairment (94%), limb spasticity/hypertonia (76%), oculomotor (71%) and behavioural abnormalities (65%), overweight (59%), microcephaly (39%) and epilepsy (33%). The most conspicuous and common movement disorder was dystonia (94%), frequently leading to early-onset progressive postural deformities (97%), limb dystonia (55%) and cervical dystonia (31%). A jerky tremor in the upper limbs (63%), a mild head tremor (59%), parkinsonism/hypokinesia developing with advancing age (32%) and simple motor and vocal tics were among other frequent movement disorders. Midline brain malformations including corpus callosum abnormalities (70%), hypoplasia/agenesis of the anterior commissure (66%), short midbrain and small inferior cerebellar vermis (38% each) as well as hypertrophy of the clava (24%) were common neuroimaging findings. Acbd6-deficient zebrafish and Xenopus models effectively recapitulated many clinical phenotypes reported in patients including movement disorders, progressive neuromotor impairment, seizures, microcephaly, craniofacial dysmorphism and midbrain defects accompanied by developmental delay with increased mortality over time. Unlike ACBD5, ACBD6 did not show a peroxisomal localization and ACBD6-deficiency was not associated with altered peroxisomal parameters in patient fibroblasts. Significant differences in YnMyr-labelling were observed for 68 co- and 18 post-translationally N-myristoylated proteins in patient-derived fibroblasts. N-myristoylation was similarly affected in acbd6-deficient zebrafish and X. tropicalis models, including Fus, Marcks and Chchd-related proteins implicated in neurological diseases. The present study provides evidence that bi-allelic pathogenic variants in ACBD6 lead to a distinct neurodevelopmental syndrome accompanied by complex and progressive cognitive and movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rauan Kaiyrzhanov
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Aboulfazl Rad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar 009851, Iran
- Tübingen Hearing Research Centre, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sheng-Jia Lin
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | | | - Wouter W Kallemeijn
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London W12 0BZ, UK
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutic Discovery Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Annie Godwin
- European Xenopus Resource Centre—XenMD, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kevin Huang
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Tracy Lau
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Cassidy Petree
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ehsan Ghayoor Karimiani
- Genetics Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St George’s University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
- Department of Medical Genetics, Next Generation Genetic Polyclinic, Mashhad 1696700, Iran
| | - Maja Hempel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | | | | | - Ulrich A Schatz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, 81675, Germany
| | - Marc P Baggelaar
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London W12 0BZ, UK
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics Group, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Muhammad Ilyas
- Department of BioEngineering, University of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 19130 Swat, Pakistan
- Centre for Omic Sciences, Islamia College University, 25000 Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Tipu Sultan
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Institute of Child Health, Children Hospital, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Javeria Raza Alvi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Institute of Child Health, Children Hospital, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Manizha Ganieva
- Department of Neurology, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, 734063 Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | - Ben Fowler
- Imaging Core, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Ruxandra Aanicai
- Department of Medical Genetics, CENTOGENE GmbH, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Gulsen Akay Tayfun
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University Medical School, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdulaziz Al Saman
- Pediatric Neurology Department, National Neuroscience Institute, King Fahad Medical City, 49046 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Alswaid
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah Specialized Children’s Hospital, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nafise Amiri
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Nilufar Asilova
- Department of Neurology, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, 734063 Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | - Vorasuk Shotelersuk
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Patra Yeetong
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Matloob Azam
- Pediatrics and Child Neurology, Wah Medical College, 47000 Wah Cantt, Pakistan
| | - Meisam Babaei
- Department of Pediatrics, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd 94149-74877, Iran
| | | | - Pouria Mohammadi
- Children’s Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Ataxia Clinic, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Genetics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 1411944961, Iran
| | - Saeed Samie
- Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Pars Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Selina Husna Banu
- Department of Paediatric Neurology and Development, Dr. M.R. Khan Shishu (Children) Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Jorge Pinto Basto
- Department of Medical Genetics, CENTOGENE GmbH, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Fanny Kortüm
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mislen Bauer
- Division of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Nicklas Children's Hospital, Miami, FL 33155, USA
| | - Peter Bauer
- Department of Medical Genetics, CENTOGENE GmbH, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christian Beetz
- Department of Medical Genetics, CENTOGENE GmbH, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Masoud Garshasbi
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Genetics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 1411944961, Iran
| | | | - Wafaa Eyaid
- Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (NGHA), Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind Ahmed
- Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (NGHA), Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Narges Hashemi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 13131–99137 Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kazem Hassanpour
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, 319 Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Isabella Herman
- Section of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 68010, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Neurology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Rare Diseases, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE 68131, USA
| | - Sherozjon Ibrohimov
- Department of Neurology, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, 734063 Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | - Ban A Abdul-Majeed
- Molecular Pathology and Genetics, The Pioneer Molecular Pathology Lab, Baghdad 10044, Iraq
| | - Maria Imdad
- Centre for Human Genetics, Hazara University, 21300 Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Maksudjon Isrofilov
- Department of Neurology, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, 734063 Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | - Qassem Kaiyal
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Clalit Health Care, 2510500 Haifa, Israel
| | - Suliman Khan
- Department of Medical Genetics, CENTOGENE GmbH, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Brian Kirmse
- SOM-Peds-Genetics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson MS, 39216, USA
| | - Janet Koster
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers location AMC, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charles Marques Lourenço
- Faculdade de Medicina, Centro Universitario Estácio de Ribeirão Preto, 14096-160 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tadahiro Mitani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Oana Moldovan
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Departamento de Pediatria, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte, 1649-035 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - David Murphy
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Maryam Najafi
- Pediatrics Genetics Division, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg University, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Genome Research Division, Human Genetics Department, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Davut Pehlivan
- Section of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 68010, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- Pediatrics Genetics Division, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg University, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Genome Research Division, Human Genetics Department, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- CIBSS-Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adel Shalata
- Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, the Simon Winter Institute for Human Genetics, Bnai Zion Medical Center, 31048 Haifa, Israel
- Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, the Technion institution of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel
| | - Mohammad Mahroum
- CIBSS-Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jawabreh Kassem Talbeya
- Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, the Simon Winter Institute for Human Genetics, Bnai Zion Medical Center, 31048 Haifa, Israel
- Department of Radiology, The Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa 31048, Israel
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Dayana Vazquez
- Division of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Nicklas Children's Hospital, Miami, FL 33155, USA
| | - Annalisa Vetro
- Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers location AMC, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mashaya Zaman
- Department of Paediatric Neurology and Development, Dr. M.R. Khan Shishu (Children) Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Tina A Schrader
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, 50139 Florence, Italy
- Neuroscience, Pharmacology and Child Health Department, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Neurology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joseph Gleeson
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA 92025, USA
| | - Mohnish Suri
- Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Yalda Jamshidi
- Genetics Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St George’s University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
- Human Genetics Centre of Excellence, Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Barbara Vona
- Tübingen Hearing Research Centre, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and Inner Ear Lab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Schrader
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | | | - Matthew Guille
- European Xenopus Resource Centre—XenMD, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London W12 0BZ, UK
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutic Discovery Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Gaurav K Varshney
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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5
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Pan X, Tao AM, Lu S, Ma M, Hannan SB, Slaugh R, Drewes Williams S, O'Grady L, Kanca O, Person R, Carter MT, Platzer K, Schnabel F, Abou Jamra R, Roberts AE, Newburger JW, Revah-Politi A, Granadillo JL, Stegmann APA, Sinnema M, Accogli A, Salpietro V, Capra V, Ghaloul-Gonzalez L, Brueckner M, Simon MEH, Sweetser DA, Glinton KE, Kirk SE, Wangler MF, Yamamoto S, Chung WK, Bellen HJ. De novo variants in FRYL are associated with developmental delay, intellectual disability, and dysmorphic features. Am J Hum Genet 2024; 111:742-760. [PMID: 38479391 PMCID: PMC11023917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
FRY-like transcription coactivator (FRYL) belongs to a Furry protein family that is evolutionarily conserved from yeast to humans. The functions of FRYL in mammals are largely unknown, and variants in FRYL have not previously been associated with a Mendelian disease. Here, we report fourteen individuals with heterozygous variants in FRYL who present with developmental delay, intellectual disability, dysmorphic features, and other congenital anomalies in multiple systems. The variants are confirmed de novo in all individuals except one. Human genetic data suggest that FRYL is intolerant to loss of function (LoF). We find that the fly FRYL ortholog, furry (fry), is expressed in multiple tissues, including the central nervous system where it is present in neurons but not in glia. Homozygous fry LoF mutation is lethal at various developmental stages, and loss of fry in mutant clones causes defects in wings and compound eyes. We next modeled four out of the five missense variants found in affected individuals using fry knockin alleles. One variant behaves as a severe LoF variant, whereas two others behave as partial LoF variants. One variant does not cause any observable defect in flies, and the corresponding human variant is not confirmed to be de novo, suggesting that this is a variant of uncertain significance. In summary, our findings support that fry is required for proper development in flies and that the LoF variants in FRYL cause a dominant disorder with developmental and neurological symptoms due to haploinsufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Pan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan & Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alice M Tao
- Vagelos School of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shenzhao Lu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan & Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mengqi Ma
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan & Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shabab B Hannan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan & Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rachel Slaugh
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sarah Drewes Williams
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lauren O'Grady
- Division of Medical Genetics & Metabolism, Massachusetts General for Children, Boston, MA, USA; MGH Institute of Health Professions, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Oguz Kanca
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan & Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Melissa T Carter
- Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Konrad Platzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Schnabel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rami Abou Jamra
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Amy E Roberts
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jane W Newburger
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anya Revah-Politi
- Institute for Genomic Medicine and Precision Genomics Laboratory, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jorge L Granadillo
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alexander P A Stegmann
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Margje Sinnema
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Accogli
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Valeria Capra
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Genomics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lina Ghaloul-Gonzalez
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Martina Brueckner
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marleen E H Simon
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - David A Sweetser
- Division of Medical Genetics & Metabolism, Massachusetts General for Children, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin E Glinton
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Genetics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan E Kirk
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael F Wangler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan & Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan & Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Departments of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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Sultan T, Scorrano G, Panciroli M, Christoforou M, Raza Alvi J, Di Ludovico A, Qureshi S, Efthymiou S, Salpietro V, Houlden H. Clinical and molecular heterogeneity of VPS13D-related neurodevelopmental and movement disorders. Gene 2024; 899:148119. [PMID: 38160741 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.148119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The VPS13 family of proteins has been implicated in lipid transport and trafficking between endoplasmic reticulum and organelles, to maintain homeostasis of subcellular membranes. Recently, pathogenic variants in each human VPS13S gene, have been linked to distinct human neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative disorders. Within the VPS13 family of genes, VPS13D is known to be implicated in mitochondria homeostasis and function. METHODS We investigated a Pakistani sibship affected with neurodevelopmental impairment and severe hyperkinetic (choreoathetoid) movements. Whole exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing were performed to identify potential candidate variants segregating in the family. We described clinical phenotypes and natural history of the disease during a 3-year clinical follow-up and summarized literature data related to previously identified patients with VPS13D-related neurological disorders. RESULTS We identified by WES an homozygous non-synonymous variant in VPS13D (c.5723 T > C; p.Ile1908Thr) as the potential underlying cause of the disease in our family. Two young siblings developed an early-onset neurological impairment characterized by global developmental delay, with impaired speech and motor milestones, associated to hyperkinetic movement disorders as well as progressive and non-progressive neurological abnormalities. CONCLUSION In this study we delineated the heterogeneity of VPS13D-related clinical phenotypes and described a novel VPS13D homozygous variant associated with severe neurological impairment. Further studies will be pivotal to understand the exact VPS13D function and its impact on mitochondria homeostasis, brain development and regulation of movements, to further clarify genotype-phenotype correlations and provide crucial prognostic information and potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tipu Sultan
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children Hospital Lahore, Main Boulevard Gulberg, Nishtar Town, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan
| | | | - Marta Panciroli
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Marilena Christoforou
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Javeria Raza Alvi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children Hospital Lahore, Main Boulevard Gulberg, Nishtar Town, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan
| | | | - Sameen Qureshi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children Hospital Lahore, Main Boulevard Gulberg, Nishtar Town, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom.
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
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7
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Cetica V, Pisano T, Lesca G, Marafi D, Licchetta L, Riccardi F, Mei D, Chung HYB, Bayat A, Balasubramanian M, Lowenstein DH, Endzinienė M, Alotaibi M, Villeneuve N, Jacobs J, Isidor B, Solazzi R, den Hollander NS, Marjanovic D, Rougeot-Jung C, Jung J, Lesieur-Sebellin M, Accogli A, Salpietro V, Saadi NW, Panagiotakaki E, Foiadelli T, Redon S, Tsai MH, Bisulli F, Hammer TB, Lupski JR, Parrini E, Guerrini R. Clinical and molecular characterization of patients with YWHAG-related epilepsy. Epilepsia 2024. [PMID: 38491959 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE YWHAG variant alleles have been associated with a rare disease trait whose clinical synopsis includes an early onset epileptic encephalopathy with predominantly myoclonic seizures, developmental delay/intellectual disability, and facial dysmorphisms. Through description of a large cohort, which doubles the number of reported patients, we further delineate the spectrum of YWHAG-related epilepsy. METHODS We included in this study 24 patients, 21 new and three previously described, with pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in YWHAG. We extended the analysis of clinical, electroencephalographic, brain magnetic resonance imaging, and molecular genetic information to 24 previously published patients. RESULTS The phenotypic spectrum of YWHAG-related disorders ranges from mild developmental delay to developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). Epilepsy onset is in the first 2 years of life. Seizure freedom can be achieved in half of the patients (13/24, 54%). Intellectual disability (23/24, 96%), behavioral disorders (18/24, 75%), neurological signs (13/24, 54%), and dysmorphisms (6/24, 25%) are common. A genotype-phenotype correlation emerged, as DEE is more represented in patients with missense variants located in the ligand-binding domain than in those with truncating or missense variants in other domains (90% vs. 19%, p < .001). SIGNIFICANCE This study suggests that pathogenic YWHAG variants cause a wide range of clinical presentations with variable severity, ranging from mild developmental delay to DEE. In this allelic series, a genotype-phenotype correlation begins to emerge, potentially providing prognostic information for clinical management and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cetica
- Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
| | - Tiziana Pisano
- Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon, France
- Department of Genetics, University Hospitals of Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Dana Marafi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Laura Licchetta
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, full member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Bologna, Italy
| | - Florence Riccardi
- Aix-Marseille University, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Marseille Medical Genetics, Marseille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Toulon - La Seyne sur Mer (CHITS), Hôpital Ste Musse, Service de Génétique Médicale, Toulon, France
| | - Davide Mei
- Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
| | - Hon-Yin B Chung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Allan Bayat
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine, Danish Epilepsy Center, Dianalund, Denmark
| | - Meena Balasubramanian
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Daniel H Lowenstein
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Milda Endzinienė
- Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Nathalie Villeneuve
- Depatment of Pediatric Neurology, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital de la Timone Enfants, Marseille, France
| | - Julia Jacobs
- Alberta Children's Research Institute, Hodgekiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), l'Institut du Thorax, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Roberta Solazzi
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Julien Jung
- Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marion Lesieur-Sebellin
- Department of Genomic Medicine of Rare Disorders, Necker Hospital, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Andrea Accogli
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Specialized Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nebal W Saadi
- College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
- Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Eleni Panagiotakaki
- Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Foiadelli
- Clinica Pediatrica, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic, and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sylvia Redon
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Brest, Brest, France
- Université de Brest, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Etablissement Français du Sang, UMR 1078, Brest, France
- Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, Brest, France
| | - Meng-Han Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Francesca Bisulli
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, full member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Trine B Hammer
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine, Danish Epilepsy Center, Dianalund, Denmark
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Elena Parrini
- Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
- University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Chelban V, Aksnes H, Maroofian R, LaMonica LC, Seabra L, Siggervåg A, Devic P, Shamseldin HE, Vandrovcova J, Murphy D, Richard AC, Quenez O, Bonnevalle A, Zanetti MN, Kaiyrzhanov R, Salpietro V, Efthymiou S, Schottlaender LV, Morsy H, Scardamaglia A, Tariq A, Pagnamenta AT, Pennavaria A, Krogstad LS, Bekkelund ÅK, Caiella A, Glomnes N, Brønstad KM, Tury S, Moreno De Luca A, Boland-Auge A, Olaso R, Deleuze JF, Anheim M, Cretin B, Vona B, Alajlan F, Abdulwahab F, Battini JL, İpek R, Bauer P, Zifarelli G, Gungor S, Kurul SH, Lochmuller H, Da'as SI, Fakhro KA, Gómez-Pascual A, Botía JA, Wood NW, Horvath R, Ernst AM, Rothman JE, McEntagart M, Crow YJ, Alkuraya FS, Nicolas G, Arnesen T, Houlden H. Biallelic NAA60 variants with impaired n-terminal acetylation capacity cause autosomal recessive primary familial brain calcifications. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2269. [PMID: 38480682 PMCID: PMC10937998 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is characterized by calcium deposition in the brain, causing progressive movement disorders, psychiatric symptoms, and cognitive decline. PFBC is a heterogeneous disorder currently linked to variants in six different genes, but most patients remain genetically undiagnosed. Here, we identify biallelic NAA60 variants in ten individuals from seven families with autosomal recessive PFBC. The NAA60 variants lead to loss-of-function with lack of protein N-terminal (Nt)-acetylation activity. We show that the phosphate importer SLC20A2 is a substrate of NAA60 in vitro. In cells, loss of NAA60 caused reduced surface levels of SLC20A2 and a reduction in extracellular phosphate uptake. This study establishes NAA60 as a causal gene for PFBC, provides a possible biochemical explanation of its disease-causing mechanisms and underscores NAA60-mediated Nt-acetylation of transmembrane proteins as a fundamental process for healthy neurobiological functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viorica Chelban
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
- Neurobiology and Medical Genetics Laboratory, "Nicolae Testemitanu" State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 165, Stefan cel Mare si Sfant Boulevard, MD, 2004, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.
