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Ordóñez YF, Miranda E, López MF, Ordóñez PE. Antibacterial activity of plant extracts against Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus isolates from guinea pigs with lymphadenitis in Ecuador. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25226. [PMID: 38352743 PMCID: PMC10862515 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphadenitis is a commonly occurring and contagious disease in guinea pigs caused by different pathogens, including Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp., and Corynebacterium sp. This study aimed to characterize the bacteria isolated from pus extracted from abscessed mandibular lymph nodes of diseased guinea pigs in Ecuador in 2019 and evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of the total extracts of three plant species. Isolates were recovered from three diseased guinea pigs with Lymphadenitis on a farm in Imbabura, Ecuador province. The bacteria were characterized through microbiological, biochemical, and molecular tests as Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. Furthermore, the susceptibility of S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus to three plant extracts belonging to the Asteraceae family, Acmella ciliata, Bidens andicola, and Gazania splendens collected in Ecuador, were assessed in vitro by the microdilution method. Our data indicate that all the evaluated extracts showed activity, with a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 22.50 mg/mL for Acmella ciliata, 11.25 mg/mL for Bidens andicola, and 5.60 mg/mL for Gazania splendens. Bidens andicola extract showed the highest efficacy with a % inhibition of 63.90 at the highest tested concentration (45 mg/mL). This is the first report on the bioactivity of these plant species against S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadira F. Ordóñez
- Grupo de Investigación Productos Naturales Bioactivos, Escuela de Ciencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador-Ibarra, Av. Jorge Guzmán Rueda y Av. Padre Aurelio Espinosa Polit, 100112, Ibarra, Ecuador
| | - Estefanía Miranda
- Escuela de Ciencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador-Ibarra, Av. Jorge Guzmán Rueda y Av. Padre Aurelio Espinosa Polit, 100112, Ibarra, Ecuador
| | - María Fernanda López
- Escuela de Ciencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador-Ibarra, Av. Jorge Guzmán Rueda y Av. Padre Aurelio Espinosa Polit, 100112, Ibarra, Ecuador
| | - Paola E. Ordóñez
- Grupo de Investigación Aplicada en Materiales y Procesos (GIAMP), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Hda. San José s/n y Proyecto Yachay, 100119, Urcuquí, Ecuador
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Dolapsakis C, Charalampidis C, Kkirgia M, Kollia P. First Case of Zoonotic Transmission of Streptococcus equi Subspecies zooepidemicus From Cat to Human. Cureus 2023; 15:e46306. [PMID: 37916256 PMCID: PMC10616676 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus is a pathogen of veterinary interest that causes disease in horses, pigs, and dogs and is recognized as an emerging cause of feline respiratory disease. Human zoonotic disease is rare but can occur in patients who are taking care of horses and via consumption of unpasteurized animal products. We describe a case of soft tissue infection and bacteremia in an elderly patient who had contact with a cat presenting respiratory symptoms and was treated with antibiotics. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of cat-to-human transmission of Streptococcus zooepidemicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christodoulos Dolapsakis
- Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, GRC
| | - Charalampos Charalampidis
- Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, GRC
| | - Maria Kkirgia
- Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, GRC
| | - Pinelopi Kollia
- Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, GRC
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Azpiroz MF, Burger N, Mazza M, Rodríguez G, Camou T, García Gabarrot G. Characterization of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus isolates containing lnuB gene responsible for the L phenotype. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284869. [PMID: 37115801 PMCID: PMC10146458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the framework of the β-hemolytic streptococci surveillance carried out by the National Reference Laboratory from Uruguay, three putative Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (SEZ) were received from different health centers. Being these the first reports associated with human infections in Uruguay, the objective of this work was to confirm their identification, to determine their genetic relationship and to study their antibiotic susceptibility. Using four different methods, they were identified as SEZ, a subspecies which has been described as the etiologic agent of rare and severe zoonosis in a few cases in other countries. The three isolates presented different pulsotypes by PFGE; however, two of them appeared to be related and were confirmed as ST431 by MLST, while the remaining isolate displayed ST72. Their resistance profile exhibited an unexpected feature: despite all of them were susceptible to macrolides, they showed different levels of resistance to clindamycin, i.e. they had the so-called "L phenotype". This rare trait is known to be due to a nucleotidyl-transferase, encoded by genes of the lnu family. Although this phenotype was previously described in a few SEZ isolates, its genetic basis has not been studied yet. This was now analyzed by PCR in the three isolates and they were found to contain a lnuB gene. The lnuB sequence was identical among the three isolates and with many lnuB sequences deposited in data banks. In conclusion, for the first time in Uruguay, three SEZ isolates recovered from non-epidemiologically related cases of human invasive infection were identified. Moreover, this is the first report about the presence of a lnu gene in the S. equi species, revealing the active lateral spread of the lnuB in a new streptococcal host.
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Affiliation(s)
- María F Azpiroz
- Facultad de Ciencias, Fisiología y Genética Bacterianas, UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | | | | | - Teresa Camou
- Departamento de Laboratorios de Salud Pública, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Pinto SW, do Nascimento Lima H, de Abreu TT, Otoni A, Koch Nogueira PC, Sesso R. Twenty-year Follow-up of Patients With Epidemic Glomerulonephritis due to Streptococcus zooepidemicus in Brazil. Kidney Int Rep 2022; 7:2029-2038. [PMID: 36090503 PMCID: PMC9458988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) has a good prognosis in children, but few studies have evaluated the long-term renal outcomes in adults with PSGN. Methods In a follow-up study, 47 predominantly adult patients with PSGN due to group C Streptococcus zooepidemicus were reassessed 20 years after an outbreak in Nova Serrana, Brazil. We evaluated clinical characteristics, renal outcomes, and the trajectory of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by the creatinine-based chronic kidney disease-epidemiology collaboration equation from 5 follow-up assessments. Logistic regression and mixed-effects regression were used in the analysis. Results After 20 years, the participants’ mean age was 56.6±15.1 years. Thirty-four (72%) patients had hypertension, 21 (44.7%) had eGFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2, 8 of 43 (18.6%) had urine protein-to-creatinine ratio >150 mg/g, and 25 (53%) had CKD (low eGFR and/or increased proteinuria). Increasing age was associated with CKD (odds ratio: 1.07; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02–1.13; P = 0.011) in multivariate analysis. The mean eGFR decline in the last 11 years of follow-up was −3.2 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year (95% CI: −3.7 to −2.7). Older age at baseline (coefficient −1.05 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year; 95% CI −1.28 to −0.81; P < 0.001), and hypertension 5 years after the outbreak (coefficient −7.78 ml/min/1.73 m2; 95% CI −14.67 to −0.78; P = 0.027) were associated with lower eGFR during the whole study period. Conclusion There was a marked worsening of renal function and a high prevalence of CKD and hypertension after 20 years of PSGN outbreak. Long-term follow-up is warranted after PSGN, especially among older patients.
