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Rossi CC, Ahmad F, Giambiagi-deMarval M. Staphylococcus haemolyticus: An updated review on nosocomial infections, antimicrobial resistance, virulence, genetic traits, and strategies for combating this emerging opportunistic pathogen. Microbiol Res 2024; 282:127652. [PMID: 38432015 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus haemolyticus, a key species of the Staphylococcus genus, holds significant importance in healthcare-associated infections, due to its notable resistance to antimicrobials, like methicillin, and proficient biofilms-forming capabilities. This coagulase-negative bacterium poses a substantial challenge in the battle against nosocomial infections. Recent research has shed light on Staph. haemolyticus genomic plasticity, unveiling genetic elements responsible for antibiotic resistance and their widespread dissemination within the genus. This review presents an updated and comprehensive overview of the clinical significance and prevalence of Staph. haemolyticus, underscores its zoonotic potential and relevance in the one health framework, explores crucial virulence factors, and examines genetics features contributing to its success in causing emergent and challenging infections. Additionally, we scrutinize ongoing studies aimed at controlling spread and alternative approaches for combating it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro César Rossi
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Faizan Ahmad
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Liu Z, Wang L, Sun J, Zhang Q, Peng Y, Tang S, Zhang L, Li X, Yu Z, Zhang T. Whole Genome Sequence Analysis of Two Oxacillin-Resistant and mecA-Positive Strains of Staphylococcus haemolyticus Isolated from Ear Swab Samples of Patients with Otitis Media. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:1291-1301. [PMID: 38576824 PMCID: PMC10992674 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s455051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Staphylococcus haemolyticus can cause a series of infections including otitis media (OM), and the oxacillin-resistant S. haemolyticus has become a serious health concern. This study aimed to investigate the genomic characteristics of two strains of oxacillin-resistant and mecA-positive S. haemolyticus isolated from the samples of ear swabs from patients with OM and explore their acquired antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and the mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Methods Two oxacillin-resistant S. haemolyticus strains, isolated from ear swab samples of patients with OM, underwent antimicrobial susceptibility evaluation, followed by whole-genome sequencing. The acquired ARGs and the MGEs carried by the ARGs, harbored by the genomes of two strains of S. haemolyticus were identified. Results The two strains of oxacillin-resistant S. haemolyticus (strain SH1275 and strain SH9361) both carried the genetic contexts of mecA with high similarity with the SCCmec type V(5C2&5) subtype c. Surprisingly, the chromosomal aminoglycoside resistance gene aac(6')-aph(2") harbored by S. haemolyticus strain SH936 was flanked by two copies of IS256, forming the IS256-element (IS256-GNAT-[aac(6')-aph(2")]-IS256), which was widely present in strains of both Staphylococcus and Enterococcus genus. Furthermore, the two strains of oxacillin-resistant and MDR S. haemolyticus were found to harbor antimicrobial resistance plasmids, including one 26.9-kb plasmid (pSH1275-2) containing msr(A)-mph(C)) and qacA, one mobilizable plasmid pSH1275-3 harboring vga(A)LC, one plasmid (pSH9361-1) carrying erm(C), and one plasmid (pSH9361-2) carrying qacJ. Conclusion The systematic analysis of whole-genome sequences provided insights into the mobile genetic elements responsible for multi-drug resistance in these two strains of oxacillin-resistant and mecA-positive S. haemolyticus, which will assist clinicians in devising precise, personalized, and clinical therapeutic strategies for treating otitis media caused by multi-drug resistant S. haemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University (Zhuhai People’s Hospital), Zhuhai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University (Zhuhai People’s Hospital), Zhuhai, 519000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiabing Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University (Zhuhai People’s Hospital), Zhuhai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinghuan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University (Zhuhai People’s Hospital), Zhuhai, 519000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Peng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University (Zhuhai People’s Hospital), Zhuhai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Susu Tang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University (Zhuhai People’s Hospital), Zhuhai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Limei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University (Zhuhai People’s Hospital), Zhuhai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaobin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University (Zhuhai People’s Hospital), Zhuhai, People’s Republic of China
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University (Zhuhai People’s Hospital), Zhuhai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhijian Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University (Zhuhai People’s Hospital), Zhuhai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Wolska-Gębarzewska M, Międzobrodzki J, Kosecka-Strojek M. Current types of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCC mec) in clinically relevant coagulase-negative staphylococcal (CoNS) species. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37882662 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2023.2274841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) colonize human skin and mucosal membranes, which is why they are considered harmless commensal bacteria. Two species, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus belong to the group of CoNS species and are most frequently isolated from nosocomial infections, including device-associated healthcare-associated infections (DA-HAIs) and local or systemic body-related infections (FBRIs). Methicillin resistance, initially described in Staphylococcus aureus, has also been reported in CoNS species. It is mediated by the mecA gene within the staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCCmec). SCCmec typing, primarily using PCR-based methods, has been employed as a molecular epidemiological tool. However, the introduction of whole genome sequencing (WGS) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) has enabled the identification and verification of new SCCmec types. This review describes the current distribution of SCCmec types, subtypes, and variants among CoNS species, including S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, and S. capitis. The literature review focuses on recent research articles from the past decade that discuss new combinations of SCCmec in coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. The high genetic diversity and gaps in CoNS SCCmec annotation rules underscore the need for an efficient typing system. Typing SCCmec cassettes in CoNS strains is crucial to continuously updating databases and developing a unified classification system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Wolska-Gębarzewska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacek Międzobrodzki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maja Kosecka-Strojek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Srednik ME, Perea CA, Giacoboni GI, Hicks JA, Schlater LK. First report of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius ST71-SCCmec III and ST45-ΨSCCmec 57395 from canine pyoderma in Argentina. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:19. [PMID: 36823518 PMCID: PMC9948440 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is an opportunistic pathogen commonly associated with skin infections in dogs. Twenty-three methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) isolated in Argentina from dogs with pyoderma were analyzed using whole genome sequencing (WGS) and classified into sequence types (ST) by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec (SCCmec) types.Based on the WGS analysis, MLST, and SCCmec type results, we report for the first time in Argentina two MRSP strains, one each, belonging to ST71-SCCmec III and ST45-ΨSCCmec57395 from dogs with pyoderma. We also identified seven isolates with ST339, which had been previously reported in only two isolates in Argentina. Additionally, we identified ten MRSP isolates harboring variants of the SCCmec V found in S. aureus, seven SCCmec V (5C2&5) with two ccrC1 recombinases, and three SCCmec V (5C2) with one ccrC1 recombinase.Our findings provide important insights into the evolution and geographic spread of these hypervirulent dominant clones that threaten the health of our companion animals and represent a significant risk for zoonotic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela E. Srednik
- grid.413759.d0000 0001 0725 8379National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA U.S.A.
| | - Claudia A. Perea
- grid.413759.d0000 0001 0725 8379National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA U.S.A.
| | - Gabriela I. Giacoboni
- grid.9499.d0000 0001 2097 3940Laboratorio de Bacteriología y Antimicrobianos, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Jessica A. Hicks
- grid.413759.d0000 0001 0725 8379National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA U.S.A.
| | - Linda K. Schlater
- grid.413759.d0000 0001 0725 8379National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA U.S.A.