| | - Henriette Aksnes
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Lauren C LaMonica
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Luis Seabra
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | | | - Perrine Devic
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Sud, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Neurologiques, Lyon, France
| | - Hanan E Shamseldin
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jana Vandrovcova
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - David Murphy
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Anne-Claire Richard
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Quenez
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Antoine Bonnevalle
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - M Natalia Zanetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Rauan Kaiyrzhanov
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- South Kazakhstan Medical Academy Shymkent, Shymkent, 160019, Kazakhstan
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Lucia V Schottlaender
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), CONICET-Universidad Austral, Av. Juan Domingo Perón 1500, B1629AHJ, Pilar, Argentina
- Instituto de medicina genómica (IMeG), Hospital Universitario Austral, Universidad Austral, Av. Juan Domingo Perón 1500, B1629AHJ, Pilar, Argentina
| | - Heba Morsy
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Annarita Scardamaglia
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ambreen Tariq
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Alistair T Pagnamenta
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ajia Pennavaria
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Liv S Krogstad
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Åse K Bekkelund
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Alessia Caiella
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nina Glomnes
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Sandrine Tury
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Andrés Moreno De Luca
- Department of Radiology, Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Lewisburg, PA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Section, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Queen's University Faculty of Health Sciences, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne Boland-Auge
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), 91057, Evry, France
| | - Robert Olaso
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), 91057, Evry, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), 91057, Evry, France
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Neurology Department, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
- Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine (FMTS), Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM-U964; CNRS-UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Benjamin Cretin
- Neurology Department, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
- Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine (FMTS), Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM-U964; CNRS-UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Barbara Vona
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fahad Alajlan
- Department of Neuroscience Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Firdous Abdulwahab
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean-Luc Battini
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Rojan İpek
- Paediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Peter Bauer
- Centogene GmbH, Am Strande 7, 18055, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Serdal Gungor
- Inonu University, Faculty of Medicine, Turgut Ozal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Semra Hiz Kurul
- Dokuz Eylul University, School of Medicine, Department of Paediatric Neurology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hanns Lochmuller
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sahar I Da'as
- Department of Human Genetics, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khalid A Fakhro
- Department of Human Genetics, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alicia Gómez-Pascual
- Department of Information and Communications Engineering, University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan A Botía
- Department of Information and Communications Engineering, University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Nicholas W Wood
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Rita Horvath
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andreas M Ernst
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James E Rothman
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Meriel McEntagart
- Medical Genetics Department, St George's University Hospitals, London, SWI7 0RE, UK
| | - Yanick J Crow
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaël Nicolas
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Thomas Arnesen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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9
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Schoch K, Ruegg MSG, Fellows BJ, Cao J, Uhrig S, Einsele-Scholz S, Biskup S, Hawarden SRA, Salpietro V, Capra V, Brown CM, Accogli A, Shashi V, Bicknell LS. A second hotspot for pathogenic exon-skipping variants in CDC45. Eur J Hum Genet 2024:10.1038/s41431-024-01583-1. [PMID: 38467731 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-024-01583-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Biallelic pathogenic variants in CDC45 are associated with Meier-Gorlin syndrome with craniosynostosis (MGORS type 7), which also includes short stature and absent/hypoplastic patellae. Identified variants act through a hypomorphic loss of function mechanism, to reduce CDC45 activity and impact DNA replication initiation. In addition to missense and premature termination variants, several pathogenic synonymous variants have been identified, most of which cause increased exon skipping of exon 4, which encodes an essential part of the RecJ-orthologue's DHH domain. Here we have identified a second cohort of families segregating CDC45 variants, where patients have craniosynostosis and a reduction in height, alongside common facial dysmorphisms, including thin eyebrows, consistent with MGORS7. Skipping of exon 15 is a consequence of two different variants, including a shared synonymous variant that is enriched in individuals of East Asian ancestry, while other variants in trans are predicted to alter key intramolecular interactions in α/β domain II, or cause retention of an intron within the 3'UTR. Our cohort and functional data confirm exon skipping is a relatively common pathogenic mechanism in CDC45, and highlights the need for alternative splicing events, such as exon skipping, to be especially considered for variants initially predicted to be less likely to cause the phenotype, particularly synonymous variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Schoch
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mischa S G Ruegg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Bridget J Fellows
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Joseph Cao
- Division of Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sabine Uhrig
- Institute of Clinical Genetics, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Saskia Biskup
- Center for Human Genetics Tuebingen and CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Samuel R A Hawarden
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Valeria Capra
- Genomics and Clinical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chris M Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andrea Accogli
- Department of Specialized Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vandana Shashi
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Louise S Bicknell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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10
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Sidpra J, Sudhakar S, Biswas A, Massey F, Turchetti V, Lau T, Cook E, Alvi JR, Elbendary HM, Jewell JL, Riva A, Orsini A, Vignoli A, Federico Z, Rosenblum J, Schoonjans AS, de Wachter M, Delgado Alvarez I, Felipe-Rucián A, Haridy NA, Haider S, Zaman M, Banu S, Anwaar N, Rahman F, Maqbool S, Yadav R, Salpietro V, Maroofian R, Patel R, Radhakrishnan R, Prabhu SP, Lichtenbelt K, Stewart H, Murakami Y, Löbel U, D'Arco F, Wakeling E, Jones W, Hay E, Bhate S, Jacques TS, Mirsky DM, Whitehead MT, Zaki MS, Sultan T, Striano P, Jansen AC, Lequin M, de Vries LS, Severino M, Edmondson AC, Menzies L, Campeau PM, Houlden H, McTague A, Efthymiou S, Mankad K. The clinical and genetic spectrum of inherited glycosylphosphatidylinositol deficiency disorders. Brain 2024:awae056. [PMID: 38456468 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Inherited glycosylphosphatidylinositol deficiency disorders (IGDs) are a group of rare multisystem disorders arising from pathogenic variants in glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor pathway (GPI-AP) genes. Despite associating 24 of at least 31 GPI-AP genes with human neurogenetic disease, prior reports are limited to single genes without consideration of the GPI-AP as a whole and with limited natural history data. In this multinational retrospective observational study, we systematically analyse the molecular spectrum, phenotypic characteristics, and natural history of 83 individuals from 75 unique families with IGDs, including 70 newly reported individuals: the largest single cohort to date. Core clinical features were developmental delay or intellectual disability (DD/ID, 90%), seizures (83%), hypotonia (72%), and motor symptoms (64%). Prognostic and biologically significant neuroimaging features included cerebral atrophy (75%), cerebellar atrophy (60%), callosal anomalies (57%), and symmetric restricted diffusion of the central tegmental tracts (60%). Sixty-one individuals had multisystem involvement including gastrointestinal (66%), cardiac (19%), and renal (14%) anomalies. Though dysmorphic features were appreciated in 82%, no single dysmorphic feature had a prevalence >30%, indicating substantial phenotypic heterogeneity. Follow-up data were available for all individuals, 15 of whom were deceased at the time of writing. Median age at seizure onset was 6 months. Individuals with variants in synthesis stage genes of the GPI-AP exhibited a significantly shorter time to seizure onset than individuals with variants in transamidase and remodelling stage genes of the GPI-AP (P=0.046). Forty individuals had intractable epilepsy. The majority of individuals experienced delayed or absent speech (95%); motor delay with non-ambulance (64%); and severe-to-profound DD/ID (59%). Individuals with a developmental epileptic encephalopathy (51%) were at greater risk of intractable epilepsy (P=0.003), non-ambulance (P=0.035), ongoing enteral feeds (P<0.001), and cortical visual impairment (P=0.007). Serial neuroimaging showed progressive cerebral volume loss in 87.5% and progressive cerebellar atrophy in 70.8%, indicating a neurodegenerative process. Genetic analyses identified 93 unique variants (106 total), including 22 novel variants. Exploratory analyses of genotype-phenotype correlations using unsupervised hierarchical clustering identified novel genotypic predictors of clinical phenotype and long-term outcome with meaningful implications for management. In summary, we expand both the mild and severe phenotypic extremities of the IGDs; provide insights into their neurological basis; and, vitally, enable meaningful genetic counselling for affected individuals and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai Sidpra
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Section, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Sniya Sudhakar
- Department of Neuroradiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Asthik Biswas
- Department of Neuroradiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Flavia Massey
- Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Valentina Turchetti
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Tracy Lau
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Edward Cook
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Javeria Raza Alvi
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, The Children's Hospital and the University of Child Health Sciences, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hasnaa M Elbendary
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Jerry L Jewell
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Antonella Riva
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova and IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Orsini
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, University Hospital of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Aglaia Vignoli
- Childhood and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, ASST GOM Niguarda, Health Sciences Department, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milano, Italy
| | - Zara Federico
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova and IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
- Childhood and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, ASST GOM Niguarda, Health Sciences Department, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milano, Italy
| | - Jessica Rosenblum
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - An-Sofie Schoonjans
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Matthias de Wachter
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | | | - Ana Felipe-Rucián
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nourelhoda A Haridy
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Shahzad Haider
- Department of Paediatrics, Wah Medical College NUMS, Wah Cantonment, Punjab 47000, Pakistan
| | - Mashaya Zaman
- Department of Paediatric Neurology and Development, Dr M.R. Khan Shishu Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Selina Banu
- Department of Paediatric Neurology and Development, Dr M.R. Khan Shishu Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Najwa Anwaar
- Department of Paediatrics, The Children's Hospital and the University of Child Health Sciences, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Rahman
- Department of Paediatrics, The Children's Hospital and the University of Child Health Sciences, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Maqbool
- Department of Paediatrics, The Children's Hospital and the University of Child Health Sciences, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan
| | - Rashmi Yadav
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Rajan Patel
- Department of Paediatric Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rupa Radhakrishnan
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sanjay P Prabhu
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Klaske Lichtenbelt
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Helen Stewart
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 7HE, UK
| | - Yoshiko Murakami
- Laboratory of Immunoglycobiology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565, Japan
| | - Ulrike Löbel
- Department of Neuroradiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Felice D'Arco
- Department of Neuroradiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Emma Wakeling
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Wendy Jones
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Eleanor Hay
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Sanjay Bhate
- Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Thomas S Jacques
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Section, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - David M Mirsky
- Department of Neuroradiology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Matthew T Whitehead
- Division of Neuroradiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Tipu Sultan
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, The Children's Hospital and the University of Child Health Sciences, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova and IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Anna C Jansen
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Maarten Lequin
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linda S de Vries
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andrew C Edmondson
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lara Menzies
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Philippe M Campeau
- Department of Paediatrics, CHU Sainte Justine Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada, QC H3T 1C5
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Amy McTague
- Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
- Developmental Neurosciences, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Kshitij Mankad
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Section, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Department of Neuroradiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
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11
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Scala M, Tomati V, Ferla M, Lena M, Cohen JS, Fatemi A, Brokamp E, Bican A, Phillips JA, Koziura ME, Nicouleau M, Rio M, Siquier K, Boddaert N, Musante I, Tamburro S, Baldassari S, Iacomino M, Scudieri P, Rosenfeld JA, Bellus G, Reed S, Al Saif H, Russo RS, Walsh MB, Cantagrel V, Crunk A, Gustincich S, Ruggiero SM, Fitzgerald MP, Helbig I, Striano P, Severino M, Salpietro V, Pedemonte N, Zara F. De novo variants in DENND5B cause a neurodevelopmental disorder. Am J Hum Genet 2024; 111:529-543. [PMID: 38387458 PMCID: PMC10940048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The Rab family of guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) includes key regulators of intracellular transport and membrane trafficking targeting specific steps in exocytic, endocytic, and recycling pathways. DENND5B (Rab6-interacting Protein 1B-like protein, R6IP1B) is the longest isoform of DENND5, an evolutionarily conserved DENN domain-containing guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that is highly expressed in the brain. Through exome sequencing and international matchmaking platforms, we identified five de novo variants in DENND5B in a cohort of five unrelated individuals with neurodevelopmental phenotypes featuring cognitive impairment, dysmorphism, abnormal behavior, variable epilepsy, white matter abnormalities, and cortical gyration defects. We used biochemical assays and confocal microscopy to assess the impact of DENND5B variants on protein accumulation and distribution. Then, exploiting fluorescent lipid cargoes coupled to high-content imaging and analysis in living cells, we investigated whether DENND5B variants affected the dynamics of vesicle-mediated intracellular transport of specific cargoes. We further generated an in silico model to investigate the consequences of DENND5B variants on the DENND5B-RAB39A interaction. Biochemical analysis showed decreased protein levels of DENND5B mutants in various cell types. Functional investigation of DENND5B variants revealed defective intracellular vesicle trafficking, with significant impairment of lipid uptake and distribution. Although none of the variants affected the DENND5B-RAB39A interface, all were predicted to disrupt protein folding. Overall, our findings indicate that DENND5B variants perturb intracellular membrane trafficking pathways and cause a complex neurodevelopmental syndrome with variable epilepsy and white matter involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Scala
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Valeria Tomati
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Ferla
- Oxford Protein Informatics Group, Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mariateresa Lena
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Julie S Cohen
- Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ali Fatemi
- Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elly Brokamp
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Anna Bican
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John A Phillips
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mary E Koziura
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael Nicouleau
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, INSERM UMR 1163, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marlene Rio
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, INSERM UMR 1163, 75015 Paris, France; Service de Génétique, Necker Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Pairs, Paris, France
| | - Karine Siquier
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, INSERM UMR 1163, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Boddaert
- Département de Radiologie Pédiatrique, INSERM UMR 1163 and INSERM U1000, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Ilaria Musante
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Scudieri
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gary Bellus
- Clinical Genetics, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Sara Reed
- Clinical Genetics, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Hind Al Saif
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Division of Clinical Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Matthew B Walsh
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Vincent Cantagrel
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, INSERM UMR 1163, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Stefano Gustincich
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Sarah M Ruggiero
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark P Fitzgerald
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ingo Helbig
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.
| | | | - Federico Zara
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
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12
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Efthymiou S, Han W, Ilyas M, Li J, Yu Y, Scala M, Malintan NT, Ilyas M, Vavouraki N, Mankad K, Maroofian R, Rocca C, Salpietro V, Lakhani S, Mallack EJ, Palculict TB, Li H, Zhang G, Zafar F, Rana N, Takashima N, Matsunaga H, Manzoni C, Striano P, Lythgoe MF, Aruga J, Lu W, Houlden H. Human mutations in SLITRK3 implicated in GABAergic synapse development in mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1222935. [PMID: 38495551 PMCID: PMC10940442 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1222935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This study reports on biallelic homozygous and monoallelic de novo variants in SLITRK3 in three unrelated families presenting with epileptic encephalopathy associated with a broad neurological involvement characterized by microcephaly, intellectual disability, seizures, and global developmental delay. SLITRK3 encodes for a transmembrane protein that is involved in controlling neurite outgrowth and inhibitory synapse development and that has an important role in brain function and neurological diseases. Using primary cultures of hippocampal neurons carrying patients' SLITRK3 variants and in combination with electrophysiology, we demonstrate that recessive variants are loss-of-function alleles. Immunostaining experiments in HEK-293 cells showed that human variants C566R and E606X change SLITRK3 protein expression patterns on the cell surface, resulting in highly accumulating defective proteins in the Golgi apparatus. By analyzing the development and phenotype of SLITRK3 KO (SLITRK3-/-) mice, the study shows evidence of enhanced susceptibility to pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure with the appearance of spontaneous epileptiform EEG as well as developmental deficits such as higher motor activities and reduced parvalbumin interneurons. Taken together, the results exhibit impaired development of the peripheral and central nervous system and support a conserved role of this transmembrane protein in neurological function. The study delineates an emerging spectrum of human core synaptopathies caused by variants in genes that encode SLITRK proteins and essential regulatory components of the synaptic machinery. The hallmark of these disorders is impaired postsynaptic neurotransmission at nerve terminals; an impaired neurotransmission resulting in a wide array of (often overlapping) clinical features, including neurodevelopmental impairment, weakness, seizures, and abnormal movements. The genetic synaptopathy caused by SLITRK3 mutations highlights the key roles of this gene in human brain development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, University College London (UCL) Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Wenyan Han
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Muhammad Ilyas
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jun Li
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yichao Yu
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcello Scala
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, University College London (UCL) Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nancy T. Malintan
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, University College London (UCL) Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Ilyas
- Centre for Omic Sciences, Islamia College Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Nikoleta Vavouraki
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Kshitij Mankad
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Developmental Neurosciences Department, University College London (UCL) Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, University College London (UCL) Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clarissa Rocca
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, University College London (UCL) Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, University College London (UCL) Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shenela Lakhani
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Eric J. Mallack
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Hong Li
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Guojun Zhang
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Faisal Zafar
- Department of Pediatrics, Multan Hospital, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Nuzhat Rana
- Department of Pediatrics, Multan Hospital, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Noriko Takashima
- Laboratory for Behavioral and Developmental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI), Saitama, Japan
| | - Hayato Matsunaga
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Nagasaki University Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Claudia Manzoni
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mark F. Lythgoe
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Aruga
- Laboratory for Behavioral and Developmental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI), Saitama, Japan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Nagasaki University Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Wei Lu
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, University College London (UCL) Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Scorrano G, Battaglia L, Spiaggia R, Basile A, Palmucci S, Foti PV, David E, Marinangeli F, Mascilini I, Corsello A, Comisi F, Vittori A, Salpietro V. Corrigendum: Neuroimaging in PRUNE1 syndrome: a mini-review of the literature. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1360347. [PMID: 38375463 PMCID: PMC10876049 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1360347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1301147.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Scorrano
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Laura Battaglia
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University Hospital Policlinic “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Catania, Italy
| | - Rossana Spiaggia
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University Hospital Policlinic “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Basile
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University Hospital Policlinic “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Palmucci
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University Hospital Policlinic “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Catania, Italy
| | - Pietro Valerio Foti
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University Hospital Policlinic “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Catania, Italy
| | - Emanuele David
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University Hospital Policlinic “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Catania, Italy
| | - Franco Marinangeli
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Therapy, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Ilaria Mascilini
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ARCO ROMA, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandro Vittori
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ARCO ROMA, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Scorrano G, Lattanzi S, Salpietro V, Giannini C, Chiarelli F, Matricardi S. The Cognitive and Behavioural Effects of Perampanel in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2024; 13:372. [PMID: 38256507 PMCID: PMC10816822 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In children and adolescents with epilepsy, neurodevelopmental comorbidities can impair the quality of life more than seizures. The aim of this review was to evaluate the cognitive and behavioural effects of perampanel (PER) in the paediatric population. We performed a systematic search of the literature, selecting studies published in English including children and adolescents with epilepsy treated with PER. Cognitive and behavioural outcomes were assessed through validated neuropsychological standardised scales. Eighteen studies involving 3563 paediatric patients were included. Perampanel did not impair general cognitive functions and visuospatial skills, whereas a slight improvement in verbal memory and a decline in attentional power were detected. In adolescents with refractory epilepsies, high doses and/or rapid titration of PER and an underlying psychiatric disorder were risk factors for developing or worsening psychiatric outcomes such as anger, aggressiveness, and irritability. Data on children and adolescents treated with new antiseizure medications are scant, and neuropsychiatric effects are tricky to be detected during developmental age. According to the currently available evidence, PER showed an overall favourable risk-benefit profile. Pharmacodynamics, co-administration of other antiseizure medications, and family and personal history of neuropsychiatric disorders should be considered before PER treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Scorrano
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (G.S.); (C.G.); (F.C.)
| | - Simona Lattanzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Neurological Clinic, Marche Polytechnic University, 60020 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK;
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (DISCAB), University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Cosimo Giannini
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (G.S.); (C.G.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesco Chiarelli
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (G.S.); (C.G.); (F.C.)
| | - Sara Matricardi
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (G.S.); (C.G.); (F.C.)
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15
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Accogli A, Shakya S, Yang T, Insinna C, Kim SY, Bell D, Butov KR, Severino M, Niceta M, Scala M, Lee HS, Yoo T, Stauffer J, Zhao H, Fiorillo C, Pedemonte M, Diana MC, Baldassari S, Zakharova V, Shcherbina A, Rodina Y, Fagerberg C, Roos LS, Wierzba J, Dobosz A, Gerard A, Potocki L, Rosenfeld JA, Lalani SR, Scott TM, Scott D, Azamian MS, Louie R, Moore HW, Champaigne NL, Hollingsworth G, Torella A, Nigro V, Ploski R, Salpietro V, Zara F, Pizzi S, Chillemi G, Ognibene M, Cooney E, Do J, Linnemann A, Larsen MJ, Specht S, Walters KJ, Choi HJ, Choi M, Tartaglia M, Youkharibache P, Chae JH, Capra V, Park SG, Westlake CJ. Variants in the WDR44 WD40-repeat domain cause a spectrum of ciliopathy by impairing ciliogenesis initiation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:365. [PMID: 38191484 PMCID: PMC10774338 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44611-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
WDR44 prevents ciliogenesis initiation by regulating RAB11-dependent vesicle trafficking. Here, we describe male patients with missense and nonsense variants within the WD40 repeats (WDR) of WDR44, an X-linked gene product, who display ciliopathy-related developmental phenotypes that we can model in zebrafish. The patient phenotypic spectrum includes developmental delay/intellectual disability, hypotonia, distinct craniofacial features and variable presence of brain, renal, cardiac and musculoskeletal abnormalities. We demonstrate that WDR44 variants associated with more severe disease impair ciliogenesis initiation and ciliary signaling. Because WDR44 negatively regulates ciliogenesis, it was surprising that pathogenic missense variants showed reduced abundance, which we link to misfolding of WDR autonomous repeats and degradation by the proteasome. We discover that disease severity correlates with increased RAB11 binding, which we propose drives ciliogenesis initiation dysregulation. Finally, we discover interdomain interactions between the WDR and NH2-terminal region that contains the RAB11 binding domain (RBD) and show patient variants disrupt this association. This study provides new insights into WDR44 WDR structure and characterizes a new syndrome that could result from impaired ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Accogli
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Specialized Medicine, McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Saurabh Shakya
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Taewoo Yang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Christine Insinna
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Soo Yeon Kim
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 03080, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - David Bell
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kirill R Butov
- Department of Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Medical Biotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | | | - Marcello Niceta
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Scala
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Hyun Sik Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekyeong Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 03080, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimmy Stauffer
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Huijie Zhao
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Chiara Fiorillo
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
- Child Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Istituto G.Gaslini, DINOGMI University of Genova, Largo Gaslini 5, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marina Pedemonte
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria C Diana
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Simona Baldassari
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Viktoria Zakharova
- National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, Clinical data analysis department, Moscow, Russian Federation, Russia
| | - Anna Shcherbina
- Department of Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Yulia Rodina
- Department of Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Christina Fagerberg
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Laura Sønderberg Roos
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, København, Denmark
| | - Jolanta Wierzba
- Department of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine Nursing, Department of Rare Disorders, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Artur Dobosz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663, Krakow, Poland
| | - Amanda Gerard
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lorraine Potocki
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Seema R Lalani
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tiana M Scott
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Daryl Scott
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Annalaura Torella
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Nigro
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Rafal Ploski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 3C, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University. College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Simone Pizzi
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Chillemi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems, DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis s.n.c, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Marzia Ognibene
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Erin Cooney
- Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jenny Do
- Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Anders Linnemann
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Martin J Larsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Clinical Genome Center, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Suzanne Specht
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kylie J Walters
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Hee-Jung Choi
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Murim Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 03080, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Phillippe Youkharibache
- Cancer Science Data Lab, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jong-Hee Chae
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 03080, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Valeria Capra
- Child Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Istituto G.Gaslini, DINOGMI University of Genova, Largo Gaslini 5, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sung-Gyoo Park
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Christopher J Westlake
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA.