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Occurrence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus Strains Isolated from Mares with Fertility Problems. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 11:antibiotics11010025. [PMID: 35052902 PMCID: PMC8773361 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus), is a β-hemolytic Streptococcus belonging to the Lancefield group C; it is a rare human pathogen, but in horses, it is frequently associated with endometritis. This study aimed to isolate S. zooepidemicus strains, associated with bacterial endometritis in mares, and to define their antimicrobial resistance profile. Twenty-three isolates were recovered from one hundred ninety-six equine uterine swabs (11.7%). Bacterial identification was carried out by Api 20 Strep and confirmed by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), while antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method on Muller Hinton agar plates. The antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolates revealed a high percentage of resistance to amikacin (95.6%), ampicillin (73.9%) and tetracycline (69.6%), while ceftiofur and ceftriaxone were highly effective with 82.6% and 78.3% of the isolates inhibited, respectively. An intriguing value of resistance to penicillin (34.8%), which represents the first-choice antibiotic in equine S. zooepidemicus infections, was observed. Furthermore, a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains (82.6%) was recorded. Continuous surveillance of this potential zoonotic pathogen and an appropriate antimicrobial stewardship program with the promotion of correct use of antimicrobials, after a proper diagnosis, are needed to allow an effective therapy.
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Miles B, Tuomela K, Sanchez J. Severe Group C Streptococcus infection in a veterinarian. IDCases 2021; 23:e01036. [PMID: 33552899 PMCID: PMC7847947 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Group C Streptococcus (GCS) is part of the normal commensal flora of the upper airway, as well as frequently colonizes the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and female genital tract. It can also be implicated in mono- and polymicrobial infections of the skin and soft tissue, pharyngitis, bacteremia, endocarditis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and meningitis. Our case study features a previously healthy 65-year-old male, who retired as a veterinarian one month prior, with Group C Streptococcus bacteremia complicated by septic polyarthritis, native mitral valve endocarditis, and lumbar discitis/osteomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Miles
- Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, United States
| | - Krista Tuomela
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Pediatrics/Internal Medicine Department, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Wauwatosa, WI, 53226, United States
| | - Joyce Sanchez
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Infectious Disease Department, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Wauwatosa, WI, 53226, United States
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Mitchell CM, Johnson LK, Crim MJ, Wiedmeyer CE, Pugazhenthi U, Tousey S, Tollin DJ, Habenicht LM, Fink MK, Fong DL, Leszczynski JK, Manuel CA. Diagnosis, Surveillance and Management of Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus Infections in Chinchillas ( Chinchilla lanigera). Comp Med 2020; 70:370-375. [PMID: 32731906 PMCID: PMC7446643 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-20-000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During a 6-mo period, two 5-6 mo old female chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera) were examined at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus after the discovery of firm, nonmobile masses in the left ventral cervical and left axillary region. Other than these findings and mild weight loss, both chinchillas' physical exams were normal. Bloodwork revealed an inflammatory leukogram characterized by leukocytosis, toxic neutrophils, lymphopenia, and monocytosis with mild, nonregenerative anemia. At necropsy, both masses were identified as abscesses. Streptococcus equi, subspecies zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) was isolated in pure culture. Histology of the lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys showed a marked increase in the numbers of both polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes. Both animals were deemed unsuitable for research and were euthanized under isoflurane anesthesia by an intracardiac injection of pentobarbital sodium solution. S. zooepidemicus is an opportunistic, commensal organism found in the upper respiratory tract of horses. This organism has been documented to cause disease in other species and is zoonotic. Infections in humans have been reported, resulting in glomerulonephritis, endocarditis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, meningitis, and death. To aid in diagnosis and prospective surveillance of this bacteria, oral and nasal swabs were collected from the remaining cohort of chinchillas, and a qPCR screening assay was implemented. Within 12 mo, 4 of 41 additional females tested positive by culture or qPCR, resulting in a disease prevalence of 14% (6 of 43). However, only 2 of the additional 4 S. zooepidemicus positive animals developed clinical signs. The potential for the spread of infection, zoonosis, and adverse effects on research demonstrate that surveillance for S. zooepidemicus should be considered in a biomedical research environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara M Mitchell
- Animal Resources Center Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Linda K Johnson
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Marcus J Crim
- IDEXX BioAnalytics Diagnostic Services, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Charles E Wiedmeyer
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Umarani Pugazhenthi
- School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Susan Tousey
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Daniel J Tollin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lauren M Habenicht
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael K Fink
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Derek L Fong
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jori K Leszczynski
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Christopher A Manuel
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado;,
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Chen X, Resende-De-Macedo N, Sitthicharoenchai P, Sahin O, Burrough E, Clavijo M, Derscheid R, Schwartz K, Lantz K, Robbe-Austerman S, Main R, Li G. Genetic characterization of Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus associated with high swine mortality in the United States. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2797-2808. [PMID: 32460392 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
High mortality events due to Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus (Streptococcus zooepidemicus) in swine have not previously been reported in the United States. In September and October 2019, outbreaks with swine mortality up to 50% due to S. zooepidemicus septicaemia were reported in Ohio and Tennessee. Genomic epidemiological analysis revealed that the eight outbreak isolates were clustered together with ATCC 35246, a Chinese strain caused outbreaks with high mortality, also closely related to three isolates from human cases from Virginia, but significantly different from an outbreak-unrelated swine isolate from Arizona and most isolates from other animal species. Comparative genomic analysis on two outbreak isolates and another outbreak-unrelated isolate identified several genomic islands and virulence genes specifically in the outbreak isolates only, which are likely associated with the high mortality observed in the swine population. These findings have implications for understanding, tracking and possibly preventing diseases caused by S. zooepidemicus in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhua Chen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Nubia Resende-De-Macedo
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Panchan Sitthicharoenchai
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Eric Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Maria Clavijo
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rachel Derscheid
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kent Schwartz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kristina Lantz
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Rodger Main
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ganwu Li
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Meningitis due to Streptococcus equi in a 73 year old woman with an osteodural defect. IDCases 2020; 21:e00779. [PMID: 32509525 PMCID: PMC7264763 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningitis caused by Streptococcus equi (SE) is a rare disease associated with high rates of complications. Commonly identified risk factors are regular horse contact and consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. When diagnosed promptly, this infection can be cured. We report the case of a 73 year old woman who presented to the hospital with a sudden holocranial headaches, fever, photophobia, sonophobia, vomiting and behavioural disorders. She lived in a rural area and regularly consumed unpasteurized milk products. She had a medical history of osteodural defect, chronic otitis, high blood pressure and pulmonary fibrosis. We suspected bacterial meningitis associated with an ear infection. A lumbar puncture was performed. Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus(SEZ) was discovered in the CSF’s culture. Initially, the patient was treated with ceftriaxone. She had a tonic-clonic seizure 2days later. On the cerebral enhanced MRI, we found a right temporal pored cavity adjacent to a tegmen tympani bone breach. The patient received 15 days of antibiotic therapy with a good outcome. However, she was readmitted 24 h after being discharged for the same initial symptomatology. She received a total of 25 days of antibiotics and 4 days of corticoids with good results. Only a few cases of Streptococcus equi meningitis have been documented. We reported this case to insist on the importance of considering this diagnosis in patients with risk factors. We also point out that severe complications may occur despite the early initiation of adequate treatment.