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Kini P, Wireko S, Osei‐Poku P, Asiedu SO, Amewu EKA, Asiedu E, Amanor E, Mensah C, Wilson MB, Larbi A, Boahen KG, Sylverken AA, Amato KR, Kwarteng A. Antibiotic resistance and mecA characterization of Staphylococcus hominis from filarial lymphedema patients in the Ahanta West District, Ghana: A cross-sectional study. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1104. [PMID: 36778776 PMCID: PMC9904197 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Filarial infections affect over 150 million people in the tropics. One of the major forms of filarial pathologies is lymphedema; a condition where the immune response is significantly altered, resulting in changes in the normal flora. Staphylococcus hominis, a human skin commensal, can also be pathogenic in immunocompromised individuals. Therefore, there is the possibility that S. hominis could assume a different behavior in filarial lymphedema patients. To this end, we investigated the levels of antibiotic resistance and extent of mecA gene carriage in S. hominis among individuals presenting with filarial lymphedema in rural Ghana. Method We recruited 160 individuals with stages I-VII lymphedema, in a cross-sectional study in the Ahanta West District of the Western Region of Ghana. Swabs from lymphedematous limb ulcers, pus, and cutaneous surfaces were cultured using standard culture-based techniques. The culture isolates were subjected to Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry for bacterial identification. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed using the Kirby-Bauer method. mecA genes were targeted by polymerase chain reaction for strains that were cefoxitin resistant. Results In all, 112 S. hominis were isolated. The AST results showed resistance to chloramphenicol (87.5%), tetracycline (83.3%), penicillin (79.2%), and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole (45.8%). Of the 112 strains of S. hominis, 51 (45.5%) were resistant to cefoxitin, and 37 (72.5%) of the cefoxitin-resistant S. hominis haboured the mecA gene. Conclusion This study indicates a heightened level of methicillin-resistant S. hominis isolated among filarial lymphedema patients. As a result, opportunistic infections of S. hominis among the already burdened filarial lymphedema patients in rural Ghana may have reduced treatment success with antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Kini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, College of ScienceKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana,Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical MedicineKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana
| | - Solomon Wireko
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, College of ScienceKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana,Department of Laboratory TechnologyKumasi Technical UniversityKumasiGhana
| | - Priscilla Osei‐Poku
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, College of ScienceKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana
| | - Samuel O. Asiedu
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical MedicineKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana,Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, College of ScienceKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana
| | - Emmanuel K. A. Amewu
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical MedicineKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana
| | - Ebenezer Asiedu
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical MedicineKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana
| | - Ernest Amanor
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, College of ScienceKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana
| | - Caleb Mensah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical MedicineKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana
| | - Mary B. Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, College of ScienceKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana,Department of Biomedical EngineeringKoforidua Technical UniversityKoforiduaGhana
| | - Amma Larbi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, College of ScienceKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana
| | - Kennedy G. Boahen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical SciencesKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana
| | - Augustina A. Sylverken
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical MedicineKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana,Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, College of ScienceKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana
| | | | - Alexander Kwarteng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, College of ScienceKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana,Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical MedicineKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana
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Westberg R, Stegger M, Söderquist B. Molecular Epidemiology of Neonatal-Associated Staphylococcus haemolyticus Reveals Endemic Outbreak. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0245222. [PMID: 36314976 PMCID: PMC9769988 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02452-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus haemolyticus is a major cause of late-onset sepsis in neonates, and endemic clones are often multidrug-resistant. The bacteria can also act as a genetic reservoir for more pathogenic bacteria. Molecular epidemiology is important in understanding bacterial pathogenicity and preventing infection. To describe the molecular epidemiology of S. haemolyticus isolated from neonatal blood cultures at a Swedish neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) over 4 decades, including antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), virulence factors, and comparison to international isolates. Isolates were whole-genome sequenced, and single nucleotide polymorphisms in the core genome were used to map the relatedness. The occurrence of previously described ARGs and virulence genes were investigated. Disc diffusion and gradient tests were used to determine phenotypic resistance. The results revealed a clonal outbreak of S. haemolyticus at this NICU during the 1990s. Multidrug resistance was present in 28 (82%) of all isolates and concomitant resistance to aminoglycoside and methicillin occurred in 27 (79%). No isolates were vancomycin resistant. Genes encoding ARGs and virulence factors occurred frequently. The isolates in the outbreak were more homogenous in their genotypic and phenotypic patterns. Genotypic and phenotypic resistance combinations were consistent. Pathogenic traits previously described in S. haemolyticus occurred frequently in the present isolates, perhaps due to the hospital selection pressure resulting in epidemiological success. The clonal outbreak revealed by this study emphasizes the importance of adhering to hygiene procedures in order to prevent future endemic outbreaks. IMPORTANCE This study investigated the relatedness of Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolated from neonatal blood and revealed a clonal outbreak in the 1990s at a Swedish neonatal intensive care unit. The outbreak clone has earlier been isolated in Japan and Norway. Virulence and antibiotic resistance genes previously associated with clinical S. haemolyticus were frequently occuring in the present study as well. The majority of the isolates were multidrug-resistant. These traits should be considered important for S. haemolyticus epidemiological success and are probably caused by the hospital selection pressure. Thus, this study emphasizes the importance of restrictive antibiotic use and following the hygiene procedures, to prevent further antibiotic resistance spread and future endemic outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Westberg
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Marc Stegger
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo Söderquist
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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Muneeb KH, Sudha S, Sivaraman GK, Shome B, Cole J, Holmes M. Virulence and intermediate resistance to high-end antibiotic (teicoplanin) among coagulase-negative staphylococci sourced from retail market fish. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:5695-5702. [PMID: 34468806 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02558-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the distribution of enterotoxigenic determinants among staphylococci and the susceptibility of staphylococci to various classes of antibiotics. We observed all the isolates as resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics and a few as resistant to non-beta-lactam antibiotics such as clindamycin (47.4%), erythromycin (44.7%), gentamicin (23.7%), norfloxacin (34.2%), tetracycline (26.3%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (15.8%) etc. The resistance of S. sciuri (n = 1) and S. haemolyticus (n = 1) to rifampicin and intermediate resistance of S. gallinarum (n = 2) to teicoplanin, a high-end antibiotic, are also observed in this study. The multidrug-resistance (≥ 3 classes of antibiotics) was recorded in 23 (60.5%) isolates. The virulomes such as sea, seb, seg and sei were identified predominantly in S. haemolyticus. Surprisingly, certain isolates which were phenotypically confirmed as biofilm-producers by Congo red agar (CRA) test did not harbor biofilm-associated loci. This implies the protein-mediated mechanism of biofilm formation as an alternative to polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) in staphylococci. However, icaAD locus which encodes PIA was identified in 10 (26.3%) isolates and the eno locus, encoding elastin-binding protein which can accelerate the biofilm production, is identified in all the isolates. The possession of type V SCCmec elements by the S. haemolyticus (15.8%) raised the concern about the rapid dissemination of mecA gene to other species of staphylococci including the virulent S. aureus. In short, this study acknowledges the toxigenicity of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). Through this study, surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and transference of virulomes in staphylococci is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Muneeb
- Microbiology Fermentation and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Matsyapuri P. O, Willingdon Island, Kochi, Kerala, 682 029, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, India
| | - S Sudha
- Microbiology Fermentation and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Matsyapuri P. O, Willingdon Island, Kochi, Kerala, 682 029, India
| | - G K Sivaraman
- Microbiology Fermentation and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Matsyapuri P. O, Willingdon Island, Kochi, Kerala, 682 029, India.
