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Helmold BR, Ahrens A, Fitzgerald Z, Ozdinler PH. Spastin and alsin protein interactome analyses begin to reveal key canonical pathways and suggest novel druggable targets. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:725-739. [PMID: 38886938 PMCID: PMC11433914 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-02068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing effective and long-term treatment strategies for rare and complex neurodegenerative diseases is challenging. One of the major roadblocks is the extensive heterogeneity among patients. This hinders understanding the underlying disease-causing mechanisms and building solutions that have implications for a broad spectrum of patients. One potential solution is to develop personalized medicine approaches based on strategies that target the most prevalent cellular events that are perturbed in patients. Especially in patients with a known genetic mutation, it may be possible to understand how these mutations contribute to problems that lead to neurodegeneration. Protein-protein interaction analyses offer great advantages for revealing how proteins interact, which cellular events are primarily involved in these interactions, and how they become affected when key genes are mutated in patients. This line of investigation also suggests novel druggable targets for patients with different mutations. Here, we focus on alsin and spastin, two proteins that are identified as "causative" for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and hereditary spastic paraplegia, respectively, when mutated. Our review analyzes the protein interactome for alsin and spastin, the canonical pathways that are primarily important for each protein domain, as well as compounds that are either Food and Drug Administration-approved or are in active clinical trials concerning the affected cellular pathways. This line of research begins to pave the way for personalized medicine approaches that are desperately needed for rare neurodegenerative diseases that are complex and heterogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R. Helmold
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Angela Ahrens
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zachary Fitzgerald
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - P. Hande Ozdinler
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Les Turner ALS Center at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Yoganathan S, Kumar M, Aaron R, Rangan SR, Umakant BS, Thomas M, Oommen SP, Danda S. Phenotype and Genotype of Children with ALS2 gene-Related Disorder. Neuropediatrics 2025; 56:20-28. [PMID: 39424348 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1791256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Alsin Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor (ALS2) gene encodes a protein alsin that functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor. The variations in ALS2 gene leads to degeneration of upper motor neurons of the corticospinal tract. The phenotypes resulting from variants in ALS2 gene are infantile-onset ascending hereditary spastic paralysis (IAHSP, OMIM # 607225), juvenile primary lateral sclerosis (JPLS, OMIM # 606353), and juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (JALS, OMIM # 205100). Our study objectives were to describe the clinical phenotype and genotype of children with an established diagnosis of ALS2 gene-related disorder. METHODS The clinical details, laboratory data, and genotype findings of children with an established diagnosis of ALS2 gene-related disorder were collected from the hospital electronic database after obtaining institutional review board approval. RESULTS One family with three affected siblings, a second family with a proband and an affected fetus, and a third family with two affected siblings with ALS2 gene variants were identified. IAHSP was diagnosed in all of our patients with variants in ALS2 gene. The clinical findings observed in our patients were insidious onset progressive spastic paraparesis, contractures, and dysarthria. Nonsense variants were observed in four patients while frameshift variant was observed in one family. Novel variants in ALS2 gene were identified in two unrelated families. CONCLUSION ALS2 mutation results in rare neurodegenerative disorders with the clinical spectrum encompassing IAHSP, JPLS, and JALS disorders. In view of allelic heterogeneity described in the literature, more research studies are needed for establishing genotype-phenotype correlation in patients with ALS2 gene-related disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Yoganathan
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Madhan Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rekha Aaron
- Department of Medical Genetics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srinivasa Raghavan Rangan
- Developmental Pediatrics Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bidkar Sayli Umakant
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Maya Thomas
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Samuel Philip Oommen
- Developmental Pediatrics Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sumita Danda