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16
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Salpietro V, Maroofian R, Zaki MS, Wangen J, Ciolfi A, Barresi S, Efthymiou S, Lamaze A, Aughey GN, Al Mutairi F, Rad A, Rocca C, Calì E, Accogli A, Zara F, Striano P, Mojarrad M, Tariq H, Giacopuzzi E, Taylor JC, Oprea G, Skrahina V, Rehman KU, Abd Elmaksoud M, Bassiony M, El Said HG, Abdel-Hamid MS, Al Shalan M, Seo G, Kim S, Lee H, Khang R, Issa MY, Elbendary HM, Rafat K, Marinakis NM, Traeger-Synodinos J, Ververi A, Sourmpi M, Eslahi A, Khadivi Zand F, Beiraghi Toosi M, Babaei M, Jackson A, Bertoli-Avella A, Pagnamenta AT, Niceta M, Battini R, Corsello A, Leoni C, Chiarelli F, Dallapiccola B, Faqeih EA, Tallur KK, Alfadhel M, Alobeid E, Maddirevula S, Mankad K, Banka S, Ghayoor-Karimiani E, Tartaglia M, Chung WK, Green R, Alkuraya FS, Jepson JEC, Houlden H. Bi-allelic genetic variants in the translational GTPases GTPBP1 and GTPBP2 cause a distinct identical neurodevelopmental syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2024; 111:200-210. [PMID: 38118446 PMCID: PMC10806450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The homologous genes GTPBP1 and GTPBP2 encode GTP-binding proteins 1 and 2, which are involved in ribosomal homeostasis. Pathogenic variants in GTPBP2 were recently shown to be an ultra-rare cause of neurodegenerative or neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Until now, no human phenotype has been linked to GTPBP1. Here, we describe individuals carrying bi-allelic GTPBP1 variants that display an identical phenotype with GTPBP2 and characterize the overall spectrum of GTP-binding protein (1/2)-related disorders. In this study, 20 individuals from 16 families with distinct NDDs and syndromic facial features were investigated by whole-exome (WES) or whole-genome (WGS) sequencing. To assess the functional impact of the identified genetic variants, semi-quantitative PCR, western blot, and ribosome profiling assays were performed in fibroblasts from affected individuals. We also investigated the effect of reducing expression of CG2017, an ortholog of human GTPBP1/2, in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Individuals with bi-allelic GTPBP1 or GTPBP2 variants presented with microcephaly, profound neurodevelopmental impairment, pathognomonic craniofacial features, and ectodermal defects. Abnormal vision and/or hearing, progressive spasticity, choreoathetoid movements, refractory epilepsy, and brain atrophy were part of the core phenotype of this syndrome. Cell line studies identified a loss-of-function (LoF) impact of the disease-associated variants but no significant abnormalities on ribosome profiling. Reduced expression of CG2017 isoforms was associated with locomotor impairment in Drosophila. In conclusion, bi-allelic GTPBP1 and GTPBP2 LoF variants cause an identical, distinct neurodevelopmental syndrome. Mutant CG2017 knockout flies display motor impairment, highlighting the conserved role for GTP-binding proteins in CNS development across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jamie Wangen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andrea Ciolfi
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Sabina Barresi
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Angelique Lamaze
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Institute of Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University, Münster, Germany
| | - Gabriel N Aughey
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Fuad Al Mutairi
- Genetic and Precision Medicine Department, King Abdullah Specialized Children Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Clarissa Rocca
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Elisa Calì
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Andrea Accogli
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Federico Zara
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Unit of Pediatric Neurology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Majid Mojarrad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Huma Tariq
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Edoardo Giacopuzzi
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK; Genomics Research Centre, Human Technopole, Milan, Italy; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jenny C Taylor
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | | | | | | | - Marwa Abd Elmaksoud
- Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Bassiony
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Huda G El Said
- Department of Family Health, High Institute of Public Health, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Abdel-Hamid
- Department of Medical Molecular Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha Al Shalan
- Genetic and Precision Medicine Department, King Abdullah Specialized Children Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Hane Lee
- 3billion, Inc, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Mahmoud Y Issa
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hasnaa M Elbendary
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Karima Rafat
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nikolaos M Marinakis
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, St. Sophia's Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Joanne Traeger-Synodinos
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, St. Sophia's Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athina Ververi
- Genetics Unit, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Atieh Eslahi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Masshad, Iran; Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Masshad, Iran
| | | | - Mehran Beiraghi Toosi
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Meisam Babaei
- Department of Pediatrics, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Adam Jackson
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | | | | | - Marcello Niceta
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Battini
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Corsello
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Leoni
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Women and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Bruno Dallapiccola
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Eissa Ali Faqeih
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Children's Specialist Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Majid Alfadhel
- Genetic and Precision Medicine Department, King Abdullah Specialized Children Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGH), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alobeid
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sateesh Maddirevula
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kshitij Mankad
- Department of Neuroradiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Siddharth Banka
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Ehsan Ghayoor-Karimiani
- Genetics Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, University of London, St George's, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rachel Green
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - James E C Jepson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
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17
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Scorrano G, Battaglia L, Spiaggia R, Basile A, Palmucci S, Foti PV, David E, Marinangeli F, Mascilini I, Corsello A, Comisi F, Vittori A, Salpietro V. Neuroimaging in PRUNE1 syndrome: a mini-review of the literature. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1301147. [PMID: 38178891 PMCID: PMC10764560 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1301147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Prune exopolyphosphatase 1 (PRUNE1) is a short-chain phosphatase that is part of the aspartic acid-histidine-histidine (DHH) family of proteins. PRUNE1 is highly expressed in the central nervous system and is crucially involved in neurodevelopment, cytoskeletal rearrangement, cell migration, and proliferation. Recently, biallelic PRUNE1 variants have been identified in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders, hypotonia, microcephaly, variable cerebral anomalies, and other features. PRUNE1 hypomorphic mutations mainly affect the DHH1 domain, leading to an impactful decrease in enzymatic activity with a loss-of-function mechanism. In this review, we explored both the clinical and radiological spectrum related to PRUNE1 pathogenic variants described to date. Specifically, we focused on neuroradiological findings that, together with clinical phenotypes and genetic data, allow us to best characterize affected children with diagnostic and potential prognostic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Scorrano
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Laura Battaglia
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "GF Ingrassia", University Hospital Policlinic "G. Rodolico-San Marco", Catania, Italy
| | - Rossana Spiaggia
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "GF Ingrassia", University Hospital Policlinic "G. Rodolico-San Marco", Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Basile
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "GF Ingrassia", University Hospital Policlinic "G. Rodolico-San Marco", Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Palmucci
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "GF Ingrassia", University Hospital Policlinic "G. Rodolico-San Marco", Catania, Italy
| | - Pietro Valerio Foti
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "GF Ingrassia", University Hospital Policlinic "G. Rodolico-San Marco", Catania, Italy
| | - Emanuele David
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "GF Ingrassia", University Hospital Policlinic "G. Rodolico-San Marco", Catania, Italy
| | - Franco Marinangeli
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Therapy, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Ilaria Mascilini
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ARCO ROMA, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandro Vittori
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ARCO ROMA, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Battaglia L, Scorrano G, Spiaggia R, Basile A, Palmucci S, Foti PV, Spatola C, Iacomino M, Marinangeli F, Francia E, Comisi F, Corsello A, Salpietro V, Vittori A, David E. Neuroimaging features of WOREE syndrome: a mini-review of the literature. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1301166. [PMID: 38161429 PMCID: PMC10757851 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1301166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The WWOX gene encodes a 414-amino-acid protein composed of two N-terminal WW domains and a C-terminal short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) domain. WWOX protein is highly conserved among species and mainly expressed in the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, brain stem, thyroid, hypophysis, and reproductive organs. It plays a crucial role in the biology of the central nervous system, and it is involved in neuronal development, migration, and proliferation. Biallelic pathogenic variants in WWOX have been associated with an early infantile epileptic encephalopathy known as WOREE syndrome. Both missense and null variants have been described in affected patients, leading to a reduction in protein function and stability. The most severe WOREE phenotypes have been related to biallelic null/null variants, associated with the complete loss of function of the protein. All affected patients showed brain anomalies on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), suggesting the pivotal role of WWOX protein in brain homeostasis and developmental processes. We provided a literature review, exploring both the clinical and radiological spectrum related to WWOX pathogenic variants, described to date. We focused on neuroradiological findings to better delineate the WOREE phenotype with diagnostic and prognostic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Battaglia
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University Hospital Policlinic “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanna Scorrano
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Rossana Spiaggia
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University Hospital Policlinic “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Basile
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University Hospital Policlinic “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Palmucci
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University Hospital Policlinic “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Catania, Italy
| | - Pietro Valerio Foti
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University Hospital Policlinic “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Catania, Italy
| | - Corrado Spatola
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University Hospital Policlinic “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Catania, Italy
| | - Michele Iacomino
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Instituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Franco Marinangeli
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Therapy, University of L’aquila, L’aquila, Italy
| | - Elisa Francia
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ARCO ROMA, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Vittori
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ARCO ROMA, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele David
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University Hospital Policlinic “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Catania, Italy
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19
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Maroofian R, Kaiyrzhanov R, Cali E, Zamani M, Zaki MS, Ferla M, Tortora D, Sadeghian S, Saadi SM, Abdullah U, Karimiani EG, Efthymiou S, Yeşil G, Alavi S, Al Shamsi AM, Tajsharghi H, Abdel-Hamid MS, Saadi NW, Al Mutairi F, Alabdi L, Beetz C, Ali Z, Toosi MB, Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Babaei M, Isohanni P, Muhammad J, Khan S, Al Shalan M, Hickey SE, Marom D, Elhanan E, Kurian MA, Marafi D, Saberi A, Hamid M, Spaull R, Meng L, Lalani S, Maqbool S, Rahman F, Seeger J, Palculict TB, Lau T, Murphy D, Mencacci NE, Steindl K, Begemann A, Rauch A, Akbas S, Aslanger AD, Salpietro V, Yousaf H, Ben-Shachar S, Ejeskär K, Al Aqeel AI, High FA, Armstrong-Javors AE, Zahraei SM, Seifi T, Zeighami J, Shariati G, Sedaghat A, Asl SN, Shahrooei M, Zifarelli G, Burglen L, Ravelli C, Zschocke J, Schatz UA, Ghavideldarestani M, Kamel WA, Van Esch H, Hackenberg A, Taylor JC, Al-Gazali L, Bauer P, Gleeson JJ, Alkuraya FS, Lupski JR, Galehdari H, Azizimalamiri R, Chung WK, Baig SM, Houlden H, Severino M. Biallelic MED27 variants lead to variable ponto-cerebello-lental degeneration with movement disorders. Brain 2023; 146:5031-5043. [PMID: 37517035 PMCID: PMC10690011 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
MED27 is a subunit of the Mediator multiprotein complex, which is involved in transcriptional regulation. Biallelic MED27 variants have recently been suggested to be responsible for an autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder with spasticity, cataracts and cerebellar hypoplasia. We further delineate the clinical phenotype of MED27-related disease by characterizing the clinical and radiological features of 57 affected individuals from 30 unrelated families with biallelic MED27 variants. Using exome sequencing and extensive international genetic data sharing, 39 unpublished affected individuals from 18 independent families with biallelic missense variants in MED27 have been identified (29 females, mean age at last follow-up 17 ± 12.4 years, range 0.1-45). Follow-up and hitherto unreported clinical features were obtained from the published 12 families. Brain MRI scans from 34 cases were reviewed. MED27-related disease manifests as a broad phenotypic continuum ranging from developmental and epileptic-dyskinetic encephalopathy to variable neurodevelopmental disorder with movement abnormalities. It is characterized by mild to profound global developmental delay/intellectual disability (100%), bilateral cataracts (89%), infantile hypotonia (74%), microcephaly (62%), gait ataxia (63%), dystonia (61%), variably combined with epilepsy (50%), limb spasticity (51%), facial dysmorphism (38%) and death before reaching adulthood (16%). Brain MRI revealed cerebellar atrophy (100%), white matter volume loss (76.4%), pontine hypoplasia (47.2%) and basal ganglia atrophy with signal alterations (44.4%). Previously unreported 39 affected individuals had seven homozygous pathogenic missense MED27 variants, five of which were recurrent. An emerging genotype-phenotype correlation was observed. This study provides a comprehensive clinical-radiological description of MED27-related disease, establishes genotype-phenotype and clinical-radiological correlations and suggests a differential diagnosis with syndromes of cerebello-lental neurodegeneration and other subtypes of 'neuro-MEDopathies'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Rauan Kaiyrzhanov
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Elisa Cali
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Mina Zamani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
- Narges Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis Laboratory, Kianpars, Ahvaz, Iran
- Ati Mehr Kasra Genetics Institute, Kianpars, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Matteo Ferla
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
| | - Domenico Tortora
- Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Saeid Sadeghian
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Golestan Medical, Educational, and Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saadia Maryam Saadi
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, 44000 Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Abdullah
- University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, 46300 Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Ehsan Ghayoor Karimiani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Next Generation Genetic Polyclinic, Mashhad, Iran
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George’s, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
- Innovative Medical Research Center, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Gözde Yeşil
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Shahryar Alavi
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Aisha M Al Shamsi
- Genetic Division, Pediatrics Department, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Homa Tajsharghi
- School of Health Science, Division Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Skovde, SE-541 28 Skovde, Sweden
| | - Mohamed S Abdel-Hamid
- Medical Molecular Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nebal Waill Saadi
- College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, 10071 Baghdad, Iraq
- Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, 10071 Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Fuad Al Mutairi
- Genetics and Precision Medicine department, King Abdullah Specialized Children’s Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, 22384 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, 22384 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lama Alabdi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, 11421 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, 12713 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Zafar Ali
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, WJC PANUM, University of Copenhagen, DK-1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat 19120, Pakistan
| | - Mehran Beiraghi Toosi
- Pediatric Neurology Department Pediatric Ward Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Meisam Babaei
- Department of Pediatrics, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Pirjo Isohanni
- Research Programs Unit, Stem Cells and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Child Neurology, Children’s Hospital, Paediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jameel Muhammad
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, 44000 Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Juma Building, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Sheraz Khan
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, 44000 Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Maha Al Shalan
- Genetics and Precision Medicine department, King Abdullah Specialized Children’s Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, 22384 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Scott E Hickey
- Division of Genetic & Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Daphna Marom
- Genetics Institute and Genomic Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Emil Elhanan
- Nephro-Genetic Clinic, Nephrology Department and Genetics Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Dana Marafi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Alihossein Saberi
- Narges Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis Laboratory, Kianpars, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hamid
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Robert Spaull
- Nephro-Genetic Clinic, Nephrology Department and Genetics Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Linyan Meng
- Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Seema Lalani
- Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Shazia Maqbool
- Developmental-Behavioural Paediatrics Department, University of Child Health Sciences & The Children’s Hospital, 54000 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Rahman
- Developmental-Behavioural Paediatrics Department, University of Child Health Sciences & The Children’s Hospital, 54000 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jürgen Seeger
- Center for Social Pediatrics and Epilepsy Outpatient Clinic Frankfurt Mitte, 60316 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Tracy Lau
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - David Murphy
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Niccolo Emanuele Mencacci
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Katharina Steindl
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Anais Begemann
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Anita Rauch
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Sinan Akbas
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayça Dilruba Aslanger
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (DISCAB), University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Hammad Yousaf
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, 44000 Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shay Ben-Shachar
- Clalit Research Institute, Clalit Health Services, 6578898 Ramat Gan, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Katarina Ejeskär
- School of Health Science, Division Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Skovde, SE-541 28 Skovde, Sweden
| | - Aida I Al Aqeel
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, 12233 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- American University of Beirut, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon
- Alfaisal University, 11533 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Frances A High
- Division of Medical Genetics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amy E Armstrong-Javors
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - Tahereh Seifi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
- Narges Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis Laboratory, Kianpars, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Jawaher Zeighami
- Narges Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis Laboratory, Kianpars, Ahvaz, Iran
- Ati Mehr Kasra Genetics Institute, Kianpars, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Shariati
- Narges Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis Laboratory, Kianpars, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Sedaghat
- Narges Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis Laboratory, Kianpars, Ahvaz, Iran
- Diabetes Research center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Samaneh Noroozi Asl
- Department of Pediatrics Endocrinology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohmmad Shahrooei
- Specialized Immunology Laboratory of Dr Shahrooei, Sina Medical Complex, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical and Diagnostic Immunology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Lydie Burglen
- Cerebellar Malformations and Congenital diseases Reference Center and Neurogenetics Lab, Department of Genetics, Armand Trousseau Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
- Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Claudia Ravelli
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Movement Disorders Center, Armand Trousseau Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Johannes Zschocke
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ulrich A Schatz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Walaa A Kamel
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, 62521 Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Hilde Van Esch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for the Genetics of Cognition, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven–University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annette Hackenberg
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jenny C Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
| | - Lihadh Al-Gazali
- Departments of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | | | - Joseph J Gleeson
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA 92025, USA
| | - Fowzan Sami Alkuraya
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hamid Galehdari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
- Ati Mehr Kasra Genetics Institute, Kianpars, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Azizimalamiri
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Golestan Medical, Educational, and Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shahid Mahmood Baig
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, 44000 Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, 74800 Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Scorrano G, D'Onofrio G, Accogli A, Severino M, Buchert R, Kotzaeridou U, Iapadre G, Farello G, Iacomino M, Dono F, Di Francesco L, Fiorile MF, La Bella S, Corsello A, Calì E, Di Rosa G, Gitto E, Verrotti A, Fortuna S, Soler MA, Chiarelli F, Oehl-Jaschkowitz B, Haack TB, Zara F, Striano P, Salpietro V. A PAK1 Mutational Hotspot Within the Regulatory CRIPaK Domain is Associated With Severe Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children. Pediatr Neurol 2023; 149:84-92. [PMID: 37820543 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND P-21-activated kinases (PAKs) are protein serine/threonine kinases, part of the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. PAK1 is highly expressed in the central nervous system and crucially involved in neuronal migration and brain developmental processes. Recently, de novo heterozygous missense variants in PAK1 have been identified as an ultrarare cause of pediatric neurodevelopmental disorders. METHODS We report a series of children affected with postnatal macrocephaly, neurodevelopmental impairment, and drug-resistant epilepsy. Repeated electroencephalographic (EEG) and video-EEG evaluations were performed over a two- to 10-year period during follow-up to delineate electroclinical histories. Genetic sequencing studies and computational evaluation of the identified variants were performed in our patient cohort. RESULTS We identified by whole-exome sequencing three novel de novo variants in PAK1 (NM_001128620: c.427A>G, p.Met143Val; c.428T>C, p.Met143Thr; c.428T>A, p.Met143Lys) as the underlying cause of the disease in our families. The three variants affected the same highly conserved Met143 residue within the cysteine-rich inhibitor of PAK1 (CRIPaK) domain, which was identified before as a PAK1 inhibitor target. Computational studies suggested a defective autoinhibition presumably due to impaired PAK1 autoregulation as a result of the recurrent substitution. CONCLUSIONS We delineated the electroclinical phenotypes of PAK1-related neurological disorders and highlight a novel mutational hotspot that may involve defective autoinhibition of the PAK1 protein. The three novel variants affecting the same hotspot residue within the CRIPaK domain highlight potentially impaired PAK1-CRIPaK interaction as a novel disease mechanism. These findings shed light on possible future treatments targeted at the CRIPaK domain, to modulate PAK1 activity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Scorrano
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Gianluca D'Onofrio
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy; Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Accogli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Rebecca Buchert
