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Iacomino M, Houerbi N, Fortuna S, Howe J, Li S, Scorrano G, Riva A, Cheng KW, Steiman M, Peltekova I, Yusuf A, Baldassari S, Tamburro S, Scudieri P, Musante I, Di Ludovico A, Guerrisi S, Balagura G, Corsello A, Efthymiou S, Murphy D, Uva P, Verrotti A, Fiorillo C, Delvecchio M, Accogli A, Elsabbagh M, Houlden H, Scherer SW, Striano P, Zara F, Chou TF, Salpietro V. Allelic heterogeneity and abnormal vesicle recycling in PLAA-related neurodevelopmental disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1268013. [PMID: 38650658 PMCID: PMC11033462 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1268013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The human PLAA gene encodes Phospholipase-A2-Activating-Protein (PLAA) involved in trafficking of membrane proteins. Through its PUL domain (PLAP, Ufd3p, and Lub1p), PLAA interacts with p97/VCP modulating synaptic vesicles recycling. Although few families carrying biallelic PLAA variants were reported with progressive neurodegeneration, consequences of monoallelic PLAA variants have not been elucidated. Using exome or genome sequencing we identified PLAA de-novo missense variants, affecting conserved residues within the PUL domain, in children affected with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including psychomotor regression, intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Computational and in-vitro studies of the identified variants revealed abnormal chain arrangements at C-terminal and reduced PLAA-p97/VCP interaction, respectively. These findings expand both allelic and phenotypic heterogeneity associated to PLAA-related neurological disorders, highlighting perturbed vesicle recycling as a potential disease mechanism in NDDs due to genetic defects of PLAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Iacomino
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nadia Houerbi
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Sara Fortuna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Jennifer Howe
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shan Li
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Giovanna Scorrano
- Department of Pediatrics, Sant'Annunziata Hospital, University "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonella Riva
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Kai-Wen Cheng
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Mandy Steiman
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Azrieli Centre for Autism Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Iskra Peltekova
- McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Afiqah Yusuf
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Azrieli Centre for Autism Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simona Baldassari
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Serena Tamburro
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Scudieri
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Musante
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Armando Di Ludovico
- Department of Pediatrics, Sant'Annunziata Hospital, University "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Sara Guerrisi
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ganna Balagura
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio Corsello
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Murphy
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Uva
- Clinical Bioinformatics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Fiorillo
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Delvecchio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Andrea Accogli
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Specialized Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mayada Elsabbagh
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Azrieli Centre for Autism Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Tsui-Fen Chou
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Gorrieri G, Tamburro S, Baldassari S, Guerrisi S, Zara F, Ricci E, Maria Cordelli D, Scudieri P, Musante I. Generation of two iPSC lines from Mowat-Wilson syndrome patients carrying heterozygous ZEB2 mutations. Stem Cell Res 2024; 76:103333. [PMID: 38350246 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2024.103333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
ZEB2 is a protein-coding gene belonging to a very restricted family of transcription factors. ZEB2 acts mainly as a transcription repressor, is expressed in various tissues and its role is fundamental for the correct development of the nervous system. The best-known clinical picture associated with ZEB2 mutations is Mowat-Wilson syndrome, caused mostly by haploinsufficiency and characterized by possible multi-organ malformations, dysmorphic features, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. In this study we report the generation of IGGi004-A and IGGi005-A, iPSC clones from two patients carrying different heterozygous mutations in ZEB2, which can be used for disease modelling, pathophysiological studies and therapeutics testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Gorrieri
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Serena Tamburro
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Simona Baldassari
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Guerrisi
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emilia Ricci
- Child Neurology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Epilepsy Center, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Duccio Maria Cordelli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, U.O.C. Neuropsichiatria dell'età Pediatrica, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Scudieri
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Musante
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
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Accogli A, Park YN, Lenk GM, Severino M, Scala M, Denecke J, Hempel M, Lessel D, Kortüm F, Salpietro V, de Marco P, Guerrisi S, Torella A, Nigro V, Srour M, Turro E, Labarque V, Freson K, Piatelli G, Capra V, Kitzman JO, Meisler MH. Biallelic loss-of-function variants of SLC12A9 cause lysosome dysfunction and a syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder. Genet Med 2024; 26:101097. [PMID: 38334070 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2024.101097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Pathogenic variants of FIG4 generate enlarged lysosomes and neurological and developmental disorders. To identify additional genes regulating lysosomal volume, we carried out a genome-wide activation screen to detect suppression of enlarged lysosomes in FIG4-/- cells. METHODS The CRISPR-a gene activation screen utilized sgRNAs from the promoters of protein-coding genes. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting separated cells with correction of the enlarged lysosomes from uncorrected cells. Patient variants of SLC12A9 were identified by exome or genome sequencing and studied by segregation analysis and clinical characterization. RESULTS Overexpression of SLC12A9, a solute co-transporter, corrected lysosomal swelling in FIG4-/- cells. SLC12A9 (NP_064631.2) colocalized with LAMP2 at the lysosome membrane. Biallelic variants of SLC12A9 were identified in 3 unrelated probands with neurodevelopmental disorders. Common features included intellectual disability, skeletal and brain structural abnormalities, congenital heart defects, and hypopigmented hair. Patient 1 was homozygous for nonsense variant p.(Arg615∗), patient 2 was compound heterozygous for p.(Ser109Lysfs∗20) and a large deletion, and proband 3 was compound heterozygous for p.(Glu290Glyfs∗36) and p.(Asn552Lys). Fibroblasts from proband 1 contained enlarged lysosomes that were corrected by wild-type SLC12A9 cDNA. Patient variant p.(Asn552Lys) failed to correct the lysosomal defect. CONCLUSION Impaired function of SLC12A9 results in enlarged lysosomes and a recessive disorder with a recognizable neurodevelopmental phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Accogli