- Department of Medical Genetics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Zhang Q, Yang Q, Luo J, Zhou X, Yi S, Tan S, Qin Z. Clinical features and molecular genetic investigation of infantile-onset ascending hereditary spastic paralysis (IAHSP) in two Chinese siblings caused by a novel splice site ALS2 variation. BMC Med Genomics 2024; 17:44. [PMID: 38297306 PMCID: PMC10829245 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-024-01805-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ALS2-related disorder involves retrograde degeneration of the upper motor neurons of the pyramidal tracts, among which autosomal recessive Infantile-onset ascending hereditary spastic paralysis (IAHSP) is a rare phenotype. In this study, we gathered clinical data from two Chinese siblings who were affected by IAHSP. Our aim was to assess the potential pathogenicity of the identified variants and analyze their clinical and genetic characteristics. METHOD Here, Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed on proband to identify the candidate variants. Subsequently, Sanger sequencing was used to verify identified candidate variants and to assess co-segregation among available family members. Utilizing both silico prediction and 3D protein modeling, an analysis was conducted to evaluate the potential functional implications of the variants on the encoded protein, and minigene assays were performed to unravel the effect of the variants on the cleavage of pre-mRNA. RESULTS Both patients were characterized by slurred speech, astasia, inability to walk, scoliosis, lower limb hypertonia, ankle clonus, contracture of joint, foot pronation and no psychomotor retardation was found. Genetic analysis revealed a novel homozygous variant of ALS2, c.1815G > T(p.Lys605Asn) in two Chinese siblings. To our knowledge, it is the first confirmed case of a likely pathogenic variant leading to IAHSP in a Chinese patient. CONCLUSION This study broadens the range of ALS2 variants and has practical implications for prenatal and postnatal screening of IAHSR. Symptom-based diagnosis of IAHSP is frequently difficult for medical practitioners. WES can be a beneficial resource to identify a particular disorder when the diagnosis cannot be determined from the symptoms alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Genetic Diseases, The Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of reproductive health and birth defect prevention, The Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Diseases, The Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Genetic Diseases, The Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of reproductive health and birth defect prevention, The Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Diseases, The Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Jingsi Luo
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Genetic Diseases, The Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of reproductive health and birth defect prevention, The Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Diseases, The Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Xunzhao Zhou
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Genetic Diseases, The Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of reproductive health and birth defect prevention, The Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Diseases, The Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Shang Yi
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Genetic Diseases, The Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of reproductive health and birth defect prevention, The Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Diseases, The Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Shuyin Tan
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Genetic Diseases, The Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of reproductive health and birth defect prevention, The Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Diseases, The Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Zailong Qin
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi, Nanning, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Genetic Diseases, The Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of reproductive health and birth defect prevention, The Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China.
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Diseases, The Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China.
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Ikeda A, Kumaki T, Tsuyusaki Y, Tsuji M, Enomoto Y, Fujita A, Saitsu H, Matsumoto N, Kurosawa K, Goto T. Genetic and clinical features of pediatric-onset hereditary spastic paraplegia: a single-center study in Japan. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1085228. [PMID: 37251230 PMCID: PMC10213624 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1085228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are a set of heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorders characterized by bilateral lower limb spasticity. They may present from infancy onwards at any time. Although next-generation sequencing has allowed the identification of many causative genes, little is known about which genes are specifically associated with pediatric-onset variants. Methods This study retrospectively evaluated the genetic analyses, family history clinical courses, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, and electrophysiologic findings of patients diagnosed with HSP in childhood at a tertiary pediatric hospital in Japan. Genetic analyses were performed using direct sequencing, disease-associated panels, and whole-exome sequencing. Results Of the 37 patients included, 14 had a family history of HSP and 23 had a sporadic