| | - Bibek Shome
- Department of Disease Investigation, ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, India
| | - Jennifer Cole
- Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University of London, London, UK
| | - Mark Holmes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Osei Sekyere J, Mensah E. Molecular epidemiology and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp. in Africa: a systematic review from a One Health perspective. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1465:29-58. [PMID: 31647583 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A systematic review of antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive bacteria in Africa from a One Health perspective is lacking. Here, we report result from a search for English-language articles on the resistance mechanisms and clonality of Gram-positive bacteria in Africa between 2007 and 2019 reported in PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and African Journals OnLine; 172 studies from 22 different African countries were identified. Resistance genes, such as mecA, erm(B), erm(C), tet(M), tet(K), tet(L), vanB, vanA, vanC, and tet(O), were found to be common. Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp. were the main species reported by the studies, with clones such as Staphylococcus aureus ST5 (n = 218 isolates), ST8 (n = 127 isolates), ST80 (n = 133 isolates), and ST88 (n = 117 isolates), and mobile genetic elements such as IS16 (n = 28 isolates), IS256 (n = 96), Tn916 (n = 107 isolates), and SCCmec (n = 4437 isolates) identified. SCCmec IV (n = 747 isolates) was predominant, followed by SCCmec III (n = 305 isolates), SCCmec II (n = 163 isolates), SCCmec V (n = 135 isolates), and SCCmec I (n = 79 isolates). Resistance to penicillin (n = 5926 isolates), tetracycline (n = 5300 isolates), erythromycin (n = 5151 isolates), rifampicin (n = 3823 isolates), gentamycin (n = 3494 isolates), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (n = 3089 isolates), and ciprofloxacin (n = 2746 isolates) was common in most reports from 22 countries. Clonal dissemination of resistance across countries and between humans, animals, and the environment was observed. Resistance rates ranged from 1.4% to 100% for 15 of the studies; 10 were One Health-related studies. Strict infection control measures, antimicrobial stewardship, and periodic One Health epidemiological surveillance studies are needed to monitor and contain the threat of increasing antibiotic resistance in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Osei Sekyere
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Eric Mensah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Vrbovská V, Kovařovic V, Mašlaňová I, Indráková A, Petráš P, Šedo O, Švec P, Fišarová L, Šiborová M, Mikulášek K, Sedláček I, Doškař J, Pantůček R. Staphylococcus petrasii diagnostics and its pathogenic potential enhanced by mobile genetic elements. Int J Med Microbiol 2019; 309:151355. [PMID: 31563331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2019.151355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus petrasii is recently described coagulase negative staphylococcal species and an opportunistic human pathogen, still often misidentified in clinical specimens. Four subspecies are distinguished in S. petrasii by polyphasic taxonomical analyses, however a comparative study has still not been done on the majority of isolates and their genome properties have not yet been thoroughly analysed. Here, we describe the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of 65 isolates and the results of de novo sequencing, whole genome assembly and annotation of draft genomes of five strains. The strains were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry to the species level and the majority of the strains were identified to the subspecies level by fingerprinting methods, (GTG)5 repetitive PCR and ribotyping. Macrorestriction profiling by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was confirmed to be a suitable strain typing method. Comparative genomics revealed the presence of new mobile genetic elements carrying antimicrobial resistance factors such as staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) mec, transposones, phage-inducible genomic islands, and plasmids. Their mosaic structure and similarity across coagulase-negative staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus suggest the possible exchange of these elements. Numerous putative virulence factors such as adhesins, autolysins, exoenzymes, capsule formation genes, immunomodulators, the phage-associated sasX gene, and SCC-associated spermidine N-acetyltransferase gene, pseudouridine and sorbitol utilization operons might explain clinical manifestations of S. petrasii isolates. The increasing recovery of S. petrasii isolates from human clinical material, the multi-drug resistance including methicillin resistance of S. petrasii subsp. jettensis strains, and virulence factors homologous to other pathogenic staphylococci demonstrate the importance of the species in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Vrbovská
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Kovařovic
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Mašlaňová
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Adéla Indráková
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Petráš
- Reference Laboratory for Staphylococci, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, 100 42 Praha 10, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Šedo
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Švec
- Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Fišarová
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Šiborová
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Mikulášek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Sedláček
- Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Doškař
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Pantůček
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Miragaia M. Factors Contributing to the Evolution of mecA-Mediated β-lactam Resistance in Staphylococci: Update and New Insights From Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS). Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2723. [PMID: 30483235 PMCID: PMC6243372 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance development are fundamental to alert and preview beforehand, the large scale dissemination of resistance to antibiotics, enabling the design of strategies to prevent its spread. The mecA-mediated methicillin resistance conferring resistance to broad-spectrum β-lactams is globally spread in staphylococci including hospitals, farms and community environments, turning ineffective the most widely used and efficient class of antibiotics to treat staphylococcal infections. The use of whole genome sequencing (WGS) technologies at a bacterial population level has provided a considerable progress in the identification of key steps that led to mecA-mediated β-lactam resistance development and dissemination. Data obtained from multiple studies indicated that mecA developed from a harmless core gene (mecA1) encoding the penicillin-binding protein D (PbpD) from staphylococcal species of animal origin (S. sciuri group) due to extensive β-lactams use in human created environments. Emergence of the resistance determinant involved distortion of PbpD active site, increase in mecA1 expression, addition of regulators (mecR1, mecI) and integration into a mobile genetic element (SCCmec). SCCmec was then transferred into species of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) that are able to colonize both animals and humans and subsequently transferred to S. aureus of human origin. Adaptation of S. aureus to the exogenously acquired SCCmec involved, deletion and mutation of genes implicated in general metabolism (auxiliary genes) and general stress response and the adjustment of metabolic networks, what was accompanied by an increase in β-lactams minimal inhibitory concentration and the transition from a heterogeneous to homogeneous resistance profile. Nowadays, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) carrying SCCmec constitutes one of the most important worldwide pandemics. The stages of development of mecA-mediated β-lactam resistance described here may serve as a model for previewing and preventing the emergence of resistance to other classes of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Miragaia
