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García Luna JA, Romero-Rosas N, Silva Peña SA, Oviedo Sarmiento OJ, Galindo Orrego X, Lenis Quintero W, Perea LC, Martínez Buitrago E, Osorio L, Salazar JC, Smith AD, Alexander N. Diagnostic performance of two rapid tests for syphilis screening in people living with HIV in Cali, Colombia. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282492. [PMID: 36893095 PMCID: PMC9997911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is insufficient evidence supporting the use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for syphilis in people living with HIV (PLWH). We evaluated the diagnostic performance of two commercially available RDTs (Bioline and Determine) in PLWH in Cali, Colombia. METHODS A cross-sectional field validation study on consecutive adults with confirmed HIV diagnosis attending three outpatient clinics. Both RDTs were performed on capillary blood (CB), obtained by finger prick, and sera, by venipuncture. A combination of treponemal enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay (TPHA) on serum samples was the reference standard. Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and clinical criteria were added to define active syphilis. Sensitivity and specificity, predictive values and likelihood ratios (LR) of RDTs were estimated with their corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Stratified analyses by sample type, patient characteristics, non-treponemal titers, operator and re-training were performed. RESULTS 244 PLWH were enrolled, of whom 112 (46%) had positive treponemal reference tests and 26/234 (11.1%) had active syphilis. The sensitivities of Bioline on CB and sera were similar (96.4% vs 94.6%, p = 0.6). In contrast, Determine had a lower sensitivity on CB than sera (87.5% vs 99.1%, p<0.001). Sensitivities were lower in PLWH not receiving ART (Bioline 87.1% and Determine 64.5%, p<0.001) and for one of the operators (Bioline 85% and Determine 60%, p<0.001). Specificities of the RDTs were > 95% in most analyses. Predictive values were 90% or higher. For active syphilis, the RDTs showed a similar performance pattern but with decreased specificities. CONCLUSION The studied RDTs have an excellent performance in PLWH to screen for syphilis and potentially for active syphilis, yet Determine performs better on sera than CB. Patient characteristics and potential difficulties operators may face in acquiring enough blood volume from finger pricks should be considered for the implementation and the interpretation of RDTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonny Alejandro García Luna
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas – CIDEIM, Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
- Division of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Nelson Romero-Rosas
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas – CIDEIM, Cali, Colombia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ernesto Martínez Buitrago
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
- Grupo Colombiano de VIH (VIH-COL), Cali, Colombia
| | - Lyda Osorio
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas – CIDEIM, Cali, Colombia
- School of Public Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Juan Carlos Salazar
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas – CIDEIM, Cali, Colombia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children’s, Hartford, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Adrian D. Smith
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Neal Alexander
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas – CIDEIM, Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
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Challenges of Rapid Plasma Reagin Interpretation in Syphilis Screening in Uganda: Variability in Nontreponemal Results Between Different Laboratories. Sex Transm Dis 2019; 45:829-833. [PMID: 29944643 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syphilis is a cause of morbidity and mortality and is of particular concern in pregnancy in low-income countries because of the risks associated with maternal-fetal transmission. Ugandan national guidelines recommend a nontreponemal rapid plasma reagin (RPR) followed by treponemal testing for diagnosis of syphilis. The RPR test confirms a reactive specific treponemal test, or confirms serological "cure" with a 4-fold dilutional decrease; RPR is beset with technical and biological limitations, making accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment problematic. The aim of this analysis was to compare performance of RPR testing in different laboratories. METHODS Stored, freeze-thawed sera from 215 participants were additionally tested for RPR and dilutional titer in 2 different reference laboratories. Discrepant results were tested at a third reference laboratory which served as a tie-breaker. Equivalence in RPR titer was defined as within 2-fold or less. All patients with reactive rapid tests were treated as per Ugandan National Guidelines. RESULTS Of 215 sera, 97 (45.1%) were RPR reactive in clinic laboratory A, 81 (37.7%) and 65 (30.2%) were RPR reactive in laboratories B and C, respectively. All reported positive in laboratory C were positive in laboratory B. Discrepant results were tested in laboratory D. χ Test was highly significant (P = <0.001) for difference between each dyad of laboratories (A and B, A and C, and B and C) RPR results. There were significant differences between RPR titers by paired t test and Wilcox rank test (P = <0.001); with up to a 3-fold difference between laboratories. Two one-sided test approach demonstrated nonequivalence. Agreement between laboratories B-D, and C-D: 48 (98.0%) of 49 and 34 (69.4%) of 49, respectively (P = <0.001). Laboratories B and D showed no significant difference and had equivalent RPR titers. Laboratories C and D had different titers (P = <0.001) and were not equivalent. CONCLUSIONS We found significant interlaboratory discrepant RPR results. A 3-fold difference in results is likely to be clinically significant and could result in undertreatment or overtreatment. These data demonstrate a key limitation of the RPR test and underline the urgent need for a more reproducible quantitative test than the current RPR for diagnosing and determining cure of syphilis.