form of the disease. In 20 patients, HSP was the pure type, whereas the remaining 17 patients had complex types of HSP. Genetic data were available for 11 of the pure-type patients and 16 of those with complex types. Of these, genetic diagnoses were possible in 5 (45%) of the pure-type and 13 (81%) of the complex-type patients. SPAST variants were found in five children, KIF1A variants in four, ALS2 variants in three, SACS and L1CAM variants in two each, and an ATL1 variant in one. One child had a 10p15.3p13 duplication. Four patients with pure-type HSPs had SPAST variants and one had an ALT1 variant. The KIF1A, ALS2, SACS, and L1CAM variants and the 10p15.3p13 duplication were seen in children with complex-type HSPs, with just one complex-type patient having a SPAST variant. The identification of brain abnormalities on MRI was significantly more common among children with complex-type (11 [69%] of 16) than pure-type HSPs (one [5%] of 19) (p < 0.001). Scores on the modified Rankin Scale for Neurologic Disability were also significantly higher among children with complex-type compared with pure-type HSPs (3.5 ± 1.0 vs. 2.1 ± 0.9, p < 0.001). Conclusion Pediatric-onset HSP was found to be sporadic and genetic in a substantial proportion of patients. The causative gene patterns differed between children with pure-type and complex-type HSPs. The causative roles of SPAST and KIF1A variants in pure-type and complex-type HSPs, respectively, should be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Ikeda
- Department of Neurology, Kanagawa Children’s Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Kumaki
- Division of Medical Genetics, Kanagawa Children’s Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yu Tsuyusaki
- Department of Neurology, Kanagawa Children’s Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Megumi Tsuji
- Department of Neurology, Kanagawa Children’s Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yumi Enomoto
- Clinical Research Institute, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fujita
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Saitsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenji Kurosawa
- Division of Medical Genetics, Kanagawa Children’s Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomohide Goto
- Department of Neurology, Kanagawa Children’s Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
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Key role of Rho GTPases in motor disorders associated with neurodevelopmental pathologies. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:118-126. [PMID: 35918397 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01702-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that Rho GTPases and molecules involved in their signaling pathways play a major role in the development of the central nervous system (CNS). Whole exome sequencing (WES) and de novo examination of mutations, including SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) in genes coding for the molecules of their signaling cascade, has allowed the recent discovery of dominant autosomic mutations and duplication or deletion of candidates in the field of neurodevelopmental diseases (NDD). Epidemiological studies show that the co-occurrence of several of these neurological pathologies may indeed be the rule. The regulators of Rho GTPases have often been considered for cognitive diseases such as intellectual disability (ID) and autism. But, in a remarkable way, mild to severe motor symptoms are now reported in autism and other cognitive NDD. Although a more abundant litterature reports the involvement of Rho GTPases and signaling partners in cognitive development, molecular investigations on their roles in central nervous system (CNS) development or degenerative CNS pathologies also reveal their role in embryonic and perinatal motor wiring through axon guidance and later in synaptic plasticity. Thus, Rho family small GTPases have been revealed to play a key role in brain functions including learning and memory but their precise role in motor development and associated symptoms in NDD has been poorly scoped so far, despite increasing clinical data highlighting the links between cognition and motor development. Indeed, early impairements in fine or gross motor performance is often an associated feature of NDDs, which then impact social communication, cognition, emotion, and behavior. We review here recent insights derived from clinical developmental neurobiology in the field of Rho GTPases and NDD (autism spectrum related disorder (ASD), ID, schizophrenia, hypotonia, spastic paraplegia, bipolar disorder and dyslexia), with a specific focus on genetic alterations affecting Rho GTPases that are involved in motor circuit development.