- Laboratory of Bacterial Evolution and Molecular Epidemiology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
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Hosseinkhani F, Tammes Buirs M, Jabalameli F, Emaneini M, van Leeuwen WB. High diversity in SCCmec elements among multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus strains originating from paediatric patients; characterization of a new composite island. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:915-921. [PMID: 29873628 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Staphylococcus haemolyticus has emerged as a highly antimicrobial-resistant healthcare-associated pathogen, in particular for patients admitted to neonatal intensive care. The objective of this study was to study the nature of SCCmec types among MDR-SH strains isolated from paediatric patients. METHODOLOGY S. haemolyticus strains (n=60) were isolated from paediatric patients. Antibiotic resistance patterns were established using the disk agar diffusion and micro-broth dilution methods. SCCmec typing was performed using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and an additional PCR analysis. RESULTS All S. haemolyticus isolates demonstrated multidrug resistance. Using WGS, various novel mec types and combinations of SCCmec types were found, including a new composite island [SCCmec type V (Vd)+SCC cad/ars/cop] comprising 30 % of the strains. SCCmec type V was identified in 23 % of the isolates. A combination of the mecA gene enclosed by two copies of IS431 and absence of the mecRI and ccr genes was identified in 11 strains. In total, mecA regulatory genes were absent in all SH isolates used in this study. CONCLUSION A high diversity of SCCmec elements with the prevalence of a new composite island was determined among MRSH strains. The structure of the composite island represented by MDR-SH strains in this study, in combination with the presence of a restriction-modification system type III, is described for the first time in this study. The presence of an 8 bp direct repeat (DR) and the sequences flanking the DR may support the integration of the mecA gene complex as a composite transposon (IS431-mecA-IS431) independently from recombinase genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Hosseinkhani
- Department of Innovative Molecular Diagnostics, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Matthias Tammes Buirs
- Department of Innovative Molecular Diagnostics, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Fereshteh Jabalameli
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Emaneini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Willem B van Leeuwen
- Department of Innovative Molecular Diagnostics, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Szczuka E, Krzymińska S, Bogucka N, Kaznowski A. Multifactorial mechanisms of the pathogenesis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus hominis isolated from bloodstream infections. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2017; 111:1259-1265. [PMID: 29264791 PMCID: PMC5999180 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-017-1007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus hominis is a species of the coagulase-negative staphylococci. It has been designated as a potential pathogen but so far the pathogenic mechanisms of this bacterium have not been determined. We studied 30 clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant S. hominis, which were previously examined for biofilm forming properties. The results of this study revealed that all these S. hominis strains had the ability to adhere to HeLa cells. Over 40% of the S. hominis strains invaded epithelial cells. The invasion index ranged from 0 to 41.5%. All isolates exhibited the cytotoxic activity of extracellular factors, which caused the destruction of epithelial cells. More than 90% of these methicillin-resistant strains contained at least one aminoglycosides resistance gene. The ant(4′)-I gene was found in 63% of the isolates, aac(6′)/aph(2″) in 20% and aph(3′)-IIIa in 47%. Two strains were assigned to SCCmec type VIII and three to SCCmec type III. The remaining isolates (83%) harboured a non-typeable SCCmec type. The mec complex A was predominant in this species. The results indicate that the pathogenicity of S. hominis may be multifactorial, involving adhesion, invasion and the activity of extracellular toxins, which cause damage to the host epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szczuka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Krzymińska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Natalia Bogucka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Adam Kaznowski
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
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13
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Chen XP, Li WG, Zheng H, Du HY, Zhang L, Zhang L, Che J, Wu Y, Liu SM, Lu JX. Extreme diversity and multiple SCCmec elements in coagulase-negative Staphylococcus found in the Clinic and Community in Beijing, China. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2017; 16:57. [PMID: 28830554 PMCID: PMC5568392 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-017-0231-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are recognized as a large reservoir of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) harboured by Staphylococcus aureus. However, data of SCCmec in CoNS are relatively absent particularly in China. Methods Seventy-eight CoNS clinical and 47 community isolates were collected in Beijing. PCR was performed to classify SCCmec types. Under oxacillin treatment, quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to compare mecA mRNA levels and mRNA half-life between isolates with single SCCmec element and those with multiple one. Their growth curves were analysed. Their bacterial cell wall integrity was also compared by performing a Gram stain. All ccr complex segments were sequenced and obtained ccr segments were analysed by phylogenetic analyses. Results All 78 clinical isolates had mecA segments compared with 38% in community isolates (total 47). Only 29% clinical isolates and 33% community isolates (among mecA positive isolates) harboured a single previously identified SCCmec type; notably, 17% clinical isolates and 28% community isolates had multiple SCCmec types. Further studies indicated that isolates with multiple SCCmec elements had more stable mecA mRNA expression compared with isolates with single SCCmec elements. CoNS with multiple SCCmec elements demonstrated superior cell wall integrity. Interestingly, phylogenetic analyses of obtained 70 ccr segments indicated that horizontal gene transfer of the ccr complex might exist among various species of clinical CoNS, community CoNS and S. aureus. Conclusions CoNS recovered from patients carried extremely diverse but distinctive SCCmec elements compared with isolates from the community. More attention should be given to CoNS with multiple SCCmec not only because they had superior cell wall integrity, but also because CoNS and S. aureus might acquire multiple SCCmec through the ccr complex. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12941-017-0231-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Wen-Ge Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hai-Yan Du
- Microbiology Laboratory, Fu Xing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Microbiology Laboratory, Fu Xing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Microbiology Laboratory, Fu Xing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Jie Che
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shu-Mei Liu
- Microbiology Laboratory, Fu Xing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China. .,, FuXingMenWai Road 20, XiCheng, Beijing, 100038, China.
| | - Jin-Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China. .,, Changbai Road 155, ChangPing, Beijing, 102206, China.