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Urania Kotzaeridou
- Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Giulia Iapadre
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giovanni Farello
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Michele Iacomino
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Genova, Italy
| | - Fedele Dono
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Ludovica Di Francesco
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Saverio La Bella
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonio Corsello
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Calì
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Gabriella Di Rosa
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Eloisa Gitto
- Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Sara Fortuna
- Computational Modelling of Nanoscale and Biophysical Systems Laboratory (CONCEPT), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genova, Italy
| | - Miguel A Soler
- Department of Mathematics, Computer Science and Physics, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | | | - Tobias B Haack
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Federico Zara
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy; Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy; Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Genova, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy; Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
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21
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Geroldi A, Tozza S, Fiorillo C, Nolano M, Fossa P, Vitale F, Domi R, Gaudio A, Mammi A, Patrone S, Barbera AL, Origone P, Ponti C, Sanguineri F, Zara F, Cataldi M, Salpietro V, Venturi CB, Massucco S, Schenone A, Manganelli F, Mandich P, Bellone E, Gotta F. A novel de novo variant in POLR3B gene associated with a primary axonal involvement of the largest nerve fibers. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2023; 28:620-628. [PMID: 37897416 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS POLR3B gene encodes a subunit of RNA polymerase III (Pol III). Biallelic mutations in POLR3B are associated with leukodystrophies, but recently de novo heterozygous mutations have been described in early onset peripheral demyelinating neuropathies with or without central involvement. Here, we report the first Italian case carrying a de novo variant in POLR3B with a pure neuropathy phenotype and primary axonal involvement of the largest nerve fibers. METHODS Nerve conduction studies, sympathetic skin response, dynamic sweat test, tactile and thermal quantitative sensory testing and brain magnetic resonance imaging were performed according to standard procedures. Histopathological examination was performed on skin and sural nerve biopsies. Molecular analysis of the proband and his relatives was performed with Next Generation Sequencing. The impact of the identified variant on the overall protein structure was evaluated through rotamers method. RESULTS Since his early adolescence, the patient presented with signs of polyneuropathy with severe distal weakness, atrophy, and reduced sensation. Neurophysiological studies showed a sensory-motor axonal polyneuropathy, with confirmed small fiber involvement. In addition, skin biopsy and sural nerve biopsy showed predominant large fibers involvement. A trio's whole exome sequencing revealed a novel de novo variant p.(Arg1046Cys) in POLR3B, which was classified as Probably Pathogenic. Molecular modeling data confirmed a deleterious effect of the variant on protein structure. INTERPRETATION Neurophysiological and morphological findings suggest a primary axonal involvement of the largest nerve fibers in POLR3B-related neuropathies. A partial loss of function mechanism is proposed for both neuropathy and leukodystrophy phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Geroldi
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal and Infantile Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Tozza
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Fiorillo
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal and Infantile Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Child Neuropsychiatric Unit, IRCCS Institute G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Nolano
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Fossa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Floriana Vitale
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Regi Domi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Gaudio
- OU Medical Genetics, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessia Mammi
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal and Infantile Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Serena Patrone
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal and Infantile Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea La Barbera
- OU Medical Genetics, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Origone
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal and Infantile Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- OU Medical Genetics, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Clarissa Ponti
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal and Infantile Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- OU Medical Genetics, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Sanguineri
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal and Infantile Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- OU Medical Genetics, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal and Infantile Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Medical Genetic Unit, IRCCS Institute G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Cataldi
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal and Infantile Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Child Neuropsychiatric Unit, IRCCS Institute G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal and Infantile Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Medical Genetic Unit, IRCCS Institute G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Sara Massucco
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal and Infantile Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- OU Neurology Clinic, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Angelo Schenone
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal and Infantile Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- OU Neurology Clinic, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fiore Manganelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Mandich
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal and Infantile Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- OU Medical Genetics, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emilia Bellone
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal and Infantile Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- OU Medical Genetics, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabio Gotta
- OU Medical Genetics, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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22
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Accogli A, Lin SJ, Severino M, Kim SH, Huang K, Rocca C, Landsverk M, Zaki MS, Al-Maawali A, Srinivasan VM, Al-Thihli K, Schaefer GB, Davis M, Tonduti D, Doneda C, Marten LM, Mühlhausen C, Gomez M, Lamantea E, Mena R, Nizon M, Procaccio V, Begtrup A, Telegrafi A, Cui H, Schulz HL, Mohr J, Biskup S, Loos MA, Aráoz HV, Salpietro V, Keppen LD, Chitre M, Petree C, Raymond L, Vogt J, Sawyer LB, Basinger AA, Pedersen SV, Pearson TS, Grange DK, Lingappa L, McDunnah P, Horvath R, Cognè B, Isidor B, Hahn A, Gripp KW, Jafarnejad SM, Østergaard E, Prada CE, Ghezzi D, Gowda VK, Taylor RW, Sonenberg N, Houlden H, Sissler M, Varshney GK, Maroofian R. Clinical, neuroradiological, and molecular characterization of mitochondrial threonyl-tRNA-synthetase (TARS2)-related disorder. Genet Med 2023; 25:100938. [PMID: 37454282 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2023.100938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Biallelic variants in TARS2, encoding the mitochondrial threonyl-tRNA-synthetase, have been reported in a small group of individuals displaying a neurodevelopmental phenotype but with limited neuroradiological data and insufficient evidence for causality of the variants. METHODS Exome or genome sequencing was carried out in 15 families. Clinical and neuroradiological evaluation was performed for all affected individuals, including review of 10 previously reported individuals. The pathogenicity of TARS2 variants was evaluated using in vitro assays and a zebrafish model. RESULTS We report 18 new individuals harboring biallelic TARS2 variants. Phenotypically, these individuals show developmental delay/intellectual disability, regression, cerebellar and cerebral atrophy, basal ganglia signal alterations, hypotonia, cerebellar signs, and increased blood lactate. In vitro studies showed that variants within the TARS2301-381 region had decreased binding to Rag GTPases, likely impairing mTORC1 activity. The zebrafish model recapitulated key features of the human phenotype and unraveled dysregulation of downstream targets of mTORC1 signaling. Functional testing of the variants confirmed the pathogenicity in a zebrafish model. CONCLUSION We define the clinico-radiological spectrum of TARS2-related mitochondrial disease, unveil the likely involvement of the mTORC1 signaling pathway as a distinct molecular mechanism, and establish a TARS2 zebrafish model as an important tool to study variant pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Accogli
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), Montreal, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sheng-Jia Lin
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | | | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Kevin Huang
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Clarissa Rocca
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Landsverk
- University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine Sioux Falls, SD; Sanford Research, Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sioux Falls, SD
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, Clinical Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Almundher Al-Maawali
- Department of Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Genetic and Developmental Medicine Clinic, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | | | - Khalid Al-Thihli
- Department of Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Genetic and Developmental Medicine Clinic, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - G Bradly Schaefer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Monica Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Davide Tonduti
- Unit of Pediatric Neurology, COALA (Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Leukodystrophies), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Doneda
- Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology Department, Children's Hospital Vittore Buzzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Lara M Marten
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Chris Mühlhausen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria Gomez
- Centro de Obsetricia y Ginecologia & Centro Medico Moderno, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Eleonora Lamantea
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Rafael Mena
- Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Centro de Obsetricia y Ginecologia, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Mathilde Nizon
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes Université, Nantes, France; Nantes Université, CNRS, INSERM, l'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Vincent Procaccio
- University of Angers, MitoLab Team, Unité MitoVasc, UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM U1083, SFR ICAT, Angers, France; Department of Genetics, CHU Angers, Angers, France
| | | | | | | | - Heidi L Schulz
- Human Genetic center Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Julia Mohr
- Human Genetic center Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Saskia Biskup
- Human Genetic center Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany; CeGaT GmbH, Germany
| | - Mariana Amina Loos
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hilda Verónica Aráoz
- Genomics Laboratory, Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Laura Davis Keppen
- University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine Sioux Falls, SD; Sanford Research, Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sioux Falls, SD
| | - Manali Chitre
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cassidy Petree
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Lucy Raymond
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Vogt
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsey B Sawyer
- Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters, Norfolk, Virginia, VA
| | - Alice A Basinger
- Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters, Norfolk, Virginia, VA
| | - Signe Vandal Pedersen
- Department of Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Toni S Pearson
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Dorothy K Grange
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases (CIMED), St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Paige McDunnah
- Division of Medical Genetics, Nemours/A I duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE
| | - Rita Horvath
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Cognè
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes Université, Nantes, France; Nantes Université, CNRS, INSERM, l'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Department of Child Neurology, University Hospital, Gießen, Germany
| | - Karen W Gripp
- Division of Medical Genetics, Nemours/A I duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE
| | - Seyed Mehdi Jafarnejad
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Elsebet Østergaard
- Department of Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carlos E Prada
- Division of Genetics, Genomics, and Metabolism, Ann & Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago; Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago; Fundacion Cardiovascular de Colombia, Floridablanca, Colombia
| | - Daniele Ghezzi
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; NHS Highly Specialized Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Sissler
- ARNA - UMR5320 CNRS - U1212 INSERM, Université de Bordeaux, IECB, Pessac, France
| | - Gaurav K Varshney
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK.
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.
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23
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Bosch E, Popp B, Güse E, Skinner C, van der Sluijs PJ, Maystadt I, Pinto AM, Renieri A, Bruno LP, Granata S, Marcelis C, Baysal Ö, Hartwich D, Holthöfer L, Isidor B, Cogne B, Wieczorek D, Capra V, Scala M, De Marco P, Ognibene M, Jamra RA, Platzer K, Carter LB, Kuismin O, van Haeringen A, Maroofian R, Valenzuela I, Cuscó I, Martinez-Agosto JA, Rabani AM, Mefford HC, Pereira EM, Close C, Anyane-Yeboa K, Wagner M, Hannibal MC, Zacher P, Thiffault I, Beunders G, Umair M, Bhola PT, McGinnis E, Millichap J, van de Kamp JM, Prijoles EJ, Dobson A, Shillington A, Graham BH, Garcia EJ, Galindo MK, Ropers FG, Nibbeling EAR, Hubbard G, Karimov C, Goj G, Bend R, Rath J, Morrow MM, Millan F, Salpietro V, Torella A, Nigro V, Kurki M, Stevenson RE, Santen GWE, Zweier M, Campeau PM, Severino M, Reis A, Accogli A, Vasileiou G. Elucidating the clinical and molecular spectrum of SMARCC2-associated NDD in a cohort of 65 affected individuals. Genet Med 2023; 25:100950. [PMID: 37551667 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2023.100950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Coffin-Siris and Nicolaides-Baraitser syndromes are recognizable neurodevelopmental disorders caused by germline variants in BAF complex subunits. The SMARCC2 BAFopathy was recently reported. Herein, we present clinical and molecular data on a large cohort. METHODS Clinical symptoms for 41 novel and 24 previously published affected individuals were analyzed using the Human Phenotype Ontology. For genotype-phenotype correlations, molecular data were standardized and grouped into non-truncating and likely gene-disrupting (LGD) variants. Missense variant protein expression and BAF-subunit interactions were examined using 3D protein modeling, co-immunoprecipitation, and proximity-ligation assays. RESULTS Neurodevelopmental delay with intellectual disability, muscular hypotonia, and behavioral disorders were the major manifestations. Clinical hallmarks of BAFopathies were rare. Clinical presentation differed significantly, with LGD variants being predominantly inherited and associated with mildly reduced or normal cognitive development, whereas non-truncating variants were mostly de novo and presented with severe developmental delay. These distinct manifestations and non-truncating variant clustering in functional domains suggest different pathomechanisms. In vitro testing showed decreased protein expression for N-terminal missense variants similar to LGD. CONCLUSION This study improved SMARCC2 variant classification and identified discernible SMARCC2-associated phenotypes for LGD and non-truncating variants, which were distinct from other BAFopathies. The pathomechanism of most non-truncating variants has yet to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Bosch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernt Popp
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charitè, Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Centre of Functional Genomics, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Esther Güse
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | - Isabelle Maystadt
- Center for Human Genetics, Institute of Pathology and Genetics, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Anna Maria Pinto
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Renieri
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy; Medical Genetics Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Lucia Pia Bruno
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Granata
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy; Medical Genetics Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Carlo Marcelis
- Human Genetics department, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Özlem Baysal
- Human Genetics department, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dewi Hartwich
- Institute of Human Genetics - University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Laura Holthöfer
- Institute of Human Genetics - University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- Nantes Université, CHU de Nantes, Service de Génétique médicale, Nantes, France; Nantes Université, CHU de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Benjamin Cogne
- Nantes Université, CHU de Nantes, Service de Génétique médicale, Nantes, France; Nantes Université, CHU de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Dagmar Wieczorek
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Valeria Capra
- Genomics and Clinical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marcello Scala
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Patrizia De Marco
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marzia Ognibene
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rami Abou Jamra
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Konrad Platzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lauren B Carter
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Levine Children's Hospital, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC
| | - Outi Kuismin
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Arie van Haeringen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Valenzuela
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Medicine Genetics Group, Valle Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivon Cuscó
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Medicine Genetics Group, Valle Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julian A Martinez-Agosto
- Departments of Human Genetics, Pediatrics, and Psychiatry, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ahna M Rabani
- Department of Pediatrics & Institute for Precision Health, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Heather C Mefford
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Elaine M Pereira
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Charlotte Close
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Kwame Anyane-Yeboa
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Mallory Wagner
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Metabolism, and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Health System, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Mark C Hannibal
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Metabolism, and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Health System, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Pia Zacher
- Epilepsy Center Kleinwachau, Radeberg, Germany
| | - Isabelle Thiffault
- Department of Pediatrics and Pathology, Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City and Children's Mercy Research Institute, Kansas City, MO
| | - Gea Beunders
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Muhammad Umair
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, MNGHA, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Priya T Bhola
- Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO), Ottawa, Canada
| | - Erin McGinnis
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - John Millichap
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Jiddeke M van de Kamp
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Amelle Shillington
- Department of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Brett H Graham
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Evan-Jacob Garcia
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | - Fabienne G Ropers
- Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Esther A R Nibbeling
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gail Hubbard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Catherine Karimov
- Department of Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Guido Goj
- Vestische Kinder- und Jugendklinik, Datteln, Germany
| | - Renee Bend
- PreventionGenetics, Part of Exact Sciences, Marshfield, WI
| | - Julie Rath
- PreventionGenetics, Part of Exact Sciences, Marshfield, WI
| | | | | | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Annalaura Torella
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Nigro
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy
| | - Mitja Kurki
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Gijs W E Santen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Zweier
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zürich, Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philippe M Campeau
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - André Reis
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Centre for Rare Diseases Erlangen (ZSEER), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea Accogli
- Department of Specialized Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Centre; Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Georgia Vasileiou
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Centre for Rare Diseases Erlangen (ZSEER), Erlangen, Germany.
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24
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Amore G, Calì E, Spanò M, Ceravolo G, Mangano GD, Scorrano G, Efthymiou S, Salpietro V, Houlden H, Di Rosa G. ATP6V1B2-related disorders featuring Lennox-Gastaut-syndrome: A case-based overview. Brain Dev 2023; 45:588-596. [PMID: 37633739 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ATP6V1B2 (ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal VI subunit B, isoform 2) encodes for a subunit of a ubiquitous transmembrane lysosomal proton pump, implicated in the acidification of intracellular organelles and in several additional cellular functions. Variants in ATP6V1B2 have been related to a heterogeneous group of multisystemic disorders sometimes associated with variable neurological involvement. However, our knowledge of genotype-phenotype correlations and the neurological spectrum of ATP6V1B2-related disorders remain limited due to the few numbers of reported cases. CASE STUDY We hereby report the case of an 18-year-old male Sicilian patient affected by a global developmental delay, skeletal abnormalities, and epileptic encephalopathy featuring Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS), in which exome sequencing led to the identification of a novel de novo variant in ATP6V1B2 (NM_001693.4: c.973G > C, p.Gly325Arg). CONCLUSIONS Our report provides new insights on the inclusion of developmental epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs) within the continuum group of ATP6V1B2-related disorders, expanding the phenotypic and molecular spectrum associated with these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Amore
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Via C. Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Elisa Calì
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Spanò
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Via C. Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giorgia Ceravolo
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom; Unit of Emergency Pediatrics, Department of Human Pathology and Evolutive Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Via C. Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Donato Mangano
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Human Anatomy Section, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanna Scorrano
- Department of Pediatrics "G. D'Annunzio", University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriella Di Rosa
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Via C. Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy.
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25
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Engel C, Valence S, Delplancq G, Maroofian R, Accogli A, Agolini E, Alkuraya FS, Baglioni V, Bagnasco I, Becmeur-Lefebvre M, Bertini E, Borggraefe I, Brischoux-Boucher E, Bruel AL, Brusco A, Bubshait DK, Cabrol C, Cilio MR, Cornet MC, Coubes C, Danhaive O, Delague V, Denommé-Pichon AS, Di Giacomo MC, Doco-Fenzy M, Engels H, Cremer K, Gérard M, Gleeson JG, Heron D, Goffeney J, Guimier A, Harms FL, Houlden H, Iacomino M, Kaiyrzhanov R, Kamien B, Karimiani EG, Kraus D, Kuentz P, Kutsche K, Lederer D, Massingham L, Mignot C, Morris-Rosendahl D, Nagarajan L, Odent S, Ormières C, Partlow JN, Pasquier L, Penney L, Philippe C, Piccolo G, Poulton C, Putoux A, Rio M, Rougeot C, Salpietro V, Scheffer I, Schneider A, Srivastava S, Straussberg R, Striano P, Valente EM, Venot P, Villard L, Vitobello A, Wagner J, Wagner M, Zaki MS, Zara F, Lesca G, Yassaee VR, Miryounesi M, Hashemi-Gorji F, Beiraghi M, Ashrafzadeh F, Galehdari H, Walsh C, Novelli A, Tacke M, Sadykova D, Maidyrov Y, Koneev K, Shashkin C, Capra V, Zamani M, Van Maldergem L, Burglen L, Piard J. BRAT1-related disorders: phenotypic spectrum and phenotype-genotype correlations from 97 patients. Eur J Hum Genet 2023; 31:1023-1031. [PMID: 37344571 PMCID: PMC10474045 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-023-01410-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BRAT1 biallelic variants are associated with rigidity and multifocal seizure syndrome, lethal neonatal (RMFSL), and neurodevelopmental disorder associating cerebellar atrophy with or without seizures syndrome (NEDCAS). To date, forty individuals have been reported in the literature. We collected clinical and molecular data from 57 additional cases allowing us to study a large cohort of 97 individuals and draw phenotype-genotype correlations. Fifty-nine individuals presented with BRAT1-related RMFSL phenotype. Most of them had no psychomotor acquisition (100%), epilepsy (100%), microcephaly (91%), limb rigidity (93%), and died prematurely (93%). Thirty-eight individuals presented a non-lethal phenotype of BRAT1-related NEDCAS phenotype. Seventy-six percent of the patients in this group were able to walk and 68% were able to say at least a few words. Most of them had cerebellar ataxia (82%), axial hypotonia (79%) and cerebellar atrophy (100%). Genotype-phenotype correlations in our cohort revealed that biallelic nonsense, frameshift or inframe deletion/insertion variants result in the severe BRAT1-related RMFSL phenotype (46/46; 100%). In contrast, genotypes with at least one missense were more likely associated with NEDCAS (28/34; 82%). The phenotype of patients carrying splice variants was variable: 41% presented with RMFSL (7/17) and 59% with NEDCAS (10/17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Engel
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.