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Mosallaei M, Ehtesham N, Beheshtian M, Khoshbakht S, Davarnia B, Kahrizi K, Najmabadi H. Phenotype and genotype spectrum of variants in guanine nucleotide exchange factor genes in a broad cohort of Iranian patients. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2022; 10:e1894. [PMID: 35174982 PMCID: PMC9000939 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) play pivotal roles in neuronal cell functions by exchanging GDP to GTP nucleotide and activation of GTPases. We aimed to determine the genotype and phenotype spectrum of GEF mutations by collecting data from a large Iranian cohort with intellectual disability (ID) and/or developmental delay (DD). Methods We collected data from nine families with 20 patients extracted from Iranian cohort of 640 families with ID and/or DD. Next‐generation sequencing (NGS) was used to identify the causing variants in recruited families. We also compared our clinical and molecular findings with previously reported patients carrying mutations in these GEF genes in the literature published until mid‐2021. Results We identified disease‐causing variants in eight GEF genes including ALS2, IQSEC2, MADD, RAB3GAP1, RAB3GAP2, TRIO, ITSN1, and DENND2A. The major clinical manifestations in 203 previously reported cases along with our 20 patients with disease causing variants in eight GEF genes were as follow; speech disorder (85.2%), ID (81.6%), DD (81.1%), inability to walk (71.3%), facial dysmorphisms features (52.4%), abnormalities in skull morphology (55.6%), hypotonia and muscle weakness (47%), and brain MRI abnormalities (43.4%). Conclusion Our study provides new insights into the genotype and phenotype spectrum of mutations in GEF genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Mosallaei
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naeim Ehtesham
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Beheshtian
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrouz Khoshbakht
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Davarnia
- Department of Genetic and Pathology, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Kimia Kahrizi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Najmabadi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Kariminejad - Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Centre, Tehran, Iran
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Madhaw G, Kumar N, M Radhakrishnan D, Shree R. Infantile Ascending Hereditary Spastic Paralysis with Extrapyramidal and Extraocular Manifestations Associated with a Novel ALS2 Mutation. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2022; 9:118-121. [PMID: 35005076 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Govind Madhaw
- Department of Neurology All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh India
| | - Niraj Kumar
- Department of Neurology All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh India
| | - Divya M Radhakrishnan
- Department of Neurology All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh India.,Department of Neurology All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India
| | - Ritu Shree
- Department of Neurology All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh India.,Department of Neurology Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
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Miceli M, Exertier C, Cavaglià M, Gugole E, Boccardo M, Casaluci RR, Ceccarelli N, De Maio A, Vallone B, Deriu MA. ALS2-Related Motor Neuron Diseases: From Symptoms to Molecules. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:77. [PMID: 35053075 PMCID: PMC8773251 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Infantile-onset Ascending Hereditary Spastic Paralysis, Juvenile Primary Lateral Sclerosis and Juvenile Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis are all motor neuron diseases related to mutations on the ALS2 gene, encoding for a 1657 amino acids protein named Alsin. This ~185 kDa multi-domain protein is ubiquitously expressed in various human tissues, mostly in the brain and the spinal cord. Several investigations have indicated how mutations within Alsin's structured domains may be responsible for the alteration of Alsin's native oligomerization state or Alsin's propensity to interact with protein partners. In this review paper, we propose a description of differences and similarities characterizing the above-mentioned ALS2-related rare neurodegenerative disorders, pointing attention to the effects of ALS2 mutation from molecule to organ and at the system level. Known cases were collected through a literature review and rationalized to deeply elucidate the neurodegenerative clinical outcomes as consequences of ALS2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Miceli
- PolitoBIOMedLab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.M.); (M.C.); (M.B.); (R.R.C.); (N.C.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Cécile Exertier
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.E.); (E.G.); (B.V.)
| | - Marco Cavaglià
- PolitoBIOMedLab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.M.); (M.C.); (M.B.); (R.R.C.); (N.C.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Elena Gugole
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.E.); (E.G.); (B.V.)
| | - Marta Boccardo
- PolitoBIOMedLab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.M.); (M.C.); (M.B.); (R.R.C.); (N.C.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Rossana Rita Casaluci
- PolitoBIOMedLab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.M.); (M.C.); (M.B.); (R.R.C.); (N.C.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Noemi Ceccarelli
- PolitoBIOMedLab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.M.); (M.C.); (M.B.); (R.R.C.); (N.C.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Alessandra De Maio
- PolitoBIOMedLab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.M.); (M.C.); (M.B.); (R.R.C.); (N.C.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Beatrice Vallone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.E.); (E.G.); (B.V.)
| | - Marco A. Deriu
- PolitoBIOMedLab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.M.); (M.C.); (M.B.); (R.R.C.); (N.C.); (A.D.M.)