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14
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Djoudi F, Bonura C, Touati A, Aléo A, Benallaoua S, Mammina C. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec typing and mecA sequencing in methicillin-resistant staphylococci from Algeria: a highly diversified element with new mutations in mecA. J Med Microbiol 2017; 65:1267-1273. [PMID: 27902367 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic mechanisms of methicillin resistance are still relevant in staphylococci. The aims of this study are to assess the possible exchanges of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) among isolates of methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) and to check for known or new mutations in mecA DNA. A total of 35 MRS non-repetitive isolates were recovered, including 20 Staphylococcushaemolyticus, 7 Staphylococcusaureus, 4 Staphylococcussciuri, 2 Staphylococcussaprophyticus and 1 isolate each of Staphylococcusxylosus and Staphylococcuslentus. Only 16 of the 35 strains were assigned to known SCCmec types: 7 SCCmec VII, 6 SCCmec IV and 3 SCCmec III, with possible horizontal transfer of the SCCmec VII from methicillin-resistant S. haemolyticus to methicillin-susceptible S. aureus. mecA gene sequencing in ten selected isolates allowed description of nine punctual mutations, seven of which were reported for the first time. The most frequent mutation was G246E, identified in isolates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus, S. sciuri, S. saprophyticus and S. lentus. These results emphasized the high degree of genetic diversity of SCCmec element in MRS and describe new missense mutations in mecA, which might be important in understanding the evolution of methicillin and new β-lactam resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferhat Djoudi
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université A/MIRA, Route de Targa-Ouzemour, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
| | - Celestino Bonura
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care 'G. D'Alessandro', University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, I-90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Abdelaziz Touati
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université A/MIRA, Route de Targa-Ouzemour, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
| | - Aurora Aléo
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care 'G. D'Alessandro', University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, I-90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Said Benallaoua
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université A/MIRA, Route de Targa-Ouzemour, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
| | - Caterina Mammina
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care 'G. D'Alessandro', University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, I-90127 Palermo, Italy
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Indráková A, Mašlaňová I, Kováčová V, Doškař J, Pantůček R. The evolutionary pathway of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome element. Biologia (Bratisl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2016-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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16
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Szczuka E, Krajewska M, Lijewska D, Bosacka K, Kaznowski A. Diversity of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec elements in nosocomial multiresistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolates. J Appl Genet 2016; 57:543-547. [PMID: 27056386 PMCID: PMC5061825 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-016-0346-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus haemolyticus is the second, most frequently isolated coagulase-negative staphyloccus (CoNS) from patients with hospital-acquired infections, and it is usually resistant to methicillin and other semisynthetic penicillins. The purpose of this study was to characterize staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) elements and assess the in-vitro activity of antibiotics against 60 S. haemolyticus strains recovered from hospitalized patients. All these strains expressed methicillin resistance and carried a mecA gene. Moreover, all strains possessed a multiresistant phenotype, i.e., exhibited resistance to more than three classes of antibiotics. Eleven strains (18 %) harbored the SCCmec type V, containing ccrC and mec complex C. Three isolates harboring the ccrC gene did not contain a known mec complex. One strain positive for mec complex C was not typeable for ccr. This suggests that ccrC and mec complex C may exist autonomously. Only four strains carried mec complex B, whereas none of the S. haemolyticus harboured mec complex A. A new combination, which is mec complex B-ccrAB ship, was found in S. haemolitycus. The ccrAB ship was also identified in two strains of S. haemolitycus in which the mec gene complex was not identified. The results of the present study indicate that in S. haemolyticus the mec gene complex and the ccr genes are highly divergent. However, ccr sequence analysis does not allow the identification of a new allotype, based on a cut-off value of 85 % identity. The ccr genes in the S. haemolitycus strain showed ≥96 % sequence identity to the ccrAB2 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szczuka
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, Poznań, 61-614, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Krajewska
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Dagmara Lijewska
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Karolina Bosacka
- Department of Microbiological and Laboratory Diagnostics, Bacteriological Laboratory, Regional Hospital in Poznań, Juraszów 7/19, Poznań, 60-479, Poland
| | - Adam Kaznowski
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
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Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolates from infected eyes and healthy conjunctivae in India. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2016; 6:154-159. [PMID: 27530859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), SCCmec elements and genetic relatedness among Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolated from patients with a variety of eye infections (n=11) and from healthy conjunctiva (n=7). Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for 14 antimicrobials according to BSAC guidelines. PCR was used to identify the presence of mecA, mecC, SCCmec type and ARGs. Sequencing was used to determine mutations in gyrA, gyrB, topoisomerase IVA and IVB genes. Genetic relatedness was determined by PFGE. Of the 18 isolates, 17 showed resistance to at least one antibiotic, but none showed resistance to vancomycin or rifampicin. Ten isolates were oxacillin-resistant and carried the mecA gene, eight of which belonged to SCCmec type V. The presence of non-mec SCC elements in two meticillin-susceptible isolates and untypeable SCC elements in meticillin-resistant isolates suggests the involvement of S. haemolyticus in the diversification of SCC elements. Sequence analysis revealed point mutations in gyrA (Ser-84→Leu) and topoisomerase IVA genes (Ser-80→Leu) in 13 isolates, and additional variation in the QRDR (Asp-84→Asn) of two isolates, showing good correlation between mutations in gyrA and topoisomerase IV genes and the level of resistance to fluoroquinolones. PFGE analysis showed distinct pulsotypes forming two major clusters, indicating the existence of diversity among isolates, irrespective of the source of isolation. This study suggests that S. haemolyticus isolates from infected eyes and healthy conjunctivae invariably carried ARGs and SCCmec elements and showed diversity in their genomic content, irrespective of the source of isolation.
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18
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Bouchami O, de Lencastre H, Miragaia M. Impact of Insertion Sequences and Recombination on the Population Structure of Staphylococcus haemolyticus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156653. [PMID: 27249649 PMCID: PMC4889114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus haemolyticus is one of the most common pathogens associated with medical-device related infections, but its molecular epidemiology is poorly explored. In the current study, we aimed to better understand the genetic mechanisms contributing to S. haemolyticus diversity in the hospital environment and their impact on the population structure and clinical relevant phenotypic traits. The analysis of a representative S. haemolyticus collection by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) has identified a single highly prevalent and diverse genetic lineage of nosocomial S. haemolyticus clonal complex (CC) 29 accounting for 91% of the collection of isolates disseminated worldwide. The examination of the sequence changes at MLST loci during clonal diversification showed that recombination had a higher impact than mutation in shaping the S. haemolyticus population. Also, we ascertained that another mechanism contributing significantly to clonal diversification and adaptation was mediated by insertion sequence (IS) elements. We found that all nosocomial S. haemolyticus, belonging to different STs, were rich in IS1272 copies, as determined by Southern hybridization of macrorestriction patterns. In particular, we observed that the chromosome of a S. haemolyticus strain within CC29 was highly unstable during serial growth in vitro which paralleled with IS1272 transposition events and changes in clinically relevant phenotypic traits namely, mannitol fermentation, susceptibility to beta-lactams, biofilm formation and hemolysis. Our results suggest that recombination and IS transposition might be a strategy of adaptation, evolution and pathogenicity of the major S. haemolyticus prevalent lineage in the hospital environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ons Bouchami
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB) António Xavier, Oeiras, Portugal
- Laboratory of Bacterial Evolution and Molecular Epidemiology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB) António Xavier, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Herminia de Lencastre
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB) António Xavier, Oeiras, Portugal
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Maria Miragaia
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB) António Xavier, Oeiras, Portugal
- Laboratory of Bacterial Evolution and Molecular Epidemiology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB) António Xavier, Oeiras, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Martínez-Meléndez A, Morfín-Otero R, Villarreal-Treviño L, González-González G, Llaca-Díaz J, Rodríguez-Noriega E, Camacho-Ortíz A, Garza-González E. Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) in coagulase negative staphylococci. MEDICINA UNIVERSITARIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmu.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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20