| | - Stéphanie Valence
- Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, APHP Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Geoffroy Delplancq
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Accogli
- Department of Specialized Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Emanuele Agolini
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Valentina Baglioni
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Institute of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Bagnasco
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Epilepsy Center for Children, Martini Hospital, 10141, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ingo Borggraefe
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Developmental Medicine and Social Pediatrics, University of Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Elise Brischoux-Boucher
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Ange-Line Bruel
- UMR 1231 GAD, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares, FHU-TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Dalal K Bubshait
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christelle Cabrol
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Maria Roberta Cilio
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology Saint-Luc University Hospital, and Institute of Neuroscience (IoNS), Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie-Coralie Cornet
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christine Coubes
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Maladies Rares et Médecine Personnalisée, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Danhaive
- Division of Neonatology, Saint-Luc university Hospital, and Institut of Clinical and Experimental Research (IREC), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Valérie Delague
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, Marseille Medical Genetics Center, MMG, Marseille, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Denommé-Pichon
- UMR 1231 GAD, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares, FHU-TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Marilena Carmela Di Giacomo
- Medical Genetics Service and Laboratory of Cytogenetics, SIC Anatomia Patologica, "San Carlo" Hospital, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Martine Doco-Fenzy
- CHU Reims, Service de Génétique, Reims, France
- CHU de Nantes, service de génétique médicale, Nantes, France
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Hartmut Engels
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kirsten Cremer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marion Gérard
- Clinical Genetics, Côte de Nacre University Hospital Center, Caen, France
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- University of California San Diego, Department of Neurosciences, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Delphine Heron
- Department of Genetics, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Joanna Goffeney
- Service de neuropédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Anne Guimier
- Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies Rares, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Institut Imagine et Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Frederike L Harms
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michele Iacomino
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Instituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Rauan Kaiyrzhanov
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Benjamin Kamien
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, WA, 6008, Australia
| | - Ehsan Ghayoor Karimiani
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Next Generation Genetic Polyclinic, Mashhad, Iran
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Dror Kraus
- Department of Neurology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tiqva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Paul Kuentz
- UMR 1231 GAD, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
- Oncobiologie Génétique Bioinformatique, PCBio, CHU Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Kerstin Kutsche
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Damien Lederer
- Institute for Pathology and Genetics, 6040, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Lauren Massingham
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Cyril Mignot
- APHP, Sorbonne Université, Département de Génétique, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière/Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Déborah Morris-Rosendahl
- Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- NHLI, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lakshmi Nagarajan
- Department of Neurology, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Sylvie Odent
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre Référence "Déficiences Intellectuelles de causes rares" (CRDI), Centre Référence Anomalies du développement (CLAD-Ouest), CHU Rennes, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Clothilde Ormières
- Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies Rares, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Institut Imagine et Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Neil Partlow
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laurent Pasquier
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre Référence "Déficiences Intellectuelles de causes rares" (CRDI), Centre Référence Anomalies du développement (CLAD-Ouest), CHU Rennes, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Lynette Penney
- Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Christophe Philippe
- UMR 1231 GAD, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares, FHU-TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | | | - Cathryn Poulton
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, WA, 6008, Australia
| | - Audrey Putoux
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Génétique, Bron, France
- Équipe GENDEV, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM U1028 CNRS UMR5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Marlène Rio
- Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies Rares, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Institut Imagine et Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genova, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Ingrid Scheffer
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- Royal Children's Hospital, Florey Institute and Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy Schneider
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Rachel Straussberg
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Pasquale Striano
- IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genova, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Neurogenetics Research Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Perrine Venot
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Institut Alix de Champagne, Reims, France
| | - Laurent Villard
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, Marseille Medical Genetics Center, MMG, Marseille, France
- Département de Génétique Médicale, AP-HM, Hôpital d'Enfants de La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Antonio Vitobello
- UMR 1231 GAD, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares, FHU-TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Johanna Wagner
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Developmental Medicine and Social Pediatrics, University of Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Matias Wagner
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Developmental Medicine and Social Pediatrics, University of Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Federizo Zara
- IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genova, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Génétique, Bron, France
- Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle (PGNM, UCBL - CNRS UMR5261 - INSERM U1315), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Vahid Reza Yassaee
- Genomic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Miryounesi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Hashemi-Gorji
- Genomic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Beiraghi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farah Ashrafzadeh
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Galehdari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Christopher Walsh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Moritz Tacke
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Developmental Medicine and Social Pediatrics, University of Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Yerdan Maidyrov
- S. D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University Almaty, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Kairgali Koneev
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, 050000, Kazakhstan
| | - Chingiz Shashkin
- Department of Neurology, The International Institute of Postraduate Education, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Valeria Capra
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Instituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Mina Zamani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Lionel Van Maldergem
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Lydie Burglen
- Centre de Référence des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet, Département de Génétique, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Piard
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- UMR 1231 GAD, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
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Accogli A, Zaki MS, Al-Owain M, Otaif MY, Jackson A, Argilli E, Chandler KE, De Goede CGEL, Cora T, Alvi JR, Eslahi A, Asl Mohajeri MS, Ashtiani S, Au PYB, Scocchia A, Alakurtti K, Pagnamenta AT, Toosi MB, Karimiani EG, Mojarrad M, Arab F, Duymuş F, Scantlebury MH, Yeşil G, Rosenfeld JA, Türkyılmaz A, Sağer SG, Sultan T, Ashrafzadeh F, Zahra T, Rahman F, Maqbool S, Abdel-Hamid MS, Issa MY, Efthymiou S, Bauer P, Zifarelli G, Salpietro V, Al-Hassnan Z, Banka S, Sherr EH, Gleeson JG, Striano P, Houlden H, Severino M, Maroofian R. Lunapark deficiency leads to an autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental phenotype with a degenerative course, epilepsy and distinct brain anomalies. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad222. [PMID: 37794925 PMCID: PMC10546953 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
LNPK encodes a conserved membrane protein that stabilizes the junctions of the tubular endoplasmic reticulum network playing crucial roles in diverse biological functions. Recently, homozygous variants in LNPK were shown to cause a neurodevelopmental disorder (OMIM#618090) in four patients displaying developmental delay, epilepsy and nonspecific brain malformations including corpus callosum hypoplasia and variable impairment of cerebellum. We sought to delineate the molecular and phenotypic spectrum of LNPK-related disorder. Exome or genome sequencing was carried out in 11 families. Thorough clinical and neuroradiological evaluation was performed for all the affected individuals, including review of previously reported patients. We identified 12 distinct homozygous loss-of-function variants in 16 individuals presenting with moderate to profound developmental delay, cognitive impairment, regression, refractory epilepsy and a recognizable neuroimaging pattern consisting of corpus callosum hypoplasia and signal alterations of the forceps minor ('ear-of-the-lynx' sign), variably associated with substantia nigra signal alterations, mild brain atrophy, short midbrain and cerebellar hypoplasia/atrophy. In summary, we define the core phenotype of LNPK-related disorder and expand the list of neurological disorders presenting with the 'ear-of-the-lynx' sign suggesting a possible common underlying mechanism related to endoplasmic reticulum-phagy dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Accogli
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Specialized Medicine, McGill University, Montreal H3G 1A4, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Al-Owain
- Department of Medical Genomics, Center for Genomics Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour Y Otaif
- Department of Pediatric, Neurology Section, Abha Maternity and Childern Hospital, Abha 62521, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adam Jackson
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, University of Manchester, St Mary’s Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Emanuela Argilli
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kate E Chandler
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, University of Manchester, St Mary’s Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Christian G E L De Goede
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Clinical Research Facility, Lancashire Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Preston PR2 9HT, UK
| | - Tülün Cora
- Department of Medical Genetics, Selcuk University School of Medicine, Konya 42100, Turkey
| | - Javeria Raza Alvi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Institute of Child Health, Children's Hospital, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Atieh Eslahi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 917794-8564, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9137-86177, Iran
| | - Mahsa Sadat Asl Mohajeri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 917794-8564, Iran
| | - Setareh Ashtiani
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - P Y Billie Au
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | | | | | - Alistair T Pagnamenta
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Mehran Beiraghi Toosi
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 913791-6847, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91375-33116, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ghayoor Karimiani
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
- Department of Medical Genetics, Next Generation Genetic Polyclinic, Mashhad 91869-51591, Iran
| | - Majid Mojarrad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 917794-8564, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9137-86177, Iran
- Genetic Center of Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad 91877-53831, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Arab
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411713135, Iran
| | - Fahrettin Duymuş
- Department of Medical Genetics, Selcuk University School of Medicine, Konya 42100, Turkey
- Department of Medical Genetics, Konya City Hospital, Konya 42020, Turkey
| | - Morris H Scantlebury
- Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary; Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Owerko Center, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Gözde Yeşil
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | - Jill Anne Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX 77021, USA
| | - Ayberk Türkyılmaz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Medicine, Trabzon 61080, Turkey
| | - Safiye Güneş Sağer
- Clinics of Pediatric Neurology, Kartal Dr. Lütfi Kırdar City Hospital, İstanbul 34890, Turkey
| | - Tipu Sultan
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Institute of Child Health, Children's Hospital, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Farah Ashrafzadeh
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 913791-6847, Iran
| | - Tatheer Zahra
- Department of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, University of Child Health Sciences, The Children’s Hospital, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Rahman
- Department of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, University of Child Health Sciences, The Children’s Hospital, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Maqbool
- Department of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, University of Child Health Sciences, The Children’s Hospital, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed S Abdel-Hamid
- Medical Molecular Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Y Issa
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | | | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila 67100, Italy
| | - Zuhair Al-Hassnan
- Department of Medical Genomics, Center for Genomics Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Siddharth Banka
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, University of Manchester, St Mary’s Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Elliot H Sherr
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego 92123, USA
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa 16132, Italy
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto ‘Giannina Gaslini’, Genoa 16147, Italy
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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27
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Saffari A, Lau T, Tajsharghi H, Karimiani EG, Kariminejad A, Efthymiou S, Zifarelli G, Sultan T, Toosi MB, Sedighzadeh S, Siu VM, Ortigoza-Escobar JD, AlShamsi AM, Ibrahim S, Al-Sannaa NA, Al-Hertani W, Sandra W, Tarnopolsky M, Alavi S, Li C, Day-Salvatore DL, Martínez-González MJ, Levandoski KM, Bedoukian E, Madan-Khetarpal S, Idleburg MJ, Menezes MJ, Siddharth A, Platzer K, Oppermann H, Smitka M, Collins F, Lek M, Shahrooei M, Ghavideldarestani M, Herman I, Rendu J, Faure J, Baker J, Bhambhani V, Calderwood L, Akhondian J, Imannezhad S, Mirzadeh HS, Hashemi N, Doosti M, Safi M, Ahangari N, Torbati PN, Abedini S, Salpietro V, Gulec EY, Eshaghian S, Ghazavi M, Pascher MT, Vogel M, Abicht A, Moutton S, Bruel AL, Rieubland C, Gallati S, Strom TM, Lochmüller H, Mohammadi MH, Alvi JR, Zackai EH, Keena BA, Skraban CM, Berger SI, Andrew EH, Rahimian E, Morrow MM, Wentzensen IM, Millan F, Henderson LB, Dafsari HS, Jungbluth H, Gomez-Ospina N, McRae A, Peter M, Veltra D, Marinakis NM, Sofocleous C, Ashrafzadeh F, Pehlivan D, Lemke JR, Melki J, Benezit A, Bauer P, Weis D, Lupski JR, Senderek J, Christodoulou J, Chung WK, Goodchild R, Offiah AC, Moreno-De-Luca A, Suri M, Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Houlden H, Maroofian R. The clinical and genetic spectrum of autosomal-recessive TOR1A-related disorders. Brain 2023; 146:3273-3288. [PMID: 36757831 PMCID: PMC10393417 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of rare diseases, progress in molecular diagnostics led to the recognition that variants linked to autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative diseases of later onset can, in the context of biallelic inheritance, cause devastating neurodevelopmental disorders and infantile or childhood-onset neurodegeneration. TOR1A-associated arthrogryposis multiplex congenita 5 (AMC5) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder arising from biallelic variants in TOR1A, a gene that in the heterozygous state is associated with torsion dystonia-1 (DYT1 or DYT-TOR1A), an early-onset dystonia with reduced penetrance. While 15 individuals with AMC5-TOR1A have been reported (less than 10 in detail), a systematic investigation of the full disease-associated spectrum has not been conducted. Here, we assess the clinical, radiological and molecular characteristics of 57 individuals from 40 families with biallelic variants in TOR1A. Median age at last follow-up was 3 years (0-24 years). Most individuals presented with severe congenital flexion contractures (95%) and variable developmental delay (79%). Motor symptoms were reported in 79% and included lower limb spasticity and pyramidal signs, as well as gait disturbances. Facial dysmorphism was an integral part of the phenotype, with key features being a broad/full nasal tip, narrowing of the forehead and full cheeks. Analysis of disease-associated manifestations delineated a phenotypic spectrum ranging from normal cognition and mild gait disturbance to congenital arthrogryposis, global developmental delay, intellectual disability, absent speech and inability to walk. In a subset, the presentation was consistent with foetal akinesia deformation sequence with severe intrauterine abnormalities. Survival was 71%, with higher mortality in males. Death occurred at a median age of 1.2 months (1 week-9 years), due to respiratory failure, cardiac arrest or sepsis. Analysis of brain MRI studies identified non-specific neuroimaging features, including a hypoplastic corpus callosum (72%), foci of signal abnormality in the subcortical and periventricular white matter (55%), diffuse white matter volume loss (45%), mega cisterna magna (36%) and arachnoid cysts (27%). The molecular spectrum included 22 distinct variants, defining a mutational hotspot in the C-terminal domain of the Torsin-1A protein. Genotype-phenotype analysis revealed an association of missense variants in the 3-helix bundle domain to an attenuated phenotype, while missense variants near the Walker A/B motif as well as biallelic truncating variants were linked to early death. In summary, this systematic cross-sectional analysis of a large cohort of individuals with biallelic TOR1A variants across a wide age-range delineates the clinical and genetic spectrum of TOR1A-related autosomal-recessive disease and highlights potential predictors for disease severity and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Saffari
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tracy Lau
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Homa Tajsharghi
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Biomedicine, University of Skovde, Skovde, Sweden
| | - Ehsan Ghayoor Karimiani
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK
- Department of Medical Genetics, Next Generation Genetic Polyclinic, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Tipu Sultan
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mehran Beiraghi Toosi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sahar Sedighzadeh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
- KaryoGen, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Victoria Mok Siu
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Juan Darío Ortigoza-Escobar
- Movement Disorders Unit, Pediatric Neurology Department, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aisha M AlShamsi
- Genetic Division, Pediatrics Department, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Shahnaz Ibrahim
- Department of pediatrics and child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Walla Al-Hertani
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Whalen Sandra
- APHP UF de Génétique Clinique, Centre de Référence des Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, APHP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, ERN ITHACA, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Mark Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics (MT – Neuromuscular and Neurometabolics, CL – Medical Genetics), McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shahryar Alavi
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Chumei Li
- Department of Pediatrics (MT – Neuromuscular and Neurometabolics, CL – Medical Genetics), McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Debra-Lynn Day-Salvatore
- The Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine at Saint Peter's University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Kristin M Levandoski
- The Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine at Saint Peter's University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Emma Bedoukian
- Roberts Individualized Medical Genetics Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Suneeta Madan-Khetarpal
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michaela J Idleburg
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Minal Juliet Menezes
- Department of Anaesthesia, the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, and Specialty of Genomic Medicine, Sydney Medical School, Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Aishwarya Siddharth
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Konrad Platzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henry Oppermann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Smitka
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Felicity Collins
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, and Specialty of Genomic Medicine, Sydney Medical School, Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Monkol Lek
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mohmmad Shahrooei
- Medical Laboratory of Dr. Shahrooei, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical and Diagnostic Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Isabella Herman
- Section of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Division of Pediatric Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA
| | - John Rendu
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Faure
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Janice Baker
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Vikas Bhambhani
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Laurel Calderwood
- Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Javad Akhondian
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shima Imannezhad
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hanieh Sadat Mirzadeh
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Narges Hashemi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Doosti
- Department of Medical Genetics, Next Generation Genetic Polyclinic, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Safi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Next Generation Genetic Polyclinic, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Najmeh Ahangari
- Innovative medical research centre, Mashhad branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Soheila Abedini
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Elif Yilmaz Gulec
- Istanbul Medeniyet University Medical School, Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Mohammadreza Ghazavi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Imam Hossein Children's Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Michael T Pascher
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute at the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marina Vogel
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute at the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angela Abicht
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute at the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Medizinisch Genetisches Zentrum, Munich, German
| | - Sébastien Moutton
- Multidisciplinary Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, Pôle Mère Enfant, Maison de Santé Protestante Bordeaux Bagatelle, Talence, France
| | - Ange-Line Bruel
- Équipe Génétique des Anomalies du Développement (GAD), INSERM UMR1231, Dijon, France
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic génomique des maladies rares, FHU-TRANSLAD, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Claudine Rieubland
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabina Gallati
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tim M Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Javeria Raza Alvi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Children's Hospital and the University of Child Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Elaine H Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Beth A Keena
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cara M Skraban
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Seth I Berger
- Children's National Research Institute, Washington DC, USA
| | - Erin H Andrew
- Children's National Research Institute, Washington DC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hormos Salimi Dafsari
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biology of Ageing and CECAD, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Paediatric Neurology - Neuromuscular Service, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Heinz Jungbluth
- Department of Paediatric Neurology - Neuromuscular Service, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Muscle Signalling Section, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (FoLSM), King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Anne McRae
- Division of Genetics, Genomics, and Metabolism, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Merlene Peter
- Division of Genetics, Genomics, and Metabolism, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Danai Veltra