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Mobeen KM, Carter J, Ahmed Z, Minton J. Disseminated septic arthritis caused by Streptococcus equi infection. BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13:13/6/e234188. [PMID: 32513761 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-234188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a rare case of bloodstream infection and disseminated septic arthritis in a relatively fit and well 73-year-old retired farmer and gamekeeper, due to the zoonotic organism Streptococcus equi The presence of the organism in multiple joints led to slow clinical response to treatment and was complicated by relapse of infection and lengthy disability. Source control was achieved with multiple joint washouts and spinal cord decompression. Following this, a 6-week course of intravenous antibiotics was required for complete clearance of infection. After a long period of rehabilitation, the patient made a good recovery. This case demonstrates that S. equi can cause life threatening and difficult to treat sepsis in humans and requires a high index of suspicion in people who have regular contact with equine species, cattle and unpasteurised milk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janine Carter
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Zaheer Ahmed
- Department of Radiology, Blackpool Victoria Hospital, Blackpool, Lancashire, UK
| | - Jane Minton
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Leeds School of Medicine, Leeds, UK
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Echeverri-Toro LM, Castañeda L, Agudelo CA. Artritis séptica por Streptococcus equi: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura. INFECTIO 2019. [DOI: 10.22354/in.v23i4.815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
En humanos las infecciones producidas por Streptococcus equi son de rara ocurrencia, tienen una amplia variedad de formas de presentación, incluyendo compromiso articular, el cual ha sido pocas veces descrito en humanos y aún menos en pacientes inmunocompetentes. En este artículo se presenta un caso de artritis séptica por S. equi que ocurrió por una exposición ocupacional en un paciente inmunocompetente y la revisión de la literatura relacionada.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Initially recognized zoonoses, streptococci belonging to Lancefield group C (GCS) and G (GGS) were subsequently recognised as human pathogens causing a diverse range of symptoms, from asymptomatic carriage to life threatening diseases. Their taxonomy has changed during the last decade. Asymptomatic carriage is <4% amongst the human population and invasive infections are often in association with chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases or chronic skin infections. Other clinical manifestations include acute pharyngitis, pneumonia, endocarditis, bacteraemia and toxic-shock syndrome. Post streptococcal sequalae such as rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis have also been described but mainly in developed countries and amongst specific populations. Putative virulence determinants for these organisms include adhesins, toxins, and other factors that are essential for dissemination in human tissues and for interference with the host immune responses. High nucleotide similarities among virulence genes and their association with mobile genetic elements supports the hypothesis of extensive horizontal gene transfer events between the various pyogenic streptococcal species belonging to Lancefield groups A, C and G. A better understanding of the mechanisms of pathogenesis should be apparent by whole-genome sequencing, and this would result in more effective clinical strategies for the pyogenic group in general.
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Correlation between Streptococcus bovis bacteremia and density of cows in Galicia, northwest of Spain. Infection 2018; 47:399-407. [PMID: 30498902 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-018-1254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few data on the epidemiology of infections caused by Streptococcus bovis (Sb). Some studies suggest that both residence in rural areas and contact with livestock could be potential risk factors. METHODS We performed a retrospective study for the period 2005-2016 of all cases of bacteremia caused by Sb in Galicia (a region in the northwest of Spain). The association between the incidence rate of Sb bacteremia and the number of cattle by province and district was analyzed. RESULTS 677 cases were included with a median age of 76 years, 69.3% males. The most frequent infections were endocarditis (234 cases, 34.5%), primary bacteremia (213 cases, 31.5%) and biliary infection (119 cases, 17.5%). In 252 patients, colon neoplasms were detected (37.2%). S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus was the predominant species (52.3%). Mortality was 15.5% (105 cases). The annual incidence rate was 20.2 cases/106 inhabitants and was correlated with the density of cattle (p < 0.001), but not with rurality. When comparing the two provinces with a strong predominance of rural population, but with important differences in the number of cattle, such as Orense and Lugo, with 6% and 47.7% of Galician cattle, respectively, the rates were very different: 15.8 and 43.6 cases/106, respectively, with an RR of 2.7 (95% CI, 2.08-3.71). Some districts of the province of Lugo had rates higher than 100 cases/106 inhabitants. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows a significant correlation between the rates of Sb bacteremia and cattle density, suggesting a possible transmission of Sb from cows to people.
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Poulin A, Hutchinson M, Dube M, Stokes M, Mitchell S, Edwards A, Harvey K, Myer A, Causey R. Abatement of Streptococcus equi in Soiled Equine Bedding and Compost. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Outbreak of Glomerulonephritis Caused by Streptococcus zooepidemicus SzPHV5 Type in Monte Santo de Minas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:JCM.00845-18. [PMID: 30068536 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00845-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus zooepidemicus is an emerging and opportunistic zoonotic pathogen which plays an important role in the development of severe and life-threatening diseases and is potentially capable of triggering large glomerulonephritis outbreaks. Between December 2012 and February 2013, 175 cases of glomerulonephritis were confirmed in the town of Monte Santo de Minas, MG, Brazil. During the outbreak, 19 isolates of S. zooepidemicus were recovered, 1 from ice cream, 2 from the oropharynx of food handlers, and 16 from patients affected by acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN). All S. zooepidemicus isolates involved in the outbreak amplified the same sequence of the hypervariable region of the SzP protein (SzPHV5) and presented indistinguishable banding patterns with high similarity (>99%) to each other by the repetitive element sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) technique. Inspection programs on the milk supply chain should be strengthened and continuously encouraged so that the health of consumers is preserved.