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Iravani Mohammad Abadi M, Moniri R, Khorshidi A, Piroozmand A, Mousavi SGA, Dastehgoli K, Mirzaei Ghazikalayeh H. Molecular Characteristics of Nasal Carriage Methicillin-Resistant Coagulase Negative Staphylococci in School Students. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e18591. [PMID: 26301061 PMCID: PMC4541167 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.18591v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are opportunistic pathogens. Methicillin resistance is common in CoNS and may play an important role as reservoir of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) for Staphylococcus aureus. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine molecular characteristics of nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci among students. Materials and Methods: MR-CoNS from both nares of students were collected. Resistance to methicillin was determined by cefoxitin (30μg) disk diffusion test. SCCmec typing was performed using multiplex PCR by mec complex classes and ccr genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were determined on Mueller-Hinton agar according to CLSI. Results: A total of 600 consecutive students were enrolled in this study; 430 of whom (71.7%) had CoNS. Seventy-two MR-CoNS strains, 21 (29.2%) S. lugdunensis, 17 (23.6%) S. haemolyticus, 17 (23.6%) S. saprophyticus, 9 (12.5%) S. epidermidis and 8 (11.1%) S. schleiferi were isolated. MR-CoNS rate in nasal carriage was 16.7%. All strains were susceptible to vancomycin. Forty-eight (66.7%) had a single SCCmec type including types I (n = 5), II (n = 4), III (n = 7), IV (n = 19) and V (n = 13), whereas 5 (6.9%) had two types including III + IV (n = 2), III + V (n = 1) and IV + V (n = 2). Nineteen strains (26.4%) were non-typeable for their SCCmec and ccr. Types IV and V SCCmec were associated with S. lugdunensis and S. haemolyticus, respectively. Conclusions: SCCmec types IV and V were prevalent in MR-CoNS and few isolates could harbor more than one type.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rezvan Moniri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Rezvan Moniri, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran. Tel: +98-3155540021, Fax: +98-3155541112, E-mail:
| | - Ahmad Khorshidi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
| | - Ahmad Piroozmand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
| | | | - Kamran Dastehgoli
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
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First Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec Containing a mecB-Carrying Gene Complex Independent of Transposon Tn6045 in a Macrococcus canis Isolate from a Canine Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:4577-83. [PMID: 25987634 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05064-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A methicillin-resistant mecB-positive Macrococcus canis (strain KM45013) was isolated from the nares of a dog with rhinitis. It contained a novel 39-kb transposon-defective complete mecB-carrying staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element (SCCmecKM45013). SCCmecKM45013 contained 49 coding sequences (CDSs), was integrated at the 3' end of the chromosomal orfX gene, and was delimited at both ends by imperfect direct repeats functioning as integration site sequences (ISSs). SCCmecKM45013 presented two discontinuous regions of homology (SCCmec coverage of 35%) to the chromosomal and transposon Tn6045-associated SCCmec-like element of M. caseolyticus JCSC7096: (i) the mec gene complex (98.8% identity) and (ii) the ccr-carrying segment (91.8% identity). The mec gene complex, located at the right junction of the cassette, also carried the β-lactamase gene blaZm (mecRm-mecIm-mecB-blaZm). SCCmecKM45013 contained two cassette chromosome recombinase genes, ccrAm2 and ccrBm2, which shared 94.3% and 96.6% DNA identity with those of the SCCmec-like element of JCSC7096 but shared less than 52% DNA identity with the staphylococcal ccrAB and ccrC genes. Three distinct extrachromosomal circularized elements (the entire SCCmecKM45013, ΨSCCmecKM45013 lacking the ccr genes, and SCCKM45013 lacking mecB) flanked by one ISS copy, as well as the chromosomal regions remaining after excision, were detected. An unconventional circularized structure carrying the mecB gene complex was associated with two extensive direct repeat regions, which enclosed two open reading frames (ORFs) (ORF46 and ORF51) flanking the chromosomal mecB-carrying gene complex. This study revealed M. canis as a potential disease-associated bacterium in dogs and also unveiled an SCCmec element carrying mecB not associated with Tn6045 in the genus Macrococcus.
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Silva PV, Cruz RS, Keim LS, Paula GRD, Carvalho BTF, Coelho LR, Carvalho MCDS, Rosa JMCD, Figueiredo AMS, Teixeira LA. The antimicrobial susceptibility, biofilm formation and genotypic profiles of Staphylococcus haemolyticus from bloodstream infections. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 108:812-3. [PMID: 24037208 PMCID: PMC3970699 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276108062013022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We analysed the antimicrobial susceptibility, biofilm formation and genotypic
profiles of 27 isolates of Staphylococcus haemolyticus obtained
from the blood of 19 patients admitted to a hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Our analysis revealed a clinical significance of 36.8% and a multi-resistance
rate of 92.6% among these isolates. All but one isolate carried the
mecA gene. The staphylococcal cassette chromosome
mec type I was the most prevalent mec
element detected (67%). Nevertheless, the isolates showed clonal diversity based
on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis. The ability to form biofilms was
detected in 66% of the isolates studied. Surprisingly, no icaAD
genes were found among the biofilm-producing isolates.
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Abstract
The definition of the heterogeneous group of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) is still based on diagnostic procedures that fulfill the clinical need to differentiate between Staphylococcus aureus and those staphylococci classified historically as being less or nonpathogenic. Due to patient- and procedure-related changes, CoNS now represent one of the major nosocomial pathogens, with S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus being the most significant species. They account substantially for foreign body-related infections and infections in preterm newborns. While S. saprophyticus has been associated with acute urethritis, S. lugdunensis has a unique status, in some aspects resembling S. aureus in causing infectious endocarditis. In addition to CoNS found as food-associated saprophytes, many other CoNS species colonize the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals and are less frequently involved in clinically manifested infections. This blurred gradation in terms of pathogenicity is reflected by species- and strain-specific virulence factors and the development of different host-defending strategies. Clearly, CoNS possess fewer virulence properties than S. aureus, with a respectively different disease spectrum. In this regard, host susceptibility is much more important. Therapeutically, CoNS are challenging due to the large proportion of methicillin-resistant strains and increasing numbers of isolates with less susceptibility to glycopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christine Heilmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Georg Peters
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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Riboli DFM, Lyra JC, Silva EP, Valadão LL, Bentlin MR, Corrente JE, Rugolo LMSDS, da Cunha MDLRDS. Diagnostic accuracy of semi-quantitative and quantitative culture techniques for the diagnosis of catheter-related infections in newborns and molecular typing of isolated microorganisms. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:283. [PMID: 24886379 PMCID: PMC4051137 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catheter-related bloodstream infections (CR-BSIs) have become the most common cause of healthcare-associated bloodstream infections in neonatal intensive care units (ICUs). Microbiological evidence implicating catheters as the source of bloodstream infection is necessary to establish the diagnosis of CR-BSIs. Semi-quantitative culture is used to determine the presence of microorganisms on the external catheter surface, whereas quantitative culture also isolates microorganisms present inside the catheter. The main objective of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of these two techniques for the diagnosis of CR-BSIs in newborns from a neonatal ICU. In addition, PFGE was used for similarity analysis of the microorganisms isolated from catheters and blood cultures. METHODS Semi-quantitative and quantitative methods were used for the culture of catheter tips obtained from newborns. Strains isolated from catheter tips and blood cultures which exhibited the same antimicrobial susceptibility profile were included in the study as positive cases of CR-BSI. PFGE of the microorganisms isolated from catheters and blood cultures was performed for similarity analysis and detection of clones in the ICU. RESULTS A total of 584 catheter tips from 399 patients seen between November 2005 and June 2012 were analyzed. Twenty-nine cases of CR-BSI were confirmed. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were the most frequently isolated microorganisms, including S. epidermidis as the most prevalent species (65.5%), followed by S. haemolyticus (10.3%), yeasts (10.3%), K. pneumoniae (6.9%), S. aureus (3.4%), and E. coli (3.4%). The sensitivity of the semi-quantitative and quantitative techniques was 72.7% and 59.3%, respectively, and specificity was 95.7% and 94.4%. The diagnosis of CR-BSIs based on PFGE analysis of similarity between strains isolated from catheter tips and blood cultures showed 82.6% sensitivity and 100% specificity. CONCLUSION The semi-quantitative culture method showed higher sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of CR-BSIs in newborns when compared to the quantitative technique. In addition, this method is easier to perform and shows better agreement with the gold standard, and should therefore be recommended for routine clinical laboratory use. PFGE may contribute to the control of CR-BSIs by identifying clusters of microorganisms in neonatal ICUs, providing a means of determining potential cross-infection between patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Flávio Moraes Riboli
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil.