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, St. Sophia's Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos M Marinakis
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, St. Sophia's Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christalena Sofocleous
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, St. Sophia's Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Farah Ashrafzadeh
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Davut Pehlivan
- Section of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Johannes R Lemke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Judith Melki
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR-1195, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, 94276, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Benezit
- Neurologie et réanimation pédiatrique, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, APHP, Garches, France
| | - Peter Bauer
- CENTOGENE GmbH, Am Strande 7, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Denisa Weis
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kepler University Hospital, Johann Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jan Senderek
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute at the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - John Christodoulou
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, and Specialty of Genomic Medicine, Sydney Medical School, Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne and Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
| | - Rose Goodchild
- KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Laboratory for Dystonia Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Amaka C Offiah
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Andres Moreno-De-Luca
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Genomic Medicine Institute, Department of Radiology, Diagnostic Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Mohnish Suri
- Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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28
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Gracia-Diaz C, Zhou Y, Yang Q, Maroofian R, Espana-Bonilla P, Lee CH, Zhang S, Padilla N, Fueyo R, Waxman EA, Lei S, Otrimski G, Li D, Sheppard SE, Mark P, Harr MH, Hakonarson H, Rodan L, Jackson A, Vasudevan P, Powel C, Mohammed S, Maddirevula S, Alzaidan H, Faqeih EA, Efthymiou S, Turchetti V, Rahman F, Maqbool S, Salpietro V, Ibrahim SH, di Rosa G, Houlden H, Alharbi MN, Al-Sannaa NA, Bauer P, Zifarelli G, Estaras C, Hurst ACE, Thompson ML, Chassevent A, Smith-Hicks CL, de la Cruz X, Holtz AM, Elloumi HZ, Hajianpour MJ, Rieubland C, Braun D, Banka S, French DL, Heller EA, Saade M, Song H, Ming GL, Alkuraya FS, Agrawal PB, Reinberg D, Bhoj EJ, Martínez-Balbás MA, Akizu N. Gain and loss of function variants in EZH1 disrupt neurogenesis and cause dominant and recessive neurodevelopmental disorders. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4109. [PMID: 37433783 PMCID: PMC10336078 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39645-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants in chromatin regulators are frequently found in neurodevelopmental disorders, but their effect in disease etiology is rarely determined. Here, we uncover and functionally define pathogenic variants in the chromatin modifier EZH1 as the cause of dominant and recessive neurodevelopmental disorders in 19 individuals. EZH1 encodes one of the two alternative histone H3 lysine 27 methyltransferases of the PRC2 complex. Unlike the other PRC2 subunits, which are involved in cancers and developmental syndromes, the implication of EZH1 in human development and disease is largely unknown. Using cellular and biochemical studies, we demonstrate that recessive variants impair EZH1 expression causing loss of function effects, while dominant variants are missense mutations that affect evolutionarily conserved aminoacids, likely impacting EZH1 structure or function. Accordingly, we found increased methyltransferase activity leading to gain of function of two EZH1 missense variants. Furthermore, we show that EZH1 is necessary and sufficient for differentiation of neural progenitor cells in the developing chick embryo neural tube. Finally, using human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural cultures and forebrain organoids, we demonstrate that EZH1 variants perturb cortical neuron differentiation. Overall, our work reveals a critical role of EZH1 in neurogenesis regulation and provides molecular diagnosis for previously undefined neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gracia-Diaz
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yijing Zhou
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paula Espana-Bonilla
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chul-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Natàlia Padilla
- Research Unit in Clinical and Translational Bioinformatics, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Fueyo
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa A Waxman
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sunyimeng Lei
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Garrett Otrimski
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dong Li
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah E Sheppard
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul Mark
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Corewell Health, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Margaret H Harr
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lance Rodan
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics & Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam Jackson
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Pradeep Vasudevan
- Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - Corrina Powel
- Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Sateesh Maddirevula
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad Alzaidan
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eissa A Faqeih
- Section of Medical Genetics, Children's Specialist Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Valentina Turchetti
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Fatima Rahman
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, University of Child Health Sciences & The Children's Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Maqbool
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, University of Child Health Sciences & The Children's Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Shahnaz H Ibrahim
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Gabriella di Rosa
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Messina, Messina, 98100, Italy
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Maha Nasser Alharbi
- Maternity and Children Hospital Buraidah, Qassim Health Cluster, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Conchi Estaras
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anna C E Hurst
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Anna Chassevent
- Department of Neurogenetics, Neurology and Developmental Medicine Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Constance L Smith-Hicks
- Department of Neurogenetics, Neurology and Developmental Medicine Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Xavier de la Cruz
- Research Unit in Clinical and Translational Bioinformatics, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexander M Holtz
- Division of Genetics & Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - M J Hajianpour
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Claudine Rieubland
- Department of Human Genetics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Braun
- Department of Human Genetics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Siddharth Banka
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Deborah L French
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Heller
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Murielle Saade
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pankaj B Agrawal
- Division of Genetics & Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami School of Medicine and Holtz Children's Hospital, Jackson Heath System, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth J Bhoj
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marian A Martínez-Balbás
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Naiara Akizu
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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29
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D'Onofrio G, Accogli A, Severino M, Caliskan H, Kokotović T, Blazekovic A, Jercic KG, Markovic S, Zigman T, Goran K, Barišić N, Duranovic V, Ban A, Borovecki F, Ramadža DP, Barić I, Fazeli W, Herkenrath P, Marini C, Vittorini R, Gowda V, Bouman A, Rocca C, Alkhawaja IA, Murtaza BN, Rehman MMU, Al Alam C, Nader G, Mancardi MM, Giacomini T, Srivastava S, Alvi JR, Tomoum H, Matricardi S, Iacomino M, Riva A, Scala M, Madia F, Pistorio A, Salpietro V, Minetti C, Rivière JB, Srour M, Efthymiou S, Maroofian R, Houlden H, Vernes SC, Zara F, Striano P, Nagy V. Genotype-phenotype correlation in contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CNTNAP-2) developmental disorder. Hum Genet 2023; 142:909-925. [PMID: 37183190 PMCID: PMC10329570 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-023-02552-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CNTNAP2) gene encodes for CASPR2, a presynaptic type 1 transmembrane protein, involved in cell-cell adhesion and synaptic interactions. Biallelic CNTNAP2 loss has been associated with "Pitt-Hopkins-like syndrome-1" (MIM#610042), while the pathogenic role of heterozygous variants remains controversial. We report 22 novel patients harboring mono- (n = 2) and bi-allelic (n = 20) CNTNAP2 variants and carried out a literature review to characterize the genotype-phenotype correlation. Patients (M:F 14:8) were aged between 3 and 19 years and affected by global developmental delay (GDD) (n = 21), moderate to profound intellectual disability (n = 17) and epilepsy (n = 21). Seizures mainly started in the first two years of life (median 22.5 months). Antiseizure medications were successful in controlling the seizures in about two-thirds of the patients. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and/or other neuropsychiatric comorbidities were present in nine patients (40.9%). Nonspecific midline brain anomalies were noted in most patients while focal signal abnormalities in the temporal lobes were noted in three subjects. Genotype-phenotype correlation was performed by also including 50 previously published patients (15 mono- and 35 bi-allelic variants). Overall, GDD (p < 0.0001), epilepsy (p < 0.0001), hyporeflexia (p = 0.012), ASD (p = 0.009), language impairment (p = 0.020) and severe cognitive impairment (p = 0.031) were significantly associated with the presence of biallelic versus monoallelic variants. We have defined the main features associated with biallelic CNTNAP2 variants, as severe cognitive impairment, epilepsy and behavioral abnormalities. We propose CASPR2-deficiency neurodevelopmental disorder as an exclusively recessive disease while the contribution of heterozygous variants is less likely to follow an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca D'Onofrio
- Department of Neurosciences Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Accogli
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), Montreal, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Haluk Caliskan
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomislav Kokotović
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonela Blazekovic
- Department for Functional Genomics, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kristina Gotovac Jercic
- Department for Functional Genomics, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Silvana Markovic
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital dr. Tomislav Bardek Koprivnica, Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Tamara Zigman
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Center Zagreb and University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Krnjak Goran
- Department of Pediatrics, Varazdin General Hospital, Varazdin, Croatia
| | - Nina Barišić
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Center Zagreb and University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vlasta Duranovic
- Division of Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Zagre, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Ban
- Division of Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Zagre, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Fran Borovecki
- Department for Functional Genomics, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Danijela Petković Ramadža
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Center Zagreb and University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivo Barić
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Center Zagreb and University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Walid Fazeli
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Herkenrath
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Carla Marini
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit Children's Hospital "G. Salesi" Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria delle Marche Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberta Vittorini
- Department of Pediatrics, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Vykuntaraju Gowda
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bangalore, India
| | - Arjan Bouman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Clarissa Rocca
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Issam Azmi Alkhawaja
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department, Albashir Hospital, Amman, Jordan
| | - Bibi Nazia Murtaza
- Department of Zoology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Malik Mujaddad Ur Rehman
- Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology KP, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Chadi Al Alam
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Gisele Nader
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Maria Margherita Mancardi
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Surgical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Epilepsy Center, EPICARE Reference Network, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Thea Giacomini
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Surgical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Epilepsy Center, EPICARE Reference Network, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Siddharth Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Javeria Raza Alvi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Institute of Child Health, Children's Hospital Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hoda Tomoum
- Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara Matricardi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Michele Iacomino
- Unit of Medical Genetics-IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonella Riva
- Department of Neurosciences Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marcello Scala
- Department of Neurosciences Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Madia
- Unit of Medical Genetics-IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Angela Pistorio
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo Minetti
- Department of Neurosciences Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jean-Baptiste Rivière
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada
- Bioinformatics Platform, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Myriam Srour
- Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja Catherine Vernes
- School of Biology, The University of St Andrews, Fife, UK
- Neurogenetics of Vocal Communication, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Federico Zara
- Department of Neurosciences Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy.
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Vanja Nagy
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria.
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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Mascioli I, Iapadre G, Ingrosso D, Donato GD, Giannini C, Salpietro V, Chiarelli F, Farello G. Brain and eye involvement in McCune-Albright Syndrome: clinical and translational insights. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1092252. [PMID: 37274327 PMCID: PMC10235602 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1092252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
McCune-Albright Syndrome (MAS) is a rare mosaic (post-zygotic) genetic disorder presenting with a broad continuum clinical spectrum. MAS arises from somatic, activating mutations in the GNAS gene, which induces a dysregulated Gsα-protein signaling in several tissues and an increased production of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Overall, MAS is a rare disorder affecting less than 1/100,000 children and, for this reason, data establishing genotype-phenotype correlations remain limited. Affected individuals clinically present with a variable combination of fibrous dysplasia of bone (FD), extra-skeletal manifestations (including cafeí-au-lait spots) and precocious puberty which might also be associated to broad hyperfunctioning endocrinopathies, and also gastrointestinal and cardiological involvement. Central nervous system (CNS) and eye involvement in MAS are among the less frequently described complications and remain largely uncharacterized. These rare complications mainly include neurodevelopmental abnormalities (e.g., delayed motor development, cognitive and language impairment), CNS anomalies (e.g., Chiari malformation type I) and a wide array of ophthalmological abnormalities often associated with vision loss. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying abnormal neurological development have not been yet fully elucidated. The proposed mechanisms include a deleterious impact of chronically dysregulated Gsα-protein signaling on neurological function, or a secondary (damaging) effect of (antenatal and/or early postnatal) hypercortisolism on early pre- and post-natal CNS development. In this Review, we summarize the main neurological and ophthalmological features eventually associated with the MAS spectrum, also providing a detailed overview of the potential pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these clinical complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Mascioli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giulia Iapadre
- Department of Pediatrics, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Giulio Di Donato
- Department of Pediatrics, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Cosimo Giannini
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Giovanni Farello
- Department of Pediatrics, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
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31
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Patterson V, Ullah F, Bryant L, Griffin JN, Sidhu A, Saliganan S, Blaile M, Saenz MS, Smith R, Ellingwood S, Grange DK, Hu X, Mireguli M, Luo Y, Shen Y, Mulhern M, Zackai E, Ritter A, Izumi K, Hoefele J, Wagner M, Riedhammer KM, Seitz B, Robin NH, Goodloe D, Mignot C, Keren B, Cox H, Jarvis J, Hempel M, Gibson CF, Tran Mau-Them F, Vitobello A, Bruel AL, Sorlin A, Mehta S, Raymond FL, Gilmore K, Powell BC, Weck K, Li C, Vulto-van Silfhout AT, Giacomini T, Mancardi MM, Accogli A, Salpietro V, Zara F, Vora NL, Davis EE, Burdine R, Bhoj E. Abrogation of MAP4K4 protein function causes congenital anomalies in humans and zebrafish. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eade0631. [PMID: 37126546 PMCID: PMC10132768 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We report 21 families displaying neurodevelopmental differences and multiple congenital anomalies while bearing a series of rare variants in mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4 (MAP4K4). MAP4K4 has been implicated in many signaling pathways including c-Jun N-terminal and RAS kinases and is currently under investigation as a druggable target for multiple disorders. Using several zebrafish models, we demonstrate that these human variants are either loss-of-function or dominant-negative alleles and show that decreasing Map4k4 activity causes developmental defects. Furthermore, MAP4K4 can restrain hyperactive RAS signaling in early embryonic stages. Together, our data demonstrate that MAP4K4 negatively regulates RAS signaling in the early embryo and that variants identified in affected humans abrogate its function, establishing MAP4K4 as a causal locus for individuals with syndromic neurodevelopmental differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Patterson
- Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Farid Ullah
- Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Laura Bryant
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John N. Griffin
- University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Alpa Sidhu
- The Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | - Mackenzie Blaile
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Margarita S. Saenz
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rosemarie Smith
- Maine Medical Center, 22 Bramhall St, Portland, ME 04102, USA
| | - Sara Ellingwood
- Maine Medical Center, 22 Bramhall St, Portland, ME 04102, USA
| | - Dorothy K. Grange
- St. Louis Children’s Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xuyun Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Genetics and Birth Defects Control Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Maimaiti Mireguli
- First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yanfei Luo
- First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yiping Shen
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Maternal and Child Care Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Maureen Mulhern
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W. 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Elaine Zackai
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alyssa Ritter
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kosaki Izumi
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Julia Hoefele
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matias Wagner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Developmental Medicine and Social Pediatrics, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Korbinian M. Riedhammer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Nathaniel H. Robin
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Dana Goodloe
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Cyril Mignot
- APHP-Sorbonne Université, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Boris Keren
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
| | - Helen Cox
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
| | - Joanna Jarvis
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
| | - Maja Hempel
- University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Antonio Vitobello
- UMR1231 GAD, Inserm, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic génomique des maladies rares, FHU-TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Kelly Gilmore
- Department of Ob/Gyn, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Bradford C. Powell
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Karen Weck
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chumei Li
- McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | | | - Thea Giacomini
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, University of Genova, EpiCARE Network, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Accogli
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Neeta L. Vora
- Department of Ob/Gyn, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Erica E. Davis
- Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Bhoj
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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32
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Accogli A, Lu S, Musante I, Scudieri P, Rosenfeld JA, Severino M, Baldassari S, Iacomino M, Riva A, Balagura G, Piccolo G, Minetti C, Roberto D, Xia F, Razak R, Lawrence E, Hussein M, Chang EYH, Holick M, Calì E, Aliberto E, De-Sarro R, Gambardella A, Network UD, Group SYNS, Emrick L, McCaffery PJA, Clagett-Dame M, Marcogliese PC, Bellen HJ, Lalani SR, Zara F, Striano P, Salpietro V. Loss of Neuron Navigator 2 Impairs Brain and Cerebellar Development. Cerebellum 2023; 22:206-222. [PMID: 35218524 PMCID: PMC9985553 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01379-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar hypoplasia and dysplasia encompass a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders frequently associated with neurodevelopmental impairment. The Neuron Navigator 2 (NAV2) gene (MIM: 607,026) encodes a member of the Neuron Navigator protein family, widely expressed within the central nervous system (CNS), and particularly abundant in the developing cerebellum. Evidence across different species supports a pivotal function of NAV2 in cytoskeletal dynamics and neurite outgrowth. Specifically, deficiency of Nav2 in mice leads to cerebellar hypoplasia with abnormal foliation due to impaired axonal outgrowth. However, little is known about the involvement of the NAV2 gene in human disease phenotypes. In this study, we identified a female affected with neurodevelopmental impairment and a complex brain and cardiac malformations in which clinical exome sequencing led to the identification of NAV2 biallelic truncating variants. Through protein expression analysis and cell migration assay in patient-derived fibroblasts, we provide evidence linking NAV2 deficiency to cellular migration deficits. In model organisms, the overall CNS histopathology of the Nav2 hypomorphic mouse revealed developmental anomalies including cerebellar hypoplasia and dysplasia, corpus callosum hypo-dysgenesis, and agenesis of the olfactory bulbs. Lastly, we show that the NAV2 ortholog in Drosophila, sickie (sick) is widely expressed in the fly brain, and sick mutants are mostly lethal with surviving escapers showing neurobehavioral phenotypes. In summary, our results unveil a novel human neurodevelopmental disorder due to genetic loss of NAV2, highlighting a critical conserved role of the NAV2 gene in brain and cerebellar development across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Accogli
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Specialized Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shenzhao Lu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ilaria Musante
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Scudieri
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Simona Baldassari
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michele Iacomino
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonella Riva
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ganna Balagura
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianluca Piccolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Carlo Minetti
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Denis Roberto
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, System Medicine Department, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Emily Lawrence
- Department of Cardiology, Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, USA
| | - Mohamed Hussein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, USA
| | | | - Michelle Holick
- Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elisa Calì
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | - Rosalba De-Sarro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinic "G. Martino", University of Messina, 98100, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Gambardella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Universita' Degli Studi "Magna Graecia" Viale Europa, 88100, CATANZARO, Italy
| | | | | | - Lisa Emrick
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter J A McCaffery
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Margaret Clagett-Dame
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Paul C Marcogliese
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Seema R Lalani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Federico Zara
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy.