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Specialized Medicine, McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Young N Park
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Guy M Lenk
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Marcello Scala
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jonas Denecke
- University Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maja Hempel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Davor Lessel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fanny Kortüm
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | | | - Annalaura Torella
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Nigro
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Myriam Srour
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; McGill University Health Center (MUHC) Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ernest Turro
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Veerle Labarque
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Paediatric Hemato-Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Freson
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gianluca Piatelli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gaslini Children's Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Valeria Capra
- Genomics and Clinical Genetics, IRCCS Instituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jacob O Kitzman
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Miriam H Meisler
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
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4
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Ognibene M, Scala M, Iacomino M, Schiavetti I, Madia F, Traverso M, Guerrisi S, Di Duca M, Caroli F, Baldassari S, Tappino B, Romano F, Uva P, Vozzi D, Chelleri C, Piatelli G, Diana MC, Zara F, Capra V, Pavanello M, De Marco P. Moyamoya Vasculopathy in Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Pediatric Patients: The Role of Rare Variants of RNF213. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061916. [PMID: 36980803 PMCID: PMC10047491 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a neurocutaneous disorder caused by mutations in NF1 gene, coding for neurofibromin 1. NF1 can be associated with Moyamoya disease (MMD), and this association, typical of paediatric patients, is referred to as Moyamoya syndrome (MMS). MMD is a cerebral arteriopathy characterized by the occlusion of intracranial arteries and collateral vessel formation, which increase the risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic events. RNF213 gene mutations have been associated with MMD, so we investigated whether rare variants of RNF213 could act as genetic modifiers of MMS phenotype in a pediatric cohort of 20 MMS children, 25 children affected by isolated MMD and 47 affected only by isolated NF1. By next-generation re-sequencing (NGS) of patients' DNA and gene burden tests, we found that RNF213 seems to play a role only for MMD occurrence, while it does not appear to be involved in the increased risk of Moyamoya for MMS patients. We postulated that the loss of neurofibromin 1 can be enough for the excessive proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, causing Moyamoya arteriopathy associated with NF1. Further studies will be crucial to support these findings and to elucidate the possible role of other genes, enhancing our knowledge about pathogenesis and treatment of MMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Ognibene
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Marcello Scala
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Università Degli Studi di Genova, 16145 Genova, Italy
| | - Michele Iacomino
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Irene Schiavetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Madia
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Monica Traverso
- U.O.C. Neurologia Pediatrica e Malattie Muscolari, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Sara Guerrisi
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Di Duca
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Caroli
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Simona Baldassari
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Barbara Tappino
- LABSIEM (Laboratory for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Ferruccio Romano
- U.O.C. Genomica e Genetica Clinica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Uva
- Unità di Bioinformatica Clinica, Direzione Scientifica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Diego Vozzi
- Genomic Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Cristina Chelleri
- U.O.C. Neurologia Pediatrica e Malattie Muscolari, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Gianluca Piatelli
- U.O.C. Neurochirurgia, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Diana
- U.O.C. Neurologia Pediatrica e Malattie Muscolari, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Valeria Capra
- U.O.C. Genomica e Genetica Clinica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Pavanello
- U.O.C. Neurochirurgia, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Patrizia De Marco
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
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Cuccurullo C, Miele G, Piccolo G, Bilo L, Accogli A, D'Amico A, Fratta M, Guerrisi S, Iacomino M, Salpietro V, Ugga L, Striano P, Coppola A. Hydranencephaly in CENPJ-related Seckel syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 2022; 65:104659. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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6
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Romano F, Madia F, De Marco P, Ognibene M, Guerrisi S, Scala M, Iacomino M, Baldassari S, Vercellino N, Manunza F, Tallone R, Pavanello M, Piatelli G, Garaventa A, Zara F, Capra V. Clinical and genetic analysis of patients with segmental overgrowth features and somatic mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway disruption: Possible novel clinical issues. Birth Defects Res 2022; 114:1440-1448. [DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ferruccio Romano
- Medical Genetics Unit IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini Genoa Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health University of Genoa Genoa Italy
| | - Francesca Madia
- Medical Genetics Unit IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini Genoa Italy
| | | | - Marzia Ognibene
- Medical Genetics Unit IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini Genoa Italy
| | - Sara Guerrisi
- Medical Genetics Unit IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini Genoa Italy
| | - Marcello Scala
- Medical Genetics Unit IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini Genoa Italy
| | - Michele Iacomino
- Medical Genetics Unit IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini Genoa Italy
| | | | | | | | - Ramona Tallone
- D.O.P.O. Ambulatory for Oncologic Follow‐up IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini Genoa Italy
| | - Marco Pavanello
- Neurosurgery Unit IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini Genoa Italy
| | | | | | - Federico Zara
- Medical Genetics Unit IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini Genoa Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health University of Genoa Genoa Italy
| | - Valeria Capra
- Medical Genetics Unit IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini Genoa Italy
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