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Sepsis, Endocarditis, and Purulent Arthritis due to a Rare Zoonotic Infection with Streptococcus equi Subspecies zooepidemicus. Case Rep Infect Dis 2018; 2018:3265701. [PMID: 30013802 PMCID: PMC6022317 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3265701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) is mostly known as an opportunistic pathogen found in horses and as a rare human zoonosis. An 82-year-old male, who had daily contact with horses, was admitted in a septic condition. The patient presented with dyspnea, hemoptysis, impaired general condition, and severe pain in a swollen left shoulder. Synovial fluid from the affected joint and blood cultures showed growth of S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus. Transesophageal echocardiography showed a vegetation on the aortic valve consistent with endocarditis. Arthroscopic revision revealed synovitis and erosion of the rotator cuff. Technetium-99m scintigraphy showed intense increased activity in the left shoulder, suspicious of osteitis. The infection was treated with intravenous antibiotics over a period of five weeks, followed by oral antibiotics for another two months. The patient recovered without permanent sequelae.
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17
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Corpa JM, Carvallo F, Anderson ML, Nyaoke AC, Moore JD, Uzal FA. Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus septicemia in alpacas: three cases and review of the literature. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:598-602. [PMID: 29717639 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718772071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus septicemia of alpacas and llamas, also called alpaca fever, is characterized clinically by fever, depression, recumbency, and death, and pathologically by polyserositis. Although a few natural and experimental cases of the disease have been reported, very little information about the pathology of spontaneous cases has been published. We present a detailed gross and microscopic description of 3 spontaneous cases of alpaca fever and review the literature on this condition. Typical of spontaneous and experimental infections with S. equi ssp. zooepidemicus, the 3 animals had disseminated fibrinosuppurative polyserositis with vascular thrombosis and intralesional gram-positive cocci. In addition, 2 of the animals had severe fibrinosuppurative pneumonia, endocarditis, and myocardial necrosis; the third animal had transmural pleocellular enteritis with prominent lymphangitis. The enteric lymphangitis observed in the latter suggests that dissemination of S. equi ssp. zooepidemicus occurred through lymphatic circulation and that, at least in this animal, the portal of entry of infection was the alimentary system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Corpa
- Pathology Group, CEU Biomedical Sciences Institute, Veterinary Faculty, Cardenal Herrera University, Valencia, Spain (Corpa).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino (Carvallo, Nyaoke, Moore, Uzal) and Davis (Anderson) branches, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Francisco Carvallo
- Pathology Group, CEU Biomedical Sciences Institute, Veterinary Faculty, Cardenal Herrera University, Valencia, Spain (Corpa).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino (Carvallo, Nyaoke, Moore, Uzal) and Davis (Anderson) branches, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Mark L Anderson
- Pathology Group, CEU Biomedical Sciences Institute, Veterinary Faculty, Cardenal Herrera University, Valencia, Spain (Corpa).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino (Carvallo, Nyaoke, Moore, Uzal) and Davis (Anderson) branches, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Akinyi C Nyaoke
- Pathology Group, CEU Biomedical Sciences Institute, Veterinary Faculty, Cardenal Herrera University, Valencia, Spain (Corpa).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino (Carvallo, Nyaoke, Moore, Uzal) and Davis (Anderson) branches, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Janet D Moore
- Pathology Group, CEU Biomedical Sciences Institute, Veterinary Faculty, Cardenal Herrera University, Valencia, Spain (Corpa).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino (Carvallo, Nyaoke, Moore, Uzal) and Davis (Anderson) branches, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- Pathology Group, CEU Biomedical Sciences Institute, Veterinary Faculty, Cardenal Herrera University, Valencia, Spain (Corpa).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino (Carvallo, Nyaoke, Moore, Uzal) and Davis (Anderson) branches, University of California, Davis, CA
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18
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Veldeman L, De Wilde K, Vogelaers D, Lerut E, Vonck A, Mertens D, Koch A, Beckers J. Acute renal failure with need for renal replacement therapy as a complication of zoonotic S. zooepidemicus infection: case report and review of the literature. Acta Clin Belg 2018; 73:144-150. [PMID: 28508721 DOI: 10.1080/17843286.2017.1326547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus zooepidemicus is an animal commensal with the potential of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of contaminated dairy products, leading to outbreaks of Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis (PSGN). We report for the first time acute renal failure with need for renal replacement therapy, as a complication of S. zooepidemicus bacteremia resulting from direct horse to human transmission in a young adult. Both clinical disease course and immunohistochemical staining patterns on renal biopsy had some atypical features of PSGN suggesting persistent activation of the alternative complement pathway but no known complement factor dysregulations could be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Veldeman
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Katrien De Wilde
- Department of Nephrology, az St.-Blasius Dendermonde, Dendermonde, Belgium
| | - Dirk Vogelaers
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Lerut
- Department of Pathology, Leuven University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Vonck
- Department of Nephrology, az St.-Blasius Dendermonde, Dendermonde, Belgium
| | - Dien Mertens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leuven University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annelies Koch
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, az St.-Blasius Dendermonde, Dendermonde, Belgium
| | - Jan Beckers
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, az St.-Blasius Dendermonde, Dendermonde, Belgium
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19
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Steward KF, Robinson C, Holden MTG, Harris SR, Ros AF, Pérez GC, Baselga R, Waller AS. Diversity of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains isolated from the Spanish sheep and goat population and the identification, function and prevalence of a novel arbutin utilisation system. Vet Microbiol 2017; 207:231-238. [PMID: 28757029 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The zoonotic bacterium Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) is a diverse, opportunistic pathogen that can cause mastitis in dairy sheep and goats. We used multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to define the genetic diversity of 60 isolates of S. zooepidemicus, which were recovered from sheep and goats in Spain between 2003 and 2010. We identify a novel clonal complex based on sequence type (ST), ST-236, which accounted for 39 of the 60 isolates. A representative ST-236 strain, S. zooepidemicus strain C7 (SzC7), was sequenced and interrogated for the presence of novel nutritional uptake or utilisation systems, the acquisition of which have previously been shown to be important for environmental adaptation in other streptococcal pathogens. A novel phosphoenolpyruvate sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS), which enabled the utilisation of arbutin, was identified. Functionality of the PTS was confirmed following deletion of the PTS from SzC7. Arbutin is found in multiple animal foodstuffs and we propose that the ability to utilise arbutin may have conferred a selective advantage to strains infecting animals, the diet of which contains this sugar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen F Steward
- Centre for Preventative Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Robinson
- Centre for Preventative Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthew T G Holden
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R Harris
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Fernández Ros
- Microbiology Department, Exopol, 50840 San Mateo de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Gema Chacón Pérez
- Microbiology Department, Exopol, 50840 San Mateo de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rafael Baselga
- Microbiology Department, Exopol, 50840 San Mateo de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Andrew S Waller
- Centre for Preventative Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom
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20
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Dumke J, Vollmer T, Akkermann O, Knabbe C, Dreier J. Case-control study: Determination of potential risk factors for the colonization of healthy volunteers with Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176515. [PMID: 28459818 PMCID: PMC5411088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus was identified in humans and animals as commensal of the gut and can act as a causative agent of endocarditis and septicemia. A case-control study was performed to identify yet unknown risk factors for the transmission of this facultative pathogen. The prevalence in the gut of 99 healthy volunteers was determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction resulting in 62.5% S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus positive excrements. Subsequent cultivation offered three isolates and epidemiological analysis based on MLST revealed sequence type (ST) 3 and ST 7, previously detected from bovine and endocarditis patients. These results support the hypotheses of the zoonotic potential of this bacterium. Participant questionnaires were evaluated concerning personal characteristics, nutritional habits and animal contact. Specifically, closer contact between participants and animals influenced the colonization of the human gut significantly and was further affected if volunteers used excrement for the fertilization of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Dumke