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What Is the Role of Paired Rapid Plasma Reagin Testing (Simultaneous Testing of Acute and Convalescent Samples) in the Diagnosis of Repeat Syphilis and the Follow-up of Syphilis? Sex Transm Dis 2018; 45:35-38. [PMID: 28876300 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeat syphilis is playing an increasing role in syphilis transmission in several populations. The assessment of repeat syphilis and response to treatment depends on accurately measuring intraindividual changes in non-treponemal tests. For a 0- to 6-month delta rapid plasma reagin (RPR) to be determined by routine individual RPR testing, samples are tested 6 months apart with differences in reagent batches, environmental conditions, and observers all leading to measurement errors. We hypothesized that conducting paired RPR testing (simultaneous testing of acute and convalescent samples) would enable a more accurate determination of delta RPR compared with individual testing. METHODS A total of 120 study participants with a new diagnosis of syphilis were followed up at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months, with RPR testing performed via individual testing at each study visit and at any suspected repeat syphilis. Rapid plasma reagin paired testing was performed on samples from 0 and 6 months and at any suspected repeat syphilis. RESULTS The quantitative agreement ±1 dilution among paired and individual testing was 97.2%. There was no difference in the proportion with serofast status at 6 months: 21 (19.4%) and 19 (17.6%) according to paired and individual testing, respectively (P = 0.726). There was no statistically significant difference between 0- and 6-month delta RPR as determined by paired and individual testing in predicting seroresponse at 12 months (86.1% and 91.6% agreement with 12-month serofast/nonserofast classification, respectively; P = 0.262). CONCLUSIONS In our setting, individual testing performed equally well compared with paired testing. Follow-up of syphilis will remain onerous for the patient and the health care provider until new tests that can more accurately assess the response to therapy and repeat syphilis/treatment failure are developed.
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Liu F, Liu LL, Guo XJ, Xi Y, Lin LR, Zhang HL, Huang SJ, Chen YY, Zhang YF, Zhang Q, Huang GL, Tong ML, Jiang J, Yang TC. Characterization of the classical biological false-positive reaction in the serological test for syphilis in the modern era. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 20:331-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Bala M, Singh V, Muralidhar S, Ramesh V. Assessment of reactivity of three treponemal tests in non-treponemal non-reactive cases from sexually transmitted diseases clinic, antenatal clinic, integrated counselling and testing centre, other different outdoor patient departments/indoor patients of a tertiary care centre and peripheral health clinic attendees. Indian J Med Microbiol 2013; 31:275-9. [DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.115638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Lin LR, Fu ZG, Dan B, Jing GJ, Tong ML, Chen DT, Yu Y, Zhang CG, Yang TC, Zhang ZY. Development of a colloidal gold-immunochromatography assay to detect immunoglobulin G antibodies to Treponema pallidum with TPN17 and TPN47. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 68:193-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2010.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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