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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33
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Carapancea E, Cornet MC, Milh M, De Cosmo L, Huang EJ, Granata T, Striano P, Ceulemans B, Stein A, Morris-Rosendahl D, Conti G, Mitra N, Raymond FL, Rowitch DH, Solazzi R, Vercellino F, De Liso P, D'Onofrio G, Boniver C, Danhaive O, Carkeek K, Salpietro V, Weckhuysen S, Fedrigo M, Angelini A, Castellotti B, Lederer D, Benoit V, Raviglione F, Guerrini R, Dilena R, Cilio MR. Clinical and Neurophysiologic Phenotypes in Neonates With BRAT1 Encephalopathy. Neurology 2023; 100:e1234-e1247. [PMID: 36599696 PMCID: PMC10033164 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000206755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES BRAT1 encephalopathy is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive neonatal encephalopathy. We delineate the neonatal electroclinical phenotype at presentation and provide insights for early diagnosis. METHODS Through a multinational collaborative, we studied a cohort of neonates with encephalopathy associated with biallelic pathogenic variants in BRAT1 for whom detailed clinical, neurophysiologic, and neuroimaging information was available from the onset of symptoms. Neuropathologic changes were also analyzed. RESULTS We included 19 neonates. Most neonates were born at term (16/19) from nonconsanguineous parents. 15/19 (79%) were admitted soon after birth to a neonatal intensive care unit, exhibiting multifocal myoclonus, both spontaneous and exacerbated by stimulation. 7/19 (37%) had arthrogryposis at birth, and all except 1 progressively developed hypertonia in the first week of life. Multifocal myoclonus, which was present in all but 1 infant, was the most prominent manifestation and did not show any EEG correlate in 16/19 (84%). Video-EEG at onset was unremarkable in 14/19 (74%) infants, and 6 (33%) had initially been misdiagnosed with hyperekplexia. Multifocal seizures were observed at a median age of 14 days (range: 1-29). During the first months of life, all infants developed progressive encephalopathy, acquired microcephaly, prolonged bouts of apnea, and bradycardia, leading to cardiac arrest and death at a median age of 3.5 months (range: 20 days to 30 months). Only 7 infants (37%) received a definite diagnosis before death, at a median age of 34 days (range: 25-126), and almost two-thirds (12/19, 63%) were diagnosed 8 days to 12 years postmortem (median: 6.5 years). Neuropathology examination, performed in 3 patients, revealed severely delayed myelination and diffuse astrogliosis, sparing the upper cortical layers. DISCUSSION BRAT1 encephalopathy is a neonatal-onset, rapidly progressive neurologic disorder. Neonates are often misdiagnosed as having hyperekplexia, and many die undiagnosed. The key phenotypic features are multifocal myoclonus, an organized EEG, progressive, persistent, and diffuse hypertonia, and an evolution into refractory multifocal seizures, prolonged bouts of apnea, bradycardia, and early death. Early recognition of BRAT1 encephalopathy allows for prompt workup, appropriate management, and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Carapancea
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie-Coralie Cornet
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Milh
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lucrezia De Cosmo
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eric J Huang
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tiziana Granata
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pasquale Striano
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Berten Ceulemans
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anja Stein
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Deborah Morris-Rosendahl
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Greta Conti
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nipa Mitra
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - F Lucy Raymond
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David H Rowitch
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roberta Solazzi
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabiana Vercellino
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paola De Liso
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gianluca D'Onofrio
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Clementina Boniver
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Danhaive
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katherine Carkeek
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah Weckhuysen
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marny Fedrigo
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Annalisa Angelini
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Barbara Castellotti
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Damien Lederer
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valerie Benoit
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Federico Raviglione
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robertino Dilena
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maria Roberta Cilio
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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Salpietro V, Galassi Deforie V, Efthymiou S, O'Connor E, Marcé‐Grau A, Maroofian R, Striano P, Zara F, Morrow MM, Reich A, Blevins A, Sala‐Coromina J, Accogli A, Fortuna S, Alesandrini M, Au PYB, Singhal NS, Cogne B, Isidor B, Hanna MG, Macaya A, Kullmann DM, Houlden H, Männikkö R. De novo KCNA6 variants with attenuated K V 1.6 channel deactivation in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia 2023; 64:443-455. [PMID: 36318112 PMCID: PMC10108282 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mutations in the genes encoding neuronal ion channels are a common cause of Mendelian neurological diseases. We sought to identify novel de novo sequence variants in cases with early infantile epileptic phenotypes and neurodevelopmental anomalies. METHODS Following clinical diagnosis, we performed whole exome sequencing of the index cases and their parents. Identified channel variants were expressed in Xenopus oocytes and their functional properties assessed using two-electrode voltage clamp. RESULTS We identified novel de novo variants in KCNA6 in four unrelated individuals variably affected with neurodevelopmental disorders and seizures with onset in the first year of life. Three of the four identified mutations affect the pore-lining S6 α-helix of KV 1.6. A prominent finding of functional characterization in Xenopus oocytes was that the channel variants showed only minor effects on channel activation but slowed channel closure and shifted the voltage dependence of deactivation in a hyperpolarizing direction. Channels with a mutation affecting the S6 helix display dominant effects on channel deactivation when co-expressed with wild-type KV 1.6 or KV 1.1 subunits. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first report of de novo nonsynonymous variants in KCNA6 associated with neurological or any clinical features. Channel variants showed a consistent effect on channel deactivation, slowing the rate of channel closure following normal activation. This specific gain-of-function feature is likely to underlie the neurological phenotype in our patients. Our data highlight KCNA6 as a novel channelopathy gene associated with early infantile epileptic phenotypes and neurodevelopmental anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular DiseaseUCL Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (DISCAB)University of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
| | | | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular DiseaseUCL Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondonUK
| | - Emer O'Connor
- Department of Neuromuscular DiseaseUCL Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondonUK
| | - Anna Marcé‐Grau
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, University Hospital Vall d'HebronUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular DiseaseUCL Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondonUK
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI)University of Genoa16124 GenoaItaly
- Unit of Pediatric NeurologyIRCCS, Istituto “Giannina Gaslini”Genoa 16123Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI)University of Genoa16124 GenoaItaly
- Medical Genetics UnitIRCCS, Istituto “Giannina Gaslini”Genoa 16123Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Júlia Sala‐Coromina
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, University Hospital Vall d'HebronUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Andrea Accogli
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI)University of Genoa16124 GenoaItaly
- Medical Genetics UnitIRCCS, Istituto “Giannina Gaslini”Genoa 16123Italy
| | | | - Marie Alesandrini
- Neuropediatrics UnitCentre Hospitalier Universitaire NantesNantesFrance
| | - P. Y. Billie Au
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryAlbertaCalgaryCanada
| | - Nilika Shah Singhal
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, UCSF Benioff Children's HospitalUniversity of CaliforniaCaliforniaSan FranciscoUSA
| | - Benjamin Cogne
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire NantesService de Génétique MédicaleNantesFrance
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERML'Institut du ThoraxNantesFrance
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire NantesService de Génétique MédicaleNantesFrance
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERML'Institut du ThoraxNantesFrance
| | - Michael G. Hanna
- Department of Neuromuscular DiseaseUCL Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondonUK
- Queen Square Centre for Neuromuscular DiseasesNational Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryLondonUK
| | - Alfons Macaya
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, University Hospital Vall d'HebronUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Dimitri M. Kullmann
- Department of Clinical and Experimental EpilepsyUCL Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondonUK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular DiseaseUCL Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondonUK
| | - Roope Männikkö
- Department of Neuromuscular DiseaseUCL Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondonUK
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La Bella S, Rinaldi M, Di Ludovico A, Di Donato G, Di Donato G, Salpietro V, Chiarelli F, Breda L. Genetic Background and Molecular Mechanisms of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031846. [PMID: 36768167 PMCID: PMC9916312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common chronic rheumatic disease in the paediatric population. JIA comprises a heterogeneous group of disorders with different onset patterns and clinical presentations with the only element in common being chronic joint inflammation. This review sought to evaluate the most relevant and up-to-date evidence on current knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of JIA subtypes to provide a better understanding of these disorders. Despite significant improvements over the past decade, the aetiology and molecular mechanisms of JIA remain unclear. It has been suggested that the immunopathogenesis is characterised by complex interactions between genetic background and environmental factors that may differ between JIA subtypes. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes and non-HLA genes play a crucial role in the abnormal activation of both innate and adaptive immune cells that cooperate in causing the inflammatory process. This results in the involvement of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IL-21, IL-23, and others. These mediators, interacting with the surrounding tissue, cause cartilage stress and bone damage, including irreversible erosions. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the genetic background and molecular mechanisms of JIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio La Bella
- Paediatric Department, University of Chieti “G. D’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Marta Rinaldi
- Paediatric Department, Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Aylesbury-Thames Valley Deanery, Aylesbury HP21 8AL, UK
| | - Armando Di Ludovico
- Paediatric Department, University of Chieti “G. D’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Giulia Di Donato
- Paediatric Department, University of Chieti “G. D’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Giulio Di Donato
- Paediatric Department, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Chiarelli
- Paediatric Department, University of Chieti “G. D’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Luciana Breda
- Paediatric Department, University of Chieti “G. D’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0871-357377
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36
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Prato A, Scuderi A, Amore G, Spoto G, Salpietro V, Ceravolo A, Farello G, Iapadre G, Pironti E, Dicanio D, Rosa GD. Epilepsy in Joubert Syndrome: A Still Few Explored Matter. Journal of Pediatric Neurology 2023. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractEpilepsy is rarely associated with Joubert's syndrome and related disorders (JSRD), being reported only in 3% of cases. Few patients have been described, moreover, with poor evidences of specific seizures' semiology or standard of practice for pharmacological treatment. Epilepsy is likely to be related to brain malformations in ciliopathies. Beyond the typical hindbrain malformation, the molar tooth sign, other cerebral anomalies variably reported in JSRD, such as generalized polymicrogyria, hamartomas, periventricular nodular heterotopia, and hippocampal defects, have been described. Herein, we aimed to revise the main clinical and etiopathogenetic characteristics of epilepsy associated with JSRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Prato
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Anna Scuderi
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Greta Amore
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giulia Spoto
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | | | - Giovanni Farello
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Pediatric Clinic, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giulia Iapadre
- Department of Pediatrics, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Erica Pironti
- Department of Woman-Child, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Ospedali Riuniti, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Daniela Dicanio
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gabriella Di Rosa
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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37
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Cali E, Suri M, Scala M, Ferla MP, Alavi S, Faqeih EA, Bijlsma EK, Wigby KM, Baralle D, Mehrjardi MYV, Schwab J, Platzer K, Steindl K, Hashem M, Jones M, Niyazov DM, Jacober J, Littlejohn RO, Weis D, Zadeh N, Rodan L, Goldenberg A, Lecoquierre F, Dutra-Clarke M, Horvath G, Young D, Orenstein N, Bawazeer S, Vulto-van Silfhout AT, Herenger Y, Dehghani M, Seyedhassani SM, Bahreini A, Nasab ME, Ercan-Sencicek AG, Firoozfar Z, Movahedinia M, Efthymiou S, Striano P, Karimiani EG, Salpietro V, Taylor JC, Redman M, Stegmann APA, Laner A, Abdel-Salam G, Li M, Bengala M, Müller AJ, Digilio MC, Rauch A, Gunel M, Titheradge H, Schweitzer DN, Kraus A, Valenzuela I, McLean SD, Phornphutkul C, Salih M, Begtrup A, Schnur RE, Torti E, Haack TB, Prada CE, Alkuraya FS, Houlden H, Maroofian R. Biallelic PRMT7 pathogenic variants are associated with a recognizable syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder with short stature, obesity, and craniofacial and digital abnormalities. Genet Med 2023; 25:135-142. [PMID: 36399134 PMCID: PMC10620944 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Protein arginine methyltransferase 7 (PRMT7) is a member of a family of enzymes that catalyzes the methylation of arginine residues on several protein substrates. Biallelic pathogenic PRMT7 variants have previously been associated with a syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by short stature, brachydactyly, intellectual developmental disability, and seizures. To our knowledge, no comprehensive study describes the detailed clinical characteristics of this syndrome. Thus, we aim to delineate the phenotypic spectrum of PRMT7-related disorder. METHODS We assembled a cohort of 51 affected individuals from 39 different families, gathering clinical information from 36 newly described affected individuals and reviewing data of 15 individuals from the literature. RESULTS The main clinical characteristics of the PRMT7-related syndrome are short stature, mild to severe developmental delay/intellectual disability, hypotonia, brachydactyly, and distinct facial morphology, including bifrontal narrowing, prominent supraorbital ridges, sparse eyebrows, short nose with full/broad nasal tip, thin upper lip, full and everted lower lip, and a prominent or squared-off jaw. Additional variable findings include seizures, obesity, nonspecific magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities, eye abnormalities (i.e., strabismus or nystagmus), and hearing loss. CONCLUSION This study further delineates and expands the molecular, phenotypic spectrum and natural history of PRMT7-related syndrome characterized by a neurodevelopmental disorder with skeletal, growth, and endocrine abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cali
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohnish Suri
- Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Marcello Scala
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo P Ferla
- Genomic Medicine theme, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, NIHR, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Shahryar Alavi
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; Palindrome, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Eissa Ali Faqeih
- Section of Medical Genetics, Children's Specialist Hospital, King Fahad Medical, City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emilia K Bijlsma
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kristen M Wigby
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA
| | - Diana Baralle
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Y V Mehrjardi
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran
| | - Jennifer Schwab
- Division of Human Genetics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Hasbro Children's Hospital/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Konrad Platzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katharina Steindl
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mais Hashem
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomics Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marilyn Jones
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA
| | - Dmitriy M Niyazov
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Ochsner Health System and University of Queensland, New Orleans, LA
| | - Jennifer Jacober
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Ochsner Health System and University of Queensland, New Orleans, LA
| | | | - Denisa Weis
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kepler University Hospital Med Campus IV, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Neda Zadeh
- Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA; Genetics Center, Orange, California
| | - Lance Rodan
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Alice Goldenberg
- Department of Genetics and Reference Center for Developmental Disorders, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, CHU Rouen, Inserm U1245, FHU G4 Génomique, Rouen, France
| | - François Lecoquierre
- Department of Genetics and Reference Center for Developmental Disorders, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, CHU Rouen, Inserm U1245, FHU G4 Génomique, Rouen, France
| | - Marina Dutra-Clarke
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Gabriella Horvath
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Dana Young
- Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Naama Orenstein
- Pediatric Genetics Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shahad Bawazeer
- Section of Medical Genetics, Children's Specialist Hospital, King Fahad Medical, City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Mohammadreza Dehghani
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Amir Bahreini
- Palindrome, Isfahan, Iran; KaryoGen, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - A Gulhan Ercan-Sencicek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Program on Neurogenetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT; Masonic Medical Research Institute, Utica, NY
| | - Zahra Firoozfar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; Palindrome, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Movahedinia
- Children Growth Disorder Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ehsan Ghayoor Karimiani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Next Generation Genetic Polyclinic, Mashhad, Iran; Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom; Innovative Medical Research Center, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jenny C Taylor
- Genomic Medicine theme, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, NIHR, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Melody Redman
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander P A Stegmann
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Laner
- MGZ - Medizinisch Genetisches Zentrum, Munich, Germany
| | - Ghada Abdel-Salam
- Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, Department of Clinical Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Mario Bengala
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Tor Vergata Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Amelie Johanna Müller
- Autophagy Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Maria C Digilio
- Medical Genetics Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Anita Rauch
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Murat Gunel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Program on Neurogenetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Hannah Titheradge
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service and Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Women's and Children's NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela N Schweitzer
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Alison Kraus
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Valenzuela
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Medicine Genetics Group, Valle Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Scott D McLean
- Department of Pediatrics and Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, San Antonio, TX
| | - Chanika Phornphutkul
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Ochsner Health System and University of Queensland, New Orleans, LA
| | - Mustafa Salih
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, AlMughtaribeen University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | | | | | - Tobias B Haack
- Institute of Human Genetics and Applied Genomics University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carlos E Prada
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH; Division of Genetics, Birth Defects and Metabolism, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomics Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Spoto G, Pironti E, Amore G, Prato A, Scuderi A, Colucci PV, Ceravolo I, Farello G, Salpietro V, Iapadre G, Rosa GD, Dicanio D. Alström's Syndrome: Neurological Manifestations and Genetics. Journal of Pediatric Neurology 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAlström syndrome (ALMS) is a rare ciliopathy with pleiotropic and wide spectrum of clinical features. It is autosomal recessively inherited and associated with mutations in ALMS1, a gene involved in cilia functioning. High clinical heterogeneity is the main feature of ALMS. Cone-rod dystrophy with blindness, hearing loss, obesity, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia, endocrine abnormalities, cardiomyopathy, and renal, hepatic, and pulmonary anomalies are the most common signs and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Spoto
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Erica Pironti
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Woman-Child, OspedaliRiuniti, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Greta Amore
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Adriana Prato
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Anna Scuderi
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Pia V. Colucci
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ida Ceravolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Farello
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Pediatric Clinic, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Iapadre
- Department of Pediatrics, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Gabriella Di Rosa
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Dicanio
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Valentini G, Saia M, Farello G, Salpietro V, Mancuso A, Ceravolo I, Colucci PV, Torre M, Iapadre G, Rosa GD, Cucinotta F. Meckel Syndrome: A Clinical and Molecular Overview. Journal of Pediatric Neurology 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMeckel syndrome (MKS) is a lethal, autosomal recessive, congenital syndrome caused by mutations in genes that encode proteins structurally or functionally related to the primary cilium. MKS is a malformative syndrome, most commonly characterized by occipital meningoencephalocele, polycystic kidney disease, liver fibrosis, and post- and (occasionally) preaxial polydactyly. To date, more than 10 genes are known to constitute the molecular background of MKS, displaying genetic heterogeneity. Individuals with MKS may resemble some phenotypic features of Joubert syndrome and related disorders, thus making diagnostic setting quite challenging. Here, we systematically reviewed the main clinical and genetic characteristics of MKS and its role among ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Valentini
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “G. Barresi,” University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Saia
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “G. Barresi,” University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Farello
- Pediatric Clinic–Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences–Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi 1, Coppito (AQ), Italy
| | | | - Alessio Mancuso
- Unit of Pediatric Emergency, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ida Ceravolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, Messina, Italy
| | - Pia V. Colucci
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “G. Barresi,” University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Manuela Torre
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “G. Barresi,” University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giulia Iapadre
- Department of Pediatrics, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Gabriella Di Rosa
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “G. Barresi,” University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Scuderi A, Prato A, Dicanio D, Spoto G, Salpietro V, Ceravolo G, Granata F, Farello G, Iapadre G, Zagaroli L, Nanni G, Ceravolo I, Pironti E, Amore G, Rosa GD. Age-Related Neurodevelopmental Features in Children with Joubert Syndrome. Journal of Pediatric Neurology 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractJoubert syndrome (JS) is a rare inherited disorder of central nervous system with neonatal/infantile onset, mainly affecting cerebellum and brainstem, and clinically characterized by agenesis or dysgenesis of the cerebellar vermis with accompanying brainstem malformations. More than 20 disease-causing genes have been associated with JS but a clear genotype–phenotype correlation has not been assessed yet. Diagnosis is usually confirmed by detection of the JS neuroradiological hallmark, the molar tooth sign. Patients with JS typically present with neurological manifestations, moreover, a heterogeneous spectrum of multisystemic anomalies may be observed. Signs and symptoms onset varies according to the age range and clinical diagnosis might become complicated. Moreover, specific neurodevelopmental disorders can be associated with JS such as autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit with hyperactivity, and a wide range of behavioral disturbances. Here, we examined the main neurological and neurodevelopmental features of JS according to an age-dependent mode of presentation. Furthermore, differential diagnosis with other neurological syndromes was closely reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Scuderi
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Adriana Prato
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Dicanio
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giulia Spoto
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Giorgia Ceravolo
- Unit of Pediatric Emergency, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Granata
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Farello
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Pediatric Clinic, Coppito (AQ), Italy
| | - Giulia Iapadre
- Department of Pediatrics, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Luca Zagaroli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giuliana Nanni
- Department of Pediatrics, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Ida Ceravolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Erica Pironti
- Department of Woman-Child, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Ospedali Riuniti, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Greta Amore
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gabriella Di Rosa
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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41
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Amore G, Spoto G, Scuderi A, Prato A, Dicanio D, Nicotera A, Farello G, Chimenz R, Ceravolo I, Salpietro V, Gitto E, Ceravolo G, Iapadre G, Rosa GD, Pironti E. Bardet–Biedl Syndrome: A Brief Overview on Clinics and Genetics. Journal of Pediatric Neurology 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBardet–Biedl syndrome is a genetically pleiotropic disorder characterized by high clinical heterogeneity with severe multiorgan impairment. Clinically, it encompasses primary and secondary manifestations, mainly including retinal dystrophy, mental retardation, obesity, polydactyly, hypogonadism in male, and renal abnormalities. At least 21 different genes have been identified, all involved into primary cilium structure or function. To date, genotype–phenotype correlation is still poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Amore
- Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giulia Spoto
- Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Anna Scuderi
- Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Adriana Prato
- Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Dicanio
- Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Nicotera
- Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Farello
- Pediatric Clinic–Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences–Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi 1, Coppito (AQ), Italy
| | - Roberto Chimenz
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ida Ceravolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Eloisa Gitto
- Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giorgia Ceravolo
- Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” Unit of Pediatric Emergency, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giulia Iapadre
- Department of Pediatrics, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Gabriella Di Rosa
- Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Erica Pironti