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Tanja Vollmer
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | | | - Cornelius Knabbe
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Jens Dreier
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
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21
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Kittang BR, Pettersen VK, Oppegaard O, Skutlaberg DH, Dale H, Wiker HG, Skrede S. Zoonotic necrotizing myositis caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in a farmer. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:147. [PMID: 28201995 PMCID: PMC5312586 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus is a beta-hemolytic group C streptococcus mainly causing infections in domesticated animals. Here we describe the first case of zoonotic necrotizing myositis caused by this bacterium. CASE PRESENTATION The patient was a 73-year-old, previously healthy farmer with two asymptomatic Shetland ponies in his stable. After close contact with the ponies while feeding them, he rapidly developed erythema of his left thigh and sepsis with multiple organ failure. The clinical course was severe and complicated, requiring repetitive surgical excision of necrotic muscle, treatment with vasopressors, mechanical ventilation and continuous venovenous hemofiltration, along with adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The patient was discharged from hospital at day 30, without obvious sequelae. The streptococcal isolate was identified as Streptococcus equi by MALDI-ToF MS, and was later assigned subspecies identification as S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus. Multilocus sequence typing identified the strain as a novel sequence type (ST 364), closely related to types previously identified in horses and cattle. A focused proteomic analysis revealed that the ST 364 expressed putative virulence factors similar to that of Streptococcus pyogenes, including homologues of the M protein, streptodornases, interleukin 8-protease and proteins involved in the biosynthesis of streptolysin S. CONCLUSION This case illustrates the zoonotic potential of S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus and the importance of early clinical recognition, rapid and radical surgical therapy, appropriate antibiotics and adequate supportive measures when necrotizing soft tissue infection is suspected. The expression of Streptococcus pyogenes-like putative virulence determinants in ST 364 might partially explain the fulminant clinical picture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veronika Kuchařová Pettersen
- The Gade Research Group for Infection and Immunity, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Oddvar Oppegaard
- The Gade Research Group for Infection and Immunity, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Dag Harald Skutlaberg
- The Gade Research Group for Infection and Immunity, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Håvard Dale
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Harald G Wiker
- The Gade Research Group for Infection and Immunity, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Steinar Skrede
- The Gade Research Group for Infection and Immunity, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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22
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Pathogens of Food Animals: Sources, Characteristics, Human Risk, and Methods of Detection. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2017; 82:277-365. [PMID: 28427535 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens associated with food production (livestock) animals come in many forms causing a multitude of disease for humans. For the purpose of this review, these infectious agents can be divided into three broad categories: those that are associated with bacterial disease, those that are associated with viruses, and those that are parasitic in nature. The goal of this chapter is to provide the reader with an overview of the most common pathogens that cause disease in humans through exposure via the food chain and the consequence of this exposure as well as risk and detection methods. We have also included a collection of unusual pathogens that although rare have still caused disease, and their recognition is warranted in light of emerging and reemerging diseases. These provide the reader an understanding of where the next big outbreak could occur. The influence of the global economy, the movement of people, and food makes understanding production animal-associated disease paramount to being able to address new diseases as they arise.
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23
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Species and emm-type distribution of group C and G streptococci from different sites of isolation. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 86:467-469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Jie P, Zhe M, Chengwei H, Huixing L, Hui Z, Chengping L, Hongjie F. Virulent and Vaccine Strains of Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus Have Different Influences on Phagocytosis and Cytokine Secretion of Macrophages. J Proteome Res 2016; 16:77-86. [PMID: 27726373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Swine streptococcosis is a significant threat to the Chinese pig industry, and Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus (SEZ) is one of the major pathogens. SEZ ATCC35246 is a classical virulent strain, while SEZ ST171 is a Chinese attenuated vaccine strain. In this study, we employed stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to determine the differential response of macrophages to infection by these two strains. Eighty-seven upregulated proteins and 135 downregulated proteins were identified. The proteomic results were verified by real-time polymerase chain reaction for 10 chosen genes and Western blotting for three proteins. All differentially abundant proteins were analyzed for their Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes annotations. Certain downregulated proteins were associated with immunity functions, and the upregulated proteins were related to cytomembrane and cytoskeleton regulation. The phagocytosis rate and cytokine genes transcription in Raw264.7 cells during SEZ ATCC35246 and ST171 infection were detected to confirm the bioinformatics results. These results showed that different effects on macrophage phagocytosis and cytokine expression might explain the different phenotypes of SEZ ATCC35246 and ST171 infection. This research provided clues to the mechanisms of host immunity responses to SEZ ST171and SEZ ATCC35246, which could identify potential therapy and vaccine development targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ma Zhe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hua Chengwei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lin Huixing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhang Hui
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Lu Chengping
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fan Hongjie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
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25
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Trell K, Nilson B, Petersson AC, Rasmussen M. Clinical and microbiological features of bacteremia with Streptococcus equi. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 87:196-198. [PMID: 27829495 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus equi (SE) rarely causes human infections. We identified 18 SE isolates from blood cultures. The focus of infection was unknown (n = 5), arthritis (n = 3), catheter-related (n = 2), pneumonia (n = 2), or other (n = 6). There were no fatalities. Several patients had animal contacts but there were no indications of clonal outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Trell
- Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo Nilson
- Clinical Microbiology, Labmedicin, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine Lund, Section of Medical Microbiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ann-Cathrine Petersson
- Clinical Microbiology, Labmedicin, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine Lund, Section of Medical Microbiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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26
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van Samkar A, Brouwer MC, van der Ende A, van de Beek D. Zoonotic bacterial meningitis in human adults. Neurology 2016; 87:1171-9. [PMID: 27534710 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiology, etiology, clinical characteristics, treatment, outcome, and prevention of zoonotic bacterial meningitis in human adults. METHODS We identified 16 zoonotic bacteria causing meningitis in adults. RESULTS Zoonotic bacterial meningitis is uncommon compared to bacterial meningitis caused by human pathogens, and the incidence has a strong regional distribution. Zoonotic bacterial meningitis is mainly associated with animal contact, consumption of animal products, and an immunocompromised state of the patient. In a high proportion of zoonotic bacterial meningitis cases, CSF analysis showed only a mildly elevated leukocyte count. The recommended antibiotic therapy differs per pathogen, and the overall mortality is low. CONCLUSIONS Zoonotic bacterial meningitis is uncommon but is associated with specific complications. The suspicion should be raised in patients with bacterial meningitis who have recreational or professional contact with animals and in patients living in regions endemic for specific zoonotic pathogens. An immunocompromised state is associated with a worse prognosis. Identification of risk factors and underlying disease is necessary to improve treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha van Samkar