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Faria NA, Conceição T, Miragaia M, Bartels MD, de Lencastre H, Westh H. Nasal carriage of methicillin resistant staphylococci. Microb Drug Resist 2014; 20:108-17. [PMID: 24564645 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2013.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are believed to function as reservoirs, as well as possible sources of staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec (SCCmec) to Staphylococcus aureus, but the frequency, preferred partners, and factors promoting SCCmec transfer are not known. Such postulated in vivo genetic transfer events are likely to occur at anatomical sites such as the normal nasal mucosa, which is known to be colonized by both CoNS and coagulase positive staphylococci. In this study, we characterized S. aureus and CoNS strains colonizing the anterior nares of 67 patients in Denmark. A total of 54 patients (80%) were colonized with staphylococci that included nine different species identified by internal transcribed spacer PCR (ITS-PCR) and 16S RNA sequencing. The highest rates of colonization were found for S. epidermidis (58%) and S. aureus (39%). Methicillin resistance was present in S. aureus (53%), S. epidermidis (53%), S. haemolyticus (33%), and S. hominis (62%). Genetic backgrounds were characterized by spa typing for S. aureus and by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for CoNS. SCCmec typing showed that SCCmec type IV (2B) was the most common in the entire collection (65%). Carriage of multiple species was detected in 20 patients (30%), 16 of whom were colonized with both S. aureus and S. epidermidis. In two cases, simultaneous carriage of different methicillin resistant species was detected. However, the strains carried different SCCmec types. Additional studies in the same epidemiological settings are warranted to identify interspecific genetic events that involve the acquisition of SCCmec by S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno A Faria
- 1 Laboratorie of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB) , Oeiras, Portugal
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Rolo J, de Lencastre H, Miragaia M. High frequency and diversity of cassette chromosome recombinases (ccr) in methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus sciuri. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69:1461-9. [PMID: 24535274 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous studies produced evidence that mecA, the determinant of β-lactam resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), may have originated in the most primitive and widespread animal commensal species-Staphylococcus sciuri. But how the mecA homologue (mecA1/pbpD) was captured from S. sciuri into the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) has remained unclear. METHODS To understand the role of S. sciuri in the assembly of SCCmec, we screened 118 methicillin-susceptible S. sciuri isolates for SCCmec central elements-ccr and mec complex (ccrAB, ccrC, mecA, mecI and mecR1)-by dot-blot hybridization. In addition, isolates were typed by PFGE and the chromosomal proximity of SCCmec elements was determined by Southern hybridization. ccr typing was performed by nucleotide sequencing. RESULTS ccrAB were identified in 35% of the isolates (n = 41), represented by 24 PFGE types, but ccrC was not found. None of the isolates carried mecA or its regulators, but all isolates carried mecA1/pbpD. In the majority of isolates, ccr and mecA1 were located near orfX, the SCCmec integration site. Moreover, in 31% (n = 13) of the ccrAB-carrying strains, ccrAB, mecA1 and orfX colocalized in the chromosome. The nucleotide sequence of ccrA/ccrB was highly diverse, including ccr genes closely related (80%-97%) to those found in MRSA. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that S. sciuri was a natural recipient and a rich reservoir of ccr for the assembly of SCCmec. The chromosomal location of mecA1, near orfX, the recognition site of ccr, was probably crucial for its mobilization out of S. sciuri species into SCCmec.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Rolo
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal Laboratory of Bacterial Evolution and Molecular Epidemiology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Hermínia de Lencastre
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Maria Miragaia
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal Laboratory of Bacterial Evolution and Molecular Epidemiology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
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Vandendriessche S, Vanderhaeghen W, Larsen J, de Mendonça R, Hallin M, Butaye P, Hermans K, Haesebrouck F, Denis O. High genetic diversity of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) from humans and animals on livestock farms and presence of SCCmec remnant DNA in MSSA CC398. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 69:355-62. [PMID: 24072172 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the genetic diversity of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) carriage isolates from animals and humans on pig, veal, dairy, beef and broiler farms. METHODS S. aureus isolates were genotyped using spa typing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Antimicrobial susceptibility phenotypes and genotypes were determined. The presence of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec)-associated DNA was characterized by PCR and sequencing among isolates of clonal complex (CC) 398. RESULTS Overall, 41 MSSA isolates in humans and 141 in animals were found, originating from all farm types. These MSSA were mainly assigned to CC398, CC1, CC5, CC9, CC30, CC97, CC133 and CC705/151. MSSA CC398 showed resistance to tetracycline, trimethoprim, macrolides and/or lincosamides, aminoglycosides, ciprofloxacin, spectinomycin and quinupristin/dalfopristin, whereas non-CC398 MSSA showed considerably less resistance. Three porcine MSSA CC398-t011 isolates harboured remnant DNA of a composite SCCmec V(5C2&5)c element that lacked the mec gene complex. This resulted from an MRSA-to-MSSA conversion due to recombination between the ccrC genes flanking the mec gene complex. The SCC remnant still contained an intact J1 region harbouring czrC and tet(K), encoding zinc and tetracycline resistance, respectively, thereby illustrating the capacity of S. aureus CC398 to adapt to different antibiotic selection pressures in the farming environment. Processes such as mec gene complex deletion probably contribute to the enormous diversity of SCC(mec) elements observed in staphylococci. CONCLUSIONS MSSA CC398 precursors from which MRSA CC398 might (re)emerge were present on pig, veal and broiler farms, all of which are livestock sectors commonly known to be affected by MRSA CC398. The multiresistance phenotype of S. aureus CC398 appears to be independent of methicillin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stien Vandendriessche
- National Reference Centre for S. aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Novel pseudo-staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element (ψSCCmec57395) in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius CC45. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:5509-15. [PMID: 23979735 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00738-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) from Thailand and Israel revealed the presence of a predominant atypical clonal lineage which was not typeable by SmaI-PFGE and SCCmec typing. All the atypical isolates (n = 34) belonged to CC45 (30 ST45 and 2 ST179 isolates, 1 ST57 isolate, and 1 ST85 isolate). The isolates originated from healthy and diseased dogs and cats, as well as from the environment of one clinic. Cfr9I-pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (Cfr9I-PFGE) and dru typing permitted the further distinction of CC45 isolates from the two different countries. Microarray analysis identified genes that confer resistance to β-lactams (mecA; blaZ), aminoglycosides [aac(6')-Ie-aph(2')-Ia; aph(3')-III; ant(6)-Ia], macrolides and lincosamides [erm(B)], tetracyclines [tet(M)], trimethoprim [dfr(G)], streptothricin (sat4), and chloramphenicol (catpC221). Fluoroquinolone resistance was attributed to specific amino acid substitutions, i.e., Ser84Leu in GyrA and Ser80Ile and Asp84Asn in GrlA. A novel pseudo-staphylococcal cassette chromosome (ΨSCCmec57395) element was identified in MRSP strain 57395 (sequence type ST45) by whole-genome sequencing. The 12,282-bp ΨSCCmec57395 element contained a class C1 mec gene complex but no ccr genes. In addition to the methicillin resistance gene mecA, ΨSCCmec57395 also carried determinants of resistance to heavy metals, such as arsenic, cadmium, and copper. Bsu36I restriction analysis of the ΨSCCmec57395 element amplified by long-range PCR revealed the presence of ΨSCCmec57395 in the 33 additional isolates of MRSP CC45. The ΨSCCmec57395 element represents a new class of SCCmec and has been identified in MRSP of CC45, which is a predominant clonal lineage in Israel and Thailand.