- Department of Woman-Child, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Ospedali Riuniti, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Fiorillo C, Capodivento G, Geroldi A, Tozza S, Moroni I, Mohassel P, Cataldi M, Campana C, Morando S, Panicucci C, Pedemonte M, Brolatti N, Siliquini S, Traverso M, Baratto S, Debellis D, Magri S, Prada V, Bellone E, Salpietro V, Donkervoort S, Gable K, Gupta SD, Dunn TM, Bönnemann CG, Taroni F, Bruno C, Schenone A, Mandich P, Nobbio L, Nolano M. The SPTLC1 p.S331 mutation bridges sensory neuropathy and motor neuron disease and has implications for treatment. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2022; 48:e12842. [PMID: 35904184 PMCID: PMC9804203 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS SPTLC1-related disorder is a late onset sensory-autonomic neuropathy associated with perturbed sphingolipid homeostasis which can be improved by supplementation with the serine palmitoyl-CoA transferase (SPT) substrate, l-serine. Recently, a juvenile form of motor neuron disease has been linked to SPTLC1 variants. Variants affecting the p.S331 residue of SPTLC1 cause a distinct phenotype, whose pathogenic basis has not been established. This study aims to define the neuropathological and biochemical consequences of the SPTLC1 p.S331 variant, and test response to l-serine in this specific genotype. METHODS We report clinical and neurophysiological characterisation of two unrelated children carrying distinct p.S331 SPTLC1 variants. The neuropathology was investigated by analysis of sural nerve and skin innervation. To clarify the biochemical consequences of the p.S331 variant, we performed sphingolipidomic profiling of serum and skin fibroblasts. We also tested the effect of l-serine supplementation in skin fibroblasts of patients with p.S331 mutations. RESULTS In both patients, we recognised an early onset phenotype with prevalent progressive motor neuron disease. Neuropathology showed severe damage to the sensory and autonomic systems. Sphingolipidomic analysis showed the coexistence of neurotoxic deoxy-sphingolipids with an excess of canonical products of the SPT enzyme. l-serine supplementation in patient fibroblasts reduced production of toxic 1-deoxysphingolipids but further increased the overproduction of sphingolipids. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that p.S331 SPTLC1 variants lead to an overlap phenotype combining features of sensory and motor neuropathies, thus proposing a continuum in the spectrum of SPTLC1-related disorders. l-serine supplementation in these patients may be detrimental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fiorillo
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI)University of GenoaGenoaItaly,Unit of Paediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular DisordersIRCCS Institute “G. Gaslini”GenoaItaly
| | - Giovanna Capodivento
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI)University of GenoaGenoaItaly,UO Clinica Neurologica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoGenoaItaly
| | - Alessandro Geroldi
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI)University of GenoaGenoaItaly
| | - Stefano Tozza
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological ScienceUniversity of Naples “Federico II”NaplesItaly
| | - Isabella Moroni
- Child Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatric NeuroscienceFondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo BestaMilanItaly
| | - Payam Mohassel
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood SectionNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Matteo Cataldi
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI)University of GenoaGenoaItaly,Paediatric Neuropsychiatric UnitIRCCS Institute “G. Gaslini”GenoaItaly
| | - Chiara Campana
- Paediatric Neuropsychiatric UnitIRCCS Institute “G. Gaslini”GenoaItaly
| | - Simone Morando
- Center of Translational and Experimental MyologyIRCCS Institute “G. Gaslini”GenoaItaly
| | - Chiara Panicucci
- Center of Translational and Experimental MyologyIRCCS Institute “G. Gaslini”GenoaItaly
| | - Marina Pedemonte
- Unit of Paediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular DisordersIRCCS Institute “G. Gaslini”GenoaItaly
| | - Noemi Brolatti
- Unit of Paediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular DisordersIRCCS Institute “G. Gaslini”GenoaItaly
| | | | - Monica Traverso
- Unit of Paediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular DisordersIRCCS Institute “G. Gaslini”GenoaItaly
| | - Serena Baratto
- Center of Translational and Experimental MyologyIRCCS Institute “G. Gaslini”GenoaItaly
| | - Doriana Debellis
- Electron Microscopy FacilityIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenoaItaly
| | - Stefania Magri
- Unit of Medical Genetics and NeurogeneticsFondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo BestaMilanItaly
| | - Valeria Prada
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Emilia Bellone
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI)University of GenoaGenoaItaly,Clinical Genetics UnitOspedale Policlinico IRCCS San MartinoGenoaItaly
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI)University of GenoaGenoaItaly,Unit of Paediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular DisordersIRCCS Institute “G. Gaslini”GenoaItaly
| | - Sandra Donkervoort
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood SectionNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Kenneth Gable
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniformed Services University of Health SciencesBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Sita D. Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniformed Services University of Health SciencesBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Teresa M. Dunn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniformed Services University of Health SciencesBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Carsten G. Bönnemann
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood SectionNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Franco Taroni
- Unit of Medical Genetics and NeurogeneticsFondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo BestaMilanItaly
| | - Claudio Bruno
- Center of Translational and Experimental MyologyIRCCS Institute “G. Gaslini”GenoaItaly
| | - Angelo Schenone
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI)University of GenoaGenoaItaly,UO Clinica Neurologica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoGenoaItaly
| | - Paola Mandich
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI)University of GenoaGenoaItaly,Clinical Genetics UnitOspedale Policlinico IRCCS San MartinoGenoaItaly
| | - Lucilla Nobbio
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI)University of GenoaGenoaItaly,UO Clinica Neurologica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoGenoaItaly
| | - Maria Nolano
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological ScienceUniversity of Naples “Federico II”NaplesItaly,Neurology Department, Skin Biopsy LaboratoryIstituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCSTelese TermeItaly
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43
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Cuccurullo C, Miele G, Piccolo G, Bilo L, Accogli A, D'Amico A, Fratta M, Guerrisi S, Iacomino M, Salpietro V, Ugga L, Striano P, Coppola A. Hydranencephaly in CENPJ-related Seckel syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 2022; 65:104659. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Sleyp Y, Valenzuela I, Accogli A, Ballon K, Ben-Zeev B, Berkovic SF, Broly M, Callaerts P, Caylor RC, Charles P, Chatron N, Cohen L, Coppola A, Cordeiro D, Cuccurullo C, Cuscó I, Janette diMonda, Duran-Romaña R, Ekhilevitch N, Fernández-Alvarez P, Gordon CT, Isidor B, Keren B, Lesca G, Maljaars J, Mercimek-Andrews S, Morrow MM, Muir AM, Rousseau F, Salpietro V, Scheffer IE, Schnur RE, Schymkowitz J, Souche E, Steyaert J, Stolerman ES, Vengoechea J, Ville D, Washington C, Weiss K, Zaid R, Sadleir LG, Mefford HC, Peeters H. De novo missense variants in the E3 ubiquitin ligase adaptor KLHL20 cause a developmental disorder with intellectual disability, epilepsy, and autism spectrum disorder. Genet Med 2022; 24:2464-2474. [PMID: 36214804 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE KLHL20 is part of a CUL3-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in protein ubiquitination. KLHL20 functions as the substrate adaptor that recognizes substrates and mediates the transfer of ubiquitin to the substrates. Although KLHL20 regulates neurite outgrowth and synaptic development in animal models, a role in human neurodevelopment has not yet been described. We report on a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by de novo missense variants in KLHL20. METHODS Patients were ascertained by the investigators through Matchmaker Exchange. Phenotyping of patients with de novo missense variants in KLHL20 was performed. RESULTS We studied 14 patients with de novo missense variants in KLHL20, delineating a genetic syndrome with patients having mild to severe intellectual disability, febrile seizures or epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder, hyperactivity, and subtle dysmorphic facial features. We observed a recurrent de novo missense variant in 11 patients (NM_014458.4:c.1069G>A p.[Gly357Arg]). The recurrent missense and the 3 other missense variants all clustered in the Kelch-type β-propeller domain of the KLHL20 protein, which shapes the substrate binding surface. CONCLUSION Our findings implicate KLHL20 in a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by intellectual disability, febrile seizures or epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder, and hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoeri Sleyp
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Irene Valenzuela
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Medicine Genetics Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Accogli
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Katleen Ballon
- Centre for Developmental Disabilities, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bruria Ben-Zeev
- Pediatric Neurology Institute, The Edmond & Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Samuel F Berkovic
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin Broly
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Nantes, Nantes, France; Medigenome, Swiss Institute of Genomic Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Perrine Charles
- Salpêtrière Hospital Genetic Department and Reference Center for Rare Intellectual Disabilities, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Chatron
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hospices Civils de Lyon and NeuroMyogene Institute, CNRS UMR 5310 - INSERM U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Lior Cohen
- Genetic Institute, Barzilai University Medical Center, Ashkelon, Israel; Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba, Israel
| | - Antonietta Coppola
- Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Dawn Cordeiro
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claudia Cuccurullo
- Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Ivon Cuscó
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Medicine Genetics Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Janette diMonda
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory Clinic, Emory Healthcare, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ramon Duran-Romaña
- Switch Laboratory, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Paula Fernández-Alvarez
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Medicine Genetics Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christopher T Gordon
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Human Malformations, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Imagine, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Boris Keren
- Département de Génétique, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hospices Civils de Lyon and NeuroMyogene Institute, CNRS UMR 5310 - INSERM U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Jarymke Maljaars
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Saadet Mercimek-Andrews
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Alison M Muir
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Frederic Rousseau
- Switch Laboratory, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Joost Schymkowitz
- Switch Laboratory, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erika Souche
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean Steyaert
- Center for Developmental Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Jaime Vengoechea
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Dorothée Ville
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | | | - Karin Weiss
- Genetics Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rinat Zaid
- Genetics Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lynette G Sadleir
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Heather C Mefford
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Hilde Peeters
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Dell'Isola GB, Mencaroni E, Prontera P, Cara GD, Ferraro L, Bonanni P, Carotenuto M, Iapadre G, Matricardi S, Operto F, Orsini A, Parisi P, Pavone P, Salpietro V, Savasta S, Striano P, Verrotti A. Clinical and electroencephalographic features of epilepsy in patients with triple X syndrome: A case series. Seizure 2022; 102:32-35. [PMID: 36183453 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Triple X syndrome, is an often undiagnosed chromosomal abnormality with an incidence of 1/1000 females. Main associated disorders are urogenital malformations, premature ovarian failure or primary amenorrhea, gastrointestinal problems, psychiatric disorders and epilepsy. To date, triple X is not related to a specific epileptic syndrome. Therefore, the purpose of this clinical series is to analyze seizure semiology, electroencephalogram features and the long-term outcome of 13 patients with epilepsy and triple X syndrome. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated the long-term seizure outcome in patients with triple X syndrome who had been referred to 11 Epilepsy Centers in Italy. A close electroclinical follow-up was made for at least 2 years and outcomes were reported. RESULTS Our case series confirms that epilepsy is not an occasional finding but part of the phenotypic spectrum of this syndrome. The seizure semiology shows an higher prevalence of focal seizures in 62% of patients. EEG findings of focal epileptic activity were reported in 85% of patients. Anti-seizure medications were successful in all our patients whom in most cases were responsive to monotherapy. CONCLUSION According to our case series most successful drugs were VPA and LEV. Long term prognosis of epilepsy in our case series was good. Our experience suggests that all triple X patients achieve good seizure control and in 69% of cases normalization of the EEG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabetta Mencaroni
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Prontera
- Medical Genetics Unit, Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Cara
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigi Ferraro
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonanni
- Epilepsy Unit, IRCCS Eugenio Medea Scientific Institute, Conegliano, Italy
| | - Marco Carotenuto
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Mental Health and Physical and Preventive Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli University, Caserta, Italy
| | | | - Sara Matricardi
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, "G. Salesi" Children's Hospital, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Operto
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Alessandro Orsini
- Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pasquale Parisi
- Chair of Pediatrics, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sense Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Piero Pavone
- Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | | | - Pasquale Striano
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS "G. Gaslini" Institute, Genoa, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Verrotti
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Mastrangelo M, Salpietro V, Sullivan J. Editorial: Genetically determined epilepsies: Perspectives in the era of precision medicine. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1036846. [PMID: 36303564 PMCID: PMC9593089 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1036846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mastrangelo
- Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Umberto I-Polyclinic Rome, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Mario Mastrangelo
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Sullivan
- Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Calì E, Lin SJ, Rocca C, Sahin Y, Al Shamsi A, El Chehadeh S, Chaabouni M, Mankad K, Galanaki E, Efthymiou S, Sudhakar S, Athanasiou-Fragkouli A, Çelik T, Narlı N, Bianca S, Murphy D, De Carvalho Moreira FM, Andrea Accogli, Petree C, Huang K, Monastiri K, Edizadeh M, Nardello R, Ognibene M, De Marco P, Ruggieri M, Zara F, Striano P, Şahin Y, Al-Gazali L, Abi Warde MT, Gerard B, Zifarelli G, Beetz C, Fortuna S, Soler M, Valente EM, Varshney G, Maroofian R, Salpietro V, Houlden H. A homozygous MED11 C-terminal variant causes a lethal neurodegenerative disease. Genet Med 2022; 24:2194-2203. [PMID: 36001086 PMCID: PMC10519206 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The mediator (MED) multisubunit-complex modulates the activity of the transcriptional machinery, and genetic defects in different MED subunits (17, 20, 27) have been implicated in neurologic diseases. In this study, we identified a recurrent homozygous variant in MED11 (c.325C>T; p.Arg109Ter) in 7 affected individuals from 5 unrelated families. METHODS To investigate the genetic cause of the disease, exome or genome sequencing were performed in 5 unrelated families identified via different research networks and Matchmaker Exchange. Deep clinical and brain imaging evaluations were performed by clinical pediatric neurologists and neuroradiologists. The functional effect of the candidate variant on both MED11 RNA and protein was assessed using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and western blotting using fibroblast cell lines derived from 1 affected individual and controls and through computational approaches. Knockouts in zebrafish were generated using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9. RESULTS The disease was characterized by microcephaly, profound neurodevelopmental impairment, exaggerated startle response, myoclonic seizures, progressive widespread neurodegeneration, and premature death. Functional studies on patient-derived fibroblasts did not show a loss of protein function but rather disruption of the C-terminal of MED11, likely impairing binding to other MED subunits. A zebrafish knockout model recapitulates key clinical phenotypes. CONCLUSION Loss of the C-terminal of MED subunit 11 may affect its binding efficiency to other MED subunits, thus implicating the MED-complex stability in brain development and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Calì
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sheng-Jia Lin
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Clarissa Rocca
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yavuz Sahin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Genoks Genetic Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Salima El Chehadeh
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace (IGMA), Centre de Référence des Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Kshitij Mankad
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Evangelia Galanaki
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sniya Sudhakar
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tamer Çelik
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Private Practice, Adana, Turkey
| | - Nejat Narlı
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Sebastiano Bianca
- Medical Genetics, Referral Centre for Rare Genetic Diseases, ARNAS Garibaldi, Catania, Italy
| | - David Murphy
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities "G. D'Alessandro," University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Accogli
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cassidy Petree
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Kevin Huang
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Kamel Monastiri
- Department of Neonatology, Fattouma Bourguiba Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Masoud Edizadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Genoks Genetic Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rosaria Nardello
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities "G. D'Alessandro," University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marzia Ognibene
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Patrizia De Marco
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Martino Ruggieri
- Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, AOU "Policlinico," University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini," Genova, Italy
| | - Yavuz Şahin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biruni University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Lihadh Al-Gazali
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Benedicte Gerard
- Laboratoires de Diagnostic Génétique, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | | | | | - Sara Fortuna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Miguel Soler
- CONCEPT Lab, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Genova, Italy
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neurogenetics Research Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gaurav Varshney
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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48
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Naim A, Accogli A, Amadori E, D'Onofrio G, Madia F, Tortora D, Zara F, Striano P, Salpietro V, Severino M. Abnormal course of the corticospinal tracts in KIF5C-related encephalopathy. Eur J Med Genet 2022; 65:104622. [PMID: 36122673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
KIF5C encodes a protein belonging to the kinesin family and involved in cellular transport. Variants in KIF5C were first associated a decade ago with microcephaly and malformations of cortical development, with a phenotypic spectrum ranging from polymicrogyria to pachygyria. Currently, eight patients have been reported so far. Here we describe a new paediatric patient carrying the recurrent p.(Glu237Lys) KIF5C variant associated with a distinctive neuroradiological pattern of abnormal posterior course of the corticospinal tract at the level of the pons with a thickened anterior component of the transverse pontine fibers. This finding is likely related to altered axonal guidance and requires further evidence in other patients with KIF5C-related disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Naim
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS "G. Gaslini" Institute, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Accogli
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Elisabetta Amadori
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS "G. Gaslini" Institute, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genova, Italy
| | - Gianluca D'Onofrio
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS "G. Gaslini" Institute, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Madia
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, University of Genoa, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Domenico Tortora
- Neuroradiology Unit IRCCS, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genova, Italy; UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, University of Genoa, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS "G. Gaslini" Institute, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genova, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS "G. Gaslini" Institute, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genova, Italy.
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D'Onofrio G, Riva A, Di Rosa G, Cali' E, Efthymiou S, Gitto E, Madia F, Accogli A, Zara F, Houlden H, Salpietro V, Striano P, Soler D. Paroxysmal limb dystonias associated with GABBR2 pathogenic variant: A case-based literature review. Brain Dev 2022; 44:469-473. [PMID: 35414446 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND De novo mutations in the GABBR2 (Gamma-Aminobutyric acid Type B Receptor Subunit 2) gene have recently been reported to be associated with a form of early-infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE59; OMIM# 617904), as well as a Rett syndrome (RTT)-like disorder defined as a neurodevelopmental disorder with poor language and loss of hand skills (NDPLHS; OMIM# 617903). METHODS We describe a pediatric case carrying a de novo GABBR2 pathogenic variant and showing a phenotype encompassing RTT, epilepsy, generalized hypotonia with a paroxysmal limb dystonia. RESULTS A 11-year-old girl, born to non-consanguineous parents after an uneventful pregnancy, had developmental delay and generalized hypotonia. At age 3.5 months she presented with infantile spasms with an electroencephalographic pattern of hypsarrhythmia. After treatment with clonazepam and prednisolone, she became seizure-free with a slow background electrical activity. Brain magnetic resonance imaging was normal. Paroxysmal dystonic posturing of the extremities, especially the upper limbs, have been observed since the age of 3 years. Motor stereotypies, non-epileptic episodes of hyperventilation and breath-holding were also reported. The girl suffered from feeding difficulties requiring gastrostomy at the age of 8. Exome sequencing (ES) revealed a de novo GABBR2 pathogenic variant (NM_005458:c.G2077T:p.G693W). CONCLUSION Paroxysmal limb dystonias, especially in the context of neurodevelopmental disorder featuring epilepsy, generalized hypotonia and RTT-like features should lead to the suspect of GABBR2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca D'Onofrio
- Department of Neurosciences Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonella Riva
- Department of Neurosciences Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Gabriella Di Rosa
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Messina, Messina 98100, Italy
| | - Elisa Cali'
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Eloisa Gitto
- Intensive Neonatal and Pediatric Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Messina, Messina 98100, Italy
| | - Francesca Madia
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Accogli
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), Montreal, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Federico Zara
- Department of Neurosciences Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy; Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neurosciences Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Doriette Soler
- Department of Paediatrics, Mater dei Hospital, Msida, Malta.
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50
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Borgia P, Baldassari S, Pedemonte N, Alkhunaizi E, D'Onofrio G, Tortora D, Calì E, Scudieri P, Balagura G, Musante I, Diana MC, Pedemonte M, Vari MS, Iacomino M, Riva A, Chimenz R, Mangano GD, Mohammadi MH, Toosi MB, Ashrafzadeh F, Imannezhad S, Karimiani EG, Accogli A, Schiaffino MC, Maghnie M, Soler MA, Echiverri K, Abrams CK, Striano P, Fortuna S, Maroofian R, Houlden H, Zara F, Fiorillo C, Salpietro V. Genotype-phenotype correlations and disease mechanisms in PEX13-related Zellweger spectrum disorders. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:286. [PMID: 35854306 PMCID: PMC9295491 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02415-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pathogenic variants in PEX-genes can affect peroxisome assembly and function and cause Zellweger spectrum disorders (ZSDs), characterized by variable phenotypes in terms of disease severity, age of onset and clinical presentations. So far, defects in at least 15 PEX-genes have been implicated in Mendelian diseases, but in some of the ultra-rare ZSD subtypes genotype–phenotype correlations and disease mechanisms remain elusive. Methods We report five families carrying biallelic variants in PEX13. The identified variants were initially evaluated by using a combination of computational approaches. Immunofluorescence and complementation studies on patient-derived fibroblasts were performed in two patients to investigate the cellular impact of the identified mutations. Results Three out of five families carried a recurrent p.Arg294Trp non-synonymous variant. Individuals affected with PEX13-related ZSD presented heterogeneous clinical features, including hypotonia, developmental regression, hearing/vision impairment, progressive spasticity and brain leukodystrophy. Computational predictions highlighted the involvement of the Arg294 residue in PEX13 homodimerization, and the analysis of blind docking predicted that the p.Arg294Trp variant alters the formation of dimers, impairing the stability of the PEX13/PEX14 translocation module. Studies on muscle tissues and patient-derived fibroblasts revealed biochemical alterations of mitochondrial function and identified mislocalized mitochondria and a reduced number of peroxisomes with abnormal PEX13 concentration. Conclusions This study expands the phenotypic and mutational spectrum of PEX13-related ZSDs and also highlight a variety of disease mechanisms contributing to PEX13-related clinical phenotypes, including the emerging contribution of secondary mitochondrial dysfunction to the pathophysiology of ZSDs.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13023-022-02415-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Borgia
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy.,Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Simona Baldassari
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Pedemonte
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ebba Alkhunaizi
- Department of Genetics, North York General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gianluca D'Onofrio
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy.,Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Domenico Tortora
- Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elisa Calì
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Paolo Scudieri
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ganna Balagura
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Musante
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Diana
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marina Pedemonte
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Stella Vari
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michele Iacomino
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonella Riva
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy.,Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Chimenz
- Unit of Pediatric Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe D Mangano
- Department Pro.M.I.S.E. "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Mehran Beiraghi Toosi
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farah Ashrafzadeh
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shima Imannezhad
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ghayoor Karimiani
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW170RE, UK.,Innovative Medical Research Center, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Andrea Accogli
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maria Cristina Schiaffino
- Pediatric Clinic and Endocrinology Unit, Department of General and Specialist Pediatric Sciences, University of Genoa, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mohamad Maghnie
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy.,Pediatric Clinic and Endocrinology Unit, Department of General and Specialist Pediatric Sciences, University of Genoa, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Miguel Angel Soler
- Computational Modelling of Nanoscale and Biophysical Systems Laboratory, Italian Institute of Technology, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Karl Echiverri
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40506, USA
| | - Charles K Abrams
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy.,Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Fortuna
- Computational Modelling of Nanoscale and Biophysical Systems Laboratory, Italian Institute of Technology, 16163, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34134, Trieste, Italy
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Federico Zara
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy.,Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Fiorillo
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy. .,Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, 16147, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK. .,Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
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