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.v.S., M.C.B., D.v.d.B.) and Medical Microbiology (A.v.d.E.), Academic Medical Centre, Centre of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam; and Academic Medical Centre (A.v.d.E.), Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis
| | - Matthijs C Brouwer
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.v.S., M.C.B., D.v.d.B.) and Medical Microbiology (A.v.d.E.), Academic Medical Centre, Centre of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam; and Academic Medical Centre (A.v.d.E.), Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis
| | - Arie van der Ende
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.v.S., M.C.B., D.v.d.B.) and Medical Microbiology (A.v.d.E.), Academic Medical Centre, Centre of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam; and Academic Medical Centre (A.v.d.E.), Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis
| | - Diederik van de Beek
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.v.S., M.C.B., D.v.d.B.) and Medical Microbiology (A.v.d.E.), Academic Medical Centre, Centre of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam; and Academic Medical Centre (A.v.d.E.), Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis.
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27
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Guillén Astete CA, Sánchez Gómez N, Luque Alarcón M. Septic arthritis by Streptococcus equi. REUMATOLOGIA CLINICA 2016; 12:237-8. [PMID: 26739911 DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nancy Sánchez Gómez
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, España
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28
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Redondo Calvo FJ, Valencia Echeverri JD, Esteban Alvarez V, González Rodriguez JC. Fiebre prolongada por Streptococcus equi spp. zooepidemicus (endocarditis aórtica complicada con aneurisma micótico infrarrenal). Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2016; 34:72-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Prophage lysin Ply30 protects mice from Streptococcus suis and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infections. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:7377-84. [PMID: 26253669 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02300-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus are capable of infecting humans and various animals, causing significant problems for the worldwide swine industry. As antibiotic resistance has increased, lysosomal enzymes encoded by phages have shown potential for use against pathogenic bacteria. In this study, a novel bacteriophage lysin, Ply30, encoded by the S. suis prophage phi30c, was recombinantly expressed and purified. Ply30 showed high bacteriolysis activity on S. suis and S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus in vitro. The ratio of the optical density at 600 nm (OD600) with treatment versus the OD600 with no treatment for most tested S. suis and S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains decreased from 1 to <0.3 and <0.5, respectively, within 1 h. The results of plate viability assays showed that treated bacteria suffered a 1- to 2-log decrease in CFU within 1 h. The optimal concentration of Ply30 was 50 μg/ml, and the optimal pH was 7. Moreover, Ply30 maintained high activity over a wide pH range (pH 6 to 10). The MICs of Ply30 against Streptococcus strains ranged from 16 to 512 μg/ml. In vivo, a 2-mg dose of Ply30 protected 90% (9/10 mice) of mice from infection with S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus and 80% (8/10 mice) of mice from infection with S. suis. Seven days after lysin Ply30 treatment, bacterial loads were significantly decreased in all tested organs and blood compared with those at 1 h postinfection without Ply30 treatment. Ply30 showed in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial efficiency and protected mice against two kinds of bacterial infections, indicating that Ply30 may be an effective therapeutic against streptococci.
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30
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Dumke J, Hinse D, Vollmer T, Schulz J, Knabbe C, Dreier J. Potential Transmission Pathways of Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126507. [PMID: 25978355 PMCID: PMC4433203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus (S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus), a member of group D streptococci, is an inhabitant of the animal and human gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, it is a facultative pathogen which causes e.g. endocarditis, septicemia and mastitis. S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus may be transmitted either directly or indirectly between animals and humans. However, the transmission routes are an unsolved issue. In this study, we present systematic analyses of an S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus isolate of an infective endocarditis patient in relation to isolates of his laying hen flock. Isolates from pooled droppings of laying hens, pooled dust samples and human blood culture were characterized by using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and DNA fingerprinting. MLST revealed the same allelic profile of isolates from the human blood culture and from the droppings of laying hens. In addition, these isolates showed clonal identity regarding a similar DNA fingerprinting pattern. For the first time, we received a hint that transmission of S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus between poultry and humans may occur. This raises the question about the zoonotic potential of isolates from poultry and should be considered in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Dumke
- Institute for Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Dennis Hinse
- Institute for Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Tanja Vollmer
- Institute for Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Jochen Schulz
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behavior, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cornelius Knabbe
- Institute for Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Jens Dreier
- Institute for Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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31
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Scientific Opinion on the public health risks related to the consumption of raw drinking milk. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.3940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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32
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Moreira-Villanueva A, Villar-García J, Güerri-Fernández R, Horcajada Gallego JP. Meningitis por estreptococo del grupo C: a propósito de un caso. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2014; 32:333-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Held J, Schmitz R, van der Linden M, Nührenberg T, Häcker G, Neumann FJ. Purulent pericarditis and pneumonia caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:313-316. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.066290-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purulent pericarditis is a life-threatening disease that usually manifests following bacteraemia or through spreading from an intrathoracic focus. Only a few cases of this disease have been reported with Lancefield group C streptococci as aetiological agents, and the primary focus in these infections remains unknown. We report a case of purulent pericarditis with septic and cardiogenic shock, caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (group C) in a 51-year-old patient. The pathogen was possibly contracted through contact with horses. Most probably, it caused initially pneumonia before spreading to the pericardium, either directly or via the bloodstream. A combined therapeutic approach, consisting of antibiotic therapy and repeated pericardial drainage, was necessary to ensure a clinical cure. After discharge, long-term follow-up for development of constrictive pericarditis is considered mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Held
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Schmitz
- Department of Clinical Cardiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, 79189 Bad Krozingen, Germany
| | - Mark van der Linden
- National Reference Center for Streptococci, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Nührenberg
- Department of Clinical Cardiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, 79189 Bad Krozingen, Germany
| | - Georg Häcker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Neumann
- Department of Clinical Cardiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, 79189 Bad Krozingen, Germany
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34
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Illustration of the difficulty of identifying Streptococcus equi strains at the subspecies level through a case of endocarditis in an immunocompetent man. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:688-91. [PMID: 24478515 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01447-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of endocarditis caused by Streptococcus equi in an immunocompetent patient who was subsequently cured after appropriate antibiotherapy and cardiac surgery. However, it was challenging to identify the strain to the subspecies level, which highlights the necessity of developing reliable molecular tools to discriminate between the subspecies.