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Elsayed LEO, Eltazi IZ, Ahmed AE, Stevanin G. Insights into Clinical, Genetic, and Pathological Aspects of Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias: A Comprehensive Overview. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:690899. [PMID: 34901147 PMCID: PMC8662366 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.690899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) are a heterogeneous group of motor neurodegenerative disorders that have the core clinical presentation of pyramidal syndrome which starts typically in the lower limbs. They can present as pure or complex forms with all classical modes of monogenic inheritance reported. To date, there are more than 100 loci/88 spastic paraplegia genes (SPG) involved in the pathogenesis of HSP. New patterns of inheritance are being increasingly identified in this era of huge advances in genetic and functional studies. A wide range of clinical symptoms and signs are now reported to complicate HSP with increasing overall complexity of the clinical presentations considered as HSP. This is especially true with the emergence of multiple HSP phenotypes that are situated in the borderline zone with other neurogenetic disorders. The genetic diagnostic approaches and the utilized techniques leave a diagnostic gap of 25% in the best studies. In this review, we summarize the known types of HSP with special focus on those in which spasticity is the principal clinical phenotype ("SPGn" designation). We discuss their modes of inheritance, clinical phenotypes, underlying genetics, and molecular pathways, providing some observations about therapeutic opportunities gained from animal models and functional studies. This review may pave the way for more analytic approaches that take into consideration the overall picture of HSP. It will shed light on subtle associations that can explain the occurrence of the disease and allow a better understanding of its observed variations. This should help in the identification of future biomarkers, predictors of disease onset and progression, and treatments for both better functional outcomes and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liena E. O. Elsayed
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University [PNU], Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Ammar E. Ahmed
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- Institut du Cerveau – Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, APHP, Paris, France
- CNRS, INCIA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, EPHE, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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10
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Alves De Siqueira Carvalho A, Antônio Troccoli Chieia M, Braga Farias I, Bulle Oliveira AS, Pinto WBVDR, Souza PVSD. The expanding clinical and genetic spectrum of alsin-related disorders: the first cohort of Brazilian patients. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2021; 23:16-24. [PMID: 34738851 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2021.1910306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There are three types of autosomal recessive disorders involving pathogenic variants in the ALS2 gene (OMIM*606352), infantile ascending hereditary spastic paraplegia (IAHSP), juvenile primary lateral sclerosis (JPLS) and juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (JALS), which are rare and related to retrograde degeneration of motor neurons. ALS2 pathogenic variants are distributed widely across the entire coding sequence and mostly result in a loss of protein function. Rarely, patients with JALS have been reported with lower motor neuron involvement. Here, we report the first Brazilian cohort (six patients) of JPLS with novel ALS2 pathogenic variants, and we propose an expanding clinical and genetic spectrum of alsin-related disorders. A review of the literature in PubMed from 2001 to September 2020 allowed us to identify 26 publications about the three different phenotypes caused by ALS2 variants (only case reports or families), encompassing 35 nonrelated families. We compiled data (sex, age, age at onset, first symptoms, atypical clinical features, molecular data, and clinical evolution (improvement or death)) from these studies and analyzed them in a general context on the basis of demographic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alzira Alves De Siqueira Carvalho
- Departamento de Neurociências-Laboratório de doenças neuromusculares, Centro Universitário Saúde ABC, Santo Andre, São Paulo, Brazil and
| | | | - Igor Braga Farias
- Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Kok JR, Palminha NM, Dos Santos Souza C, El-Khamisy SF, Ferraiuolo L. DNA damage as a mechanism of neurodegeneration in ALS and a contributor to astrocyte toxicity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5707-5729. [PMID: 34173837 PMCID: PMC8316199 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03872-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the involvement of DNA damage in several neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Elevated levels of DNA damage are consistently observed in both sporadic and familial forms of ALS and may also play a role in Western Pacific ALS, which is thought to have an environmental cause. The cause of DNA damage in ALS remains unclear but likely differs between genetic subgroups. Repeat expansion in the C9ORF72 gene is the most common genetic cause of familial ALS and responsible for about 10% of sporadic cases. These genetic mutations are known to cause R-loops, thus increasing genomic instability and DNA damage, and generate dipeptide repeat proteins, which have been shown to lead to DNA damage and impairment of the DNA damage response. Similarly, several genes associated with ALS including TARDBP, FUS, NEK1, SQSTM1 and SETX are known to play a role in DNA repair and the DNA damage response, and thus may contribute to neuronal death via these pathways. Another consistent feature present in both sporadic and familial ALS is the ability of astrocytes to induce motor neuron death, although the factors causing this toxicity remain largely unknown. In this review, we summarise the evidence for DNA damage playing a causative or secondary role in the pathogenesis of ALS as well as discuss the possible mechanisms involved in different genetic subtypes with particular focus on the role of astrocytes initiating or perpetuating DNA damage in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannigje Rachel Kok
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Sheffield, UK
| | - Nelma M Palminha
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The Healthy Lifespan Institute, Sheffield, UK
- The Institute of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Cleide Dos Santos Souza
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Sheffield, UK
| | - Sherif F El-Khamisy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The Healthy Lifespan Institute, Sheffield, UK.