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Shore AC, Coleman DC. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec: Recent advances and new insights. Int J Med Microbiol 2013; 303:350-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Microbiological and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus hominis isolates from blood. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61161. [PMID: 23585877 PMCID: PMC3622014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CoNS), Staphylococcus hominis represents the third most common organism recoverable from the blood of immunocompromised patients. The aim of this study was to characterize biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, define the SCCmec (Staphylococcal Chromosomal Cassette mec) type, and genetic relatedness of clinical S. hominis isolates. METHODOLOGY S. hominis blood isolates (n = 21) were screened for biofilm formation using crystal violet staining. Methicillin resistance was evaluated using the cefoxitin disk test and the mecA gene was detected by PCR. Antibiotic resistance was determined by the broth microdilution method. Genetic relatedness was determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and SCCmec typed by multiplex PCR using two different methodologies described for Staphylococcus aureus. RESULTS Of the S. hominis isolates screened, 47.6% (10/21) were categorized as strong biofilm producers and 23.8% (5/21) as weak producers. Furthermore, 81% (17/21) of the isolates were methicillin resistant and mecA gene carriers. Resistance to ampicillin, erythromycin, and trimethoprim was observed in >70% of isolates screened. Each isolate showed a different PFGE macrorestriction pattern with similarity ranging between 0-95%. Among mecA-positive isolates, 14 (82%) harbored a non-typeable SCCmec type: eight isolates were not positive for any ccr complex; four contained the mec complex A ccrAB1 and ccrC, one isolate contained mec complex A, ccrAB4 and ccrC, and one isolate contained the mec complex A, ccrAB1, ccrAB4, and ccrC. Two isolates harbored the association: mec complex A and ccrAB1. Only one strain was typeable as SCCmec III. CONCLUSIONS The S. hominis isolates analyzed were variable biofilm producers had a high prevalence of methicillin resistance and resistance to other antibiotics, and high genetic diversity. The results of this study strongly suggested that S. hominis isolates harbor new SCCmec structural elements and might be reservoirs of ccrC1 in addition to ccrAB1 and mec complex A.
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Zong Z. Characterization of a complex context containing mecA but lacking genes encoding cassette chromosome recombinases in Staphylococcus haemolyticus. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:64. [PMID: 23521926 PMCID: PMC3637587 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Methicillin resistance determinant mecA is generally transferred by SCCmec elements. However, the mecA gene might not be carried by a SCCmec in a Staphylococcus haemolyticus clinical isolate, WCH1, as no cassette chromosome recombinase genes were detected. Therefore, the genetic context of mecA in WCH1 was investigated. Results A 40-kb region containing mecA was obtained from WCH1, bounded by orfX at one end and several orfs of S. haemolyticus core chromosome at the other. This 40-kb region was very complex in structure with multiple genetic components that appeared to have different origins. For instance, the 3.7-kb structure adjacent to orfX was almost identical to that on the chromosome of Staphylococcus epidermidis RP62a but was absent from S. haemolyticus JCSC1435. Terminal inverted repeats of SCC were found but no ccr genes could be detected. mecA was bracketed by two copies of IS431, which was flanked by 8-bp direct target repeat sequence (DR). Conclusions The presence of 8-bp DR suggests that the two copies of IS431 might have formed a composite transposon for mobilizing mecA. This finding is of significance as multiple copies of IS431 are commonly present in the contexts of mecA, which might have the potential to form various composite transposons that could mediate the mobilization of mecA. This study also provides an explanation for the absence of ccr in some staphylococci isolates carrying mecA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zong
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxuexiang 37, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Molecular characterization and clonal genetic diversity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of pig origin in Taiwan. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 35:513-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Shittu A, Oyedara O, Abegunrin F, Okon K, Raji A, Taiwo S, Ogunsola F, Onyedibe K, Elisha G. Characterization of methicillin-susceptible and -resistant staphylococci in the clinical setting: a multicentre study in Nigeria. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:286. [PMID: 23121720 PMCID: PMC3529121 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The staphylococci are implicated in a variety of human infections; however, many clinical microbiology laboratories in Nigeria do not identify staphylococci (in particular coagulase negative staphylococci - CNS) to the species level. Moreover, data from multi-centre assessment on antibiotic resistance and epidemiology of the staphylococci are not available in Nigeria. This study investigated 91 non-duplicate staphylococcal isolates obtained from the microbiology laboratories of eight hospitals in Nigeria during the period January to April 2010. Methods Identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the VITEK 2 system, detection of resistance genes by PCR, and molecular characterization was determined by SCCmec typing, spa and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Results All the isolates were susceptible to mupirocin, tigecycline, vancomycin and linezolid, but 72.5% of CNS and 82.3% of Staphylococcus aureus were resistant to cotrimoxazole, while multiresistance was observed in 37 of the 40 CNS isolates. Untypeable SCCmec types (ccrC/Class A mec and ccr-negative/Class C2 mec gene complex) in two methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were identified. Additionally, ccr-negative/Class A mec and ccr type 4/Class C2 mec gene complex was detected in one isolate each of S. sciuri and S. haemolyticus, respectively. The S. aureus isolates were classified into 21 spa types including two new types (t8987, t9008) among the methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates. Two (CC8-SCCmecnon-typeable and CC88-SCCmec IV) and four (CC8-SCCmec III/IV/V; CC30-SCCmec II/III; CC88-SCCmec IV; and ST152-SCCmecnon-typeable) MRSA clones were identified in Maiduguri (North-East Nigeria) and South-West Nigeria, respectively. The proportion of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-positive MSSA was high (44.4%) and 56.3% of these strains were associated with sequence type (ST) 152. Conclusions The identification of multiresistant mecA positive S. haemolyticus and S. sciuri from clinical samples indicates that characterization of CNS is important in providing information on their diversity and importance in Nigeria. There is the need to develop new SCCmec classification methods for non-typeable methicillin-resistant staphylococci, and to curtail the spread and establishment of the S. aureus ST152 clone in Nigeria. The study presents the first report of a PVL-positive ST152-SCCmecnontypeable MRSA and SCCmec typing of methicillin-resistant CNS in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebayo Shittu
- Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
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