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35
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Pelkonen S, Lindahl SB, Suomala P, Karhukorpi J, Vuorinen S, Koivula I, Väisänen T, Pentikäinen J, Autio T, Tuuminen T. Transmission of Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus infection from horses to humans. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 19:1041-8. [PMID: 23777752 PMCID: PMC3713971 DOI: 10.3201/eid1907.121365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) is a zoonotic pathogen for persons in contact with horses. In horses, S. zooepidemicus is an opportunistic pathogen, but human infections associated with S. zooepidemicus are often severe. Within 6 months in 2011, 3 unrelated cases of severe, disseminated S. zooepidemicus infection occurred in men working with horses in eastern Finland. To clarify the pathogen’s epidemiology, we describe the clinical features of the infection in 3 patients and compare the S. zooepidemicus isolates from the human cases with S. zooepidemicus isolates from horses. The isolates were analyzed by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing, and sequencing of the szP gene. Molecular typing methods showed that human and equine isolates were identical or closely related. These results emphasize that S. zooepidemicus transmitted from horses can lead to severe infections in humans. As leisure and professional equine sports continue to grow, this infection should be recognized as an emerging zoonosis.
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36
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Alcívar-Vásquez JM, Giráldez-Gallego A, Sousa-Martín JM, Lepe-Jiménez JA. [Bacteraemia due to Streptococcus equi spp. zooepidemicus in a liver transplant recipient]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2013; 32:332-3. [PMID: 24054044 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alvaro Giráldez-Gallego
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospitales Universitarios Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, España.
| | - José Manuel Sousa-Martín
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospitales Universitarios Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, España
| | - José Antonio Lepe-Jiménez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospitales Universitarios Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, España
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37
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Cole JN, Henningham A, Gillen CM, Ramachandran V, Walker MJ. Human pathogenic streptococcal proteomics and vaccine development. Proteomics Clin Appl 2012; 2:387-410. [PMID: 21136841 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200780048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Gram-positive streptococci are non-motile, chain-forming bacteria commonly found in the normal oral and bowel flora of warm-blooded animals. Over the past decade, a proteomic approach combining 2-DE and MS has been used to systematically map the cellular, surface-associated and secreted proteins of human pathogenic streptococcal species. The public availability of complete streptococcal genomic sequences and the amalgamation of proteomic, genomic and bioinformatic technologies have recently facilitated the identification of novel streptococcal vaccine candidate antigens and therapeutic agents. The objective of this review is to examine the constituents of the streptococcal cell wall and secreted proteome, the mechanisms of transport of surface and secreted proteins, and describe the current methodologies employed for the identification of novel surface-displayed proteins and potential vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason N Cole
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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38
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Preziuso S, Cuteri V. A Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Direct Detection and Differentiation of β-Hemolytic Streptococci in Clinical Samples from Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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Altreuther M, Lange C, Myhre HO, Hannula R. Aortic graft infection and mycotic aneurysm with Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus: two cases with favorable outcome of antibiotic treatment. Vascular 2012; 21:6-9. [PMID: 22375044 DOI: 10.1258/vasc.2011.cr0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Infections with Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus are rare and are associated with contact with animals or animal products. There are very few reports about infected vascular grafts or aneurysms with this etiology. We present two patients. The first is a 77-year-old man with an infected bifurcated graft four years after an open operation for an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). The second is a 72-year-old man with a symptomatic mycotic AAA, treated with endovascular aneurysm repair. Both received prolonged treatment with bactericidal antibiotics and responded well. Follow-up time at present is 5.5 years for the first, and 4.5 years for the second, patient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Conrad Lange
- Department of Vascular Surgery, St Olavs Hospital
| | - Hans Olav Myhre
- Department of Vascular Surgery, St Olavs Hospital
- Department of Circulation and Imaging, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology
| | - Raisa Hannula
- Department of Medical Microbiology, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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40
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Abstract
Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus, traditionally classified under Group C Streptococci, is primarily a veterinary pathogen. Rarely, it may cause infections such as bacteremia, meningitis, endocarditis and pneumonia in humans. Musculoskeletal infections secondary to this pathogen are very uncommon. The authors present the first case of osteomyelitis due to S. zooepidemicus in a farmer who had close contact with a dead horse. The authors review all cases of osteoarticular infections secondary to this microbe, in addition to providing an overview of clinical manifestations, treatment and outcome of this infection.
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41
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Abstract
Zoonotic infections caused by Streptococcus spp. have been neglected in spite of the fact that frequency and severity of outbreaks increased dramatically in recent years. This may be due to non-identification since respective species are often not considered in human medical diagnostic procedures. On the other hand, an expanding human population concomitant with an increasing demand for food and the increased number of companion animals favour conditions for host species adaptation of animal streptococci. This review aims to give an overview on streptococcal zoonoses with focus on epidemiology and pathogenicity of four major zoonotic species, Streptococcus canis, Streptococcus equi sub. zooepidemicus, Streptococcus iniae and Streptococcus suis.