- The Institute of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
- The Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, West Yorkshire, UK.
| | - Laura Ferraiuolo
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Sheffield, UK.
- The Institute of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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12
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Gazulla J, Izquierdo-Alvarez S, Ruiz-Fernández E, Berciano J. Initial Cerebellar Ataxia in Hereditary Adult-Onset Primary Lateral Sclerosis. Case Rep Neurol 2021; 13:414-421. [PMID: 34326749 PMCID: PMC8299400 DOI: 10.1159/000515157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxia preceding the apparition of primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is reported herein. Three individuals from 2 independent kindreds experienced ataxia before developing clinical signs of PLS. Disease onset was during the sixth decade or later, and an insidious onset, with progression exceeding 11 years, was observed. Pathochrony was homogenous, consisting of initial gait instability, followed by hand dysmetria 2 years later. During a 5-year follow-up, cerebellar ataxia remained the sole clinical manifestation, preceding the appearance of muscle stiffness, which progressed to a paraparesis, and then to a purely spastic quadriparesis, over 4 years; pseudobulbar dysarthria and dysphagia appeared later. At this disease stage, limb spasticity, hyperactive jaw and limb stretch reflexes, extensor plantar responses, and a spastic dysarthria were found on examination; limb dysmetria and an ataxo-spastic gait were also found. No muscle atrophy or fasciculation was observed. Among ancillary tests, electromyographic studies performed 6 years after disease onset revealed normal motor unit action potentials and absence of spontaneous activity, in 2 individuals. MRI revealed normal cerebellum and brainstem in 2 cases. Inheritance was dominant in both kindreds, and extensive genetic testing was negative. It is concluded that cerebellar ataxia preceded the appearance of a purely spastic spinobulbar syndrome (which fulfilled the clinical diagnostic criteria for PLS) during a 5-year period in 3 patients with a hereditary, adult-onset form of PLS; subsequent disease progression was equivalent to that of sporadic PLS. Further studies are needed to fully delineate the clinical and genetic spectra of adult-onset PLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Gazulla
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Silvia Izquierdo-Alvarez
- Section of Genetics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - José Berciano
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria, CIBERNED, Santander, Spain
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13
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Silani V, Corcia P, Harms MB, Rouleau G, Siddique T, Ticozzi N. Genetics of primary lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2021; 21:28-34. [DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2020.1837177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Silani
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milano, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, “Dino Ferrari” Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Philippe Corcia
- Centre de Reference SLA, CHU Tours, and UMR 1253, iBRAIN, Université de Tours, INSERM, Tours, France
| | | | - Guy Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Teepu Siddique
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicola Ticozzi
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milano, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, “Dino Ferrari” Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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14
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Nogueira E, Alarcón J, Garma C, Paredes C. ALS2-related disorders in Spanish children. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:2091-2094. [PMID: 33409823 PMCID: PMC8043897 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04899-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
ALS2 gene encoding for alsin protein is responsible for neurological disorders due to retrograde degeneration of the upper motor neurons of the pyramidal tracts, inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, and displaying a clinical continuum including the infantile ascending hereditary spastic paraplegiaidentified in three Spanish children presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Nogueira
- Molecular Diagnostics Eurofins-Megalab, Hospital San Rafael, Madrid, Spain. .,Genetics Service, Hospital La Zarzuela, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juana Alarcón
- Pediatric Neurology, Hospital San Rafael, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Garma
- Molecular Diagnostics Eurofins-Megalab, Hospital San Rafael, Madrid, Spain.,Genetics Service, Hospital La Zarzuela, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Sprute R, Jergas H, Ölmez A, Alawbathani S, Karasoy H, Dafsari HS, Becker K, Daimagüler HS, Nürnberg P, Muntoni F, Topaloglu H, Uyanik G, Cirak S. Genotype-phenotype correlation in seven motor neuron disease families with novel ALS2 mutations. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 185:344-354. [PMID: 33155358 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal-recessive mutations in the Alsin Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (ALS2) gene may cause specific subtypes of childhood-onset progressive neurodegenerative motor neuron diseases (MND). These diseases can manifest with a clinical continuum from infantile ascending hereditary spastic paraplegia (IAHSP) to juvenile-onset forms with or without lower motor neuron involvement, the juvenile primary lateral sclerosis (JPLS) and the juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (JALS). We report 11 patients from seven unrelated Turkish and Yemeni families with clinical signs of IAHSP or JPLS. We performed haplotype analysis or next-generation panel sequencing followed by Sanger Sequencing to unravel the genetic disease cause. We described their clinical phenotype and analyzed the pathogenicity of the detected variants with bioinformatics tools. We further reviewed all previously reported cases with ALS2-related MND. We identified five novel homozygous pathogenic variants in ALS2 at various positions: c.275_276delAT (p.Tyr92CysfsTer11), c.1044C>G (p.Tyr348Ter), c.1718C>A (p.Ala573Glu), c.3161T>C (p.Leu1054Pro), and c.1471+1G>A (NM_020919.3, NP_065970.2). In our cohort, disease onset was in infancy or early childhood with rapid onset of motor neuron signs. Muscle weakness, spasticity, severe dysarthria, dysphagia, and facial weakness were common features in the first decade of life. Frameshift and nonsense mutations clustered in the N-terminal Alsin domains are most prevalent. We enriched the mutational spectrum of ALS2-related disorders with five novel pathogenic variants. Our study indicates a high detection rate of ALS2 mutations in patients with a clinically well-characterized early onset MND. Intrafamilial and even interfamilial diversity in patients with identical pathogenic variants suggest yet unknown modifiers for phenotypic expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanne Sprute
- Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hannah Jergas
- Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Akgün Ölmez
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Salem Alawbathani
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hatice Karasoy
- Department of Neurology, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hormos Salimi Dafsari
- Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kerstin Becker
- Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hülya-Sevcan Daimagüler
- Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, National Institute for Health Research Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Haluk Topaloglu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Uyanik
- Medical School, Sigmund Freud Private University, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Medical Genetics, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebahattin Cirak
- Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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16
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Lin J, Chen W, Huang P, Xie Y, Zheng M, Yao X. The distinct manifestation of young-onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in China. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2020; 22:30-37. [DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2020.1797091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Lin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weineng Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pian Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youna Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minying Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Yao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Gazulla J, Ferrer I, Izquierdo-Alvarez S, Alvarez S, Sánchez-Alcudia R, Bestué-Cardiel M, Seral M, Benavente I, Sierra-Martínez E, Berciano J. Hereditary primary lateral sclerosis and progressive nonfluent aphasia. J Neurol 2019; 266:1079-1090. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Federico A. Rare Diseases Day and Brain Awareness Week: the active participation of Neurological Sciences. Neurol Sci 2019; 40:441-445. [PMID: 30810825 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-03776-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Federico
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 2, 53100, Siena, Italy.
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19
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Mathis S, Goizet C, Soulages A, Vallat JM, Masson GL. Genetics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A review. J Neurol Sci 2019; 399:217-226. [PMID: 30870681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder of the motor pathways, invariably leading to death within a few years of onset. Most cases of ALS are sporadic, but familial forms of the disease (FALS) constitute 10% of the cases. Since the first identification of a causative gene in the 1990s and with recent advances in genetics, more than twenty genes have now been linked to FALS. This increased number of genes led to a tremendous amount of research, clearly contributed to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of this disorder, and paved the way for the development of new therapeutics and new hope for this fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Mathis
- Department of Neurology, Nerve-Muscle Unit, CHU Bordeaux, (Pellegrin Hospital), University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; ALS Center, Nerve-Muscle Unit, CHU Bordeaux, (Pellegrin Hospital), University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Cyril Goizet
- Department of Medical Genetics, 'Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Neurogénétique', CHU Bordeaux (Pellegrin Hospital), University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Laboratoire MRGM, INSERM U1211, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Antoine Soulages
- Department of Neurology, Nerve-Muscle Unit, CHU Bordeaux, (Pellegrin Hospital), University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Michel Vallat
- Department of Neurology, 'Centre de référence neuropathies rares', 2 avenue Martin Luther King, F-87000 Limoges, France
| | - Gwendal Le Masson
- Department of Neurology, Nerve-Muscle Unit, CHU Bordeaux, (Pellegrin Hospital), University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; Neurocentre Magendie, 'Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale', University of Bordeaux, U862, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, 'Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale', U862, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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