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42
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Parmar J, Winterbottom A, Cooke F, Lever AML, Gaunt M. Endovascular aortic stent graft infection with Streptococcus equi: the first documented case. Vascular 2011; 21:14-6. [PMID: 21803839 DOI: 10.1258/vasc.2010.cr0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus equi is a common equine infectious disease, but transmission to man is rare and confined to those who commonly come into close contact with horses. Similarly, prosthetic stent graft infection is a rare complication of endovascular aortic aneurysm repair. We describe the first reported case of aortic stent graft with S. equi occurring in a professional racehorse trainer. Clinical presentation, investigations, imaging and management of this case are described. In conclusion, clinicians should consider infection with rare organisms in patients with prosthetic implants who regularly come into contact with horses and other ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitesh Parmar
- Cambridge Vascular Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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43
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Second reported case of human infection with Streptococcus equi subsp. ruminatorum. Joint Bone Spine 2011; 78:303-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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44
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Tracing outbreaks of Streptococcus equi infection (strangles) in horses using sequence variation in the seM gene and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Vet Microbiol 2011; 153:144-9. [PMID: 21511406 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Strangles is a serious respiratory disease in horses caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi). Transmission of the disease occurs by direct contact with an infected horse or contaminated equipment. Genetically, S. equi strains are highly homogenous and differentiation of strains has proven difficult. However, the S. equi M-protein SeM contains a variable N-terminal region and has been proposed as a target gene to distinguish between different strains of S. equi and determine the source of an outbreak. In this study, strains of S. equi (n=60) from 32 strangles outbreaks in Sweden during 1998-2003 and 2008-2009 were genetically characterized by sequencing the SeM protein gene (seM), and by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Swedish strains belonged to 10 different seM types, of which five have not previously been described. Most were identical or highly similar to allele types from strangles outbreaks in the UK. Outbreaks in 2008/2009 sharing the same seM type were associated by geographic location and/or type of usage of the horses (racing stables). Sequencing of the seM gene generally agreed with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles. Our data suggest that seM sequencing as a epidemiological tool is supported by the agreement between seM and PFGE and that sequencing of the SeM protein gene is more sensitive than PFGE in discriminating strains of S. equi.
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45
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Rajasekhar A, Clancy CJ. Meningitis due to group C Streptococcus: a case report and review of the literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 42:571-8. [PMID: 20632899 DOI: 10.3109/00365541003754428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Group C streptococci (GCS) are common causes of veterinary diseases and may colonize humans. Human diseases due to GCS are uncommon and generally occur in the elderly and persons exposed to animals or animal products. We report a case of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus meningitis in a horse trainer and review 36 cases of GCS meningitis reported in the literature. The median age was 48 y and the majority of patients were previously healthy. Thirty-one percent (11/36) of the reported cases followed equine exposure and 19% (7/36) ingestion of dairy products. Sixty-seven percent (24/36) were found to have concomitant bacteraemia. The case fatality rate was 31% (11/36), and 28% (7/25) of survivors were reported to have residual neurological impairments. At least 4 days of antibiotics were typically required before symptoms improved. Isolates were generally susceptible to beta-lactams. In conclusion, it is important to consider GCS in the differential of bacterial meningitis, in particular in elderly patients exposed to horses or dairy products. Beta-lactams are first-line therapy, but outcomes are poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Rajasekhar
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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46
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Horse bacterium causes human pericardial and pleural effusion. Infection 2010; 38:501-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s15010-010-0055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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47
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Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus meningitis--a case report and review of the literature. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 29:1459-63. [PMID: 20820836 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-010-1037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A case is described of a 79-year-old man, trampled by his horses, who subsequently developed a wound infection and, later, meningitis. Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus was isolated as the causative organism. S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus, which carries the Lancefield Group C antigen, is an uncommon human pathogen but is commonly isolated from bacterial infections in animals, particularly horses. It is most commonly acquired by humans following animal contact. A review of the literature identified 20 previously described cases of S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus meningitis. Crude mortality following infection was 24%. All of the patients who died were over 70 years of age and the ingestion of unpasteurised dairy products was associated with all but one of the fatal cases. Hearing loss was a frequent complication, occurring in 19% of cases. Only 38% of patients made a complete recovery. Treatment regimes commonly included benzylpenicillin or a third-generation cephalosporin, with a mean treatment duration in survivors of 23 days.
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48
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Human meningitis from Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus acquired as zoonoses. Epidemiol Infect 2010; 139:406-10. [PMID: 20492747 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268810001184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus rarely causes meningitis in humans by contact with domestic animals or their unpasteurized products. In this paper we reviewed the literature pertaining to the epidemiological and clinical aspects relating to this infection on previously reported cases of human disease. Additionally, the case of a 51-year-old female who acquired meningitis with this organism after contact with a horse is described. This patient was successfully treated with ceftriaxone, yet penicillin remains the treatment of choice. This aetiological agent should be considered in the proper epidemiological context.
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49
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Britton AP, Davies JL. Rhinitis and meningitis in two shelter cats caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus. J Comp Pathol 2010; 143:70-4. [PMID: 20106485 PMCID: PMC7094740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the past 6 years there have been increasing reports describing outbreaks of a severe fatal respiratory disease associated with Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus (SEZ) in dogs maintained in shelters, research facilities and kennels. Although SEZ appears to be an emerging pathogen of dogs kept in intensively housed environments, this bacterium has not been reported as a cause of death in intensively housed cats. This report describes fatal SEZ infection in two adult cats housed in separate animal shelter facilities. Both cats had acute onset of illness, which progressed to death in less than 24h. Post-mortem examination revealed rhinitis and meningitis and SEZ was demonstrated in the nasal cavity and brain. Polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis of a 500 base pair region of the 16S rRNA gene confirmed the identity of the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Britton
- Animal Health Centre, British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, 1767 Angus Campbell Road, Abbotsford, British Columbia V3G 2M3, Canada.
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50
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Marcellin E, Nielsen LK, Abeydeera P, Krömer JO. Quantitative analysis of intracellular sugar phosphates and sugar nucleotides in encapsulated streptococci using HPAEC-PAD. Biotechnol J 2009; 4:58-63. [PMID: 19156726 DOI: 10.1002/biot.200800197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics is a powerful tool for the study of biological systems. Besides analytical techniques, cell harvest and extraction are critical steps, especially when studying encapsulated streptococci. We have compared four different harvesting techniques for biomass from liquid culture of the hyaluronic acid (HA)-producing bacterium Streptococcus zooepidemicus. The best method for cell separation was quick (2 min) centrifugation, which allowed efficient medium removal and enabled quantification of the broadest range of sugar metabolites. Unlike observations for other microbes, changes in metabolite pools due to a delay of extraction by the centrifugation were not observed, so metabolite levels accurately reflected the metabolome at the point of cell harvest. A hypothesis is that the capsule itself isolates the cells from the surroundings and still supports it with nutrients during the harvest. Quantification of sugar phosphates and nucleotide sugars was performed using high-performance anion exchange chromatography combined with pulsed amperometric detection, achieving limits of quantification of 2.5 pmol for sugar phosphates and 5 pmol on column for nucleotide sugars. Intracellular pool sizes for intermediates of the HA pathway under production conditions ranged from 0.2 to 0.5 micromol/g cell dry weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Marcellin
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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