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Alves LVGL, Sanchez LP, Tedesco AC, de Souza Salvador SL, Souza-Gabriel AE, Milori Corona SA. Efficiency of the photodynamic therapy on viability of Streptococcus mutans in the oral cavity using chitosan nanoparticles: an in vitro study. Lasers Med Sci 2024; 39:184. [PMID: 39020076 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-024-04133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on Streptococcus mutans biofilm in the oral cavity using the photosensitizer chloroaluminum phthalocyanine encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (ClAlPc/Ch) at three preirradiation times. METHODS Biofilms of Streptococcus mutans strains (ATCC 25,175) were cultivated on bovine tooth blocks and exposed to a 10% sucrose solution three times a day for 1 min over three consecutive days. The samples were randomly distributed into five treatment groups (n = 5): (I) aPDT with ClAlPc/Ch with a preirradiation time of 5 min (F5), (II) aPDT with ClAlPc/Ch with a preirradiation time of 15 min (F15), (III) aPDT with ClAlPc/Ch with a preirradiation time of 30 min (F30), (IV) 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), and (V) 0.9% saline solution (NaCl). After treatment, the S. mutans biofilms formed on each specimen were collected to determine the number of viable bacteria (colony-forming units (CFU)/mL). Data were analyzed for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey HSD tests to analyze the number of viable bacteria (α = 0.05). RESULTS The one-way ANOVA showed a difference between the groups (p = 0.0003), and the Tukey HSD posttest showed that CHX had the highest microbial reduction of S. mutans, not statistically different from the F5 and F15 groups, whereas the NaCl group had the lowest microbial reduction statistically similar to the F30 group. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that aPDT mediated by ClAlPc/Ch when used at preirradiation times of 5-15 min can be an effective approach in controlling cariogenic biofilm of S. mutans, being an alternative to 0.12% CHX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa Valente Gotardo Lara Alves
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry), University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, S/ No, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Luiza Pejon Sanchez
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry), University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, S/ No, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Antonio Claudio Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineers, Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Luiz de Souza Salvador
- Department of Clinical Toxicology and Bromatology of the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Evangelista Souza-Gabriel
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry), University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, S/ No, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Silmara Aparecida Milori Corona
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry), University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, S/ No, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, 14040-904, Brazil.
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Sun G, Huang S, Wang S, Li Y. Nanomaterial-based drug-delivery system as an aid to antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in treating oral biofilm. Future Microbiol 2024; 19:741-759. [PMID: 38683167 PMCID: PMC11259068 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Diverse microorganisms live as biofilm in the mouth accounts for oral diseases and treatment failure. For decades, the prevention and treatment of oral biofilm is a global challenge. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) holds promise for oral biofilm elimination due to its several traits, including broad-spectrum antimicrobial capacity, lower possibility of resistance and low cytotoxicity. However, the physicochemical properties of photosensitizers and the biological barrier of oral biofilm have limited the efficiency of aPDT. Nanomaterials has been used to fabricate nanocarriers to improve photosensitizer properties and thus enhance antimicrobial effect. In this review, we have discussed the challenges of aPDT used in dentistry, categorized the nanomaterial-delivery system and listed the possible mechanisms involved in nanomaterials when enhancing aPDT effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanwen Sun
- Department of stomatology, Fujian Medical University Xiamen Humanity Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Department of stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shaofeng Wang
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Yijun Li
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis & Treatment, Xiamen, China
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Dragicevic N, Predic-Atkinson J, Nikolic B, Pajovic SB, Ivkovic S, Adzic M. Nanocarriers in topical photodynamic therapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:279-307. [PMID: 38349540 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2318460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has gained significant attention due to its superiority over conventional treatments. In the context of skin cancers and nonmalignant skin diseases, topical application of photosensitizer formulations onto affected skin, followed by illumination, offers distinct advantages. Topical PDT simplifies therapy by providing easy access to the skin, increasing drug concentration within the target area, and confining residual photosensitivity to the treated skin. However, the effectiveness of topical PDT is often hindered by challenges such as limited skin penetration or photosensitizer instability. Additionally, the hypoxic tumor environment poses further limitations. Nanocarriers present a promising solution to address these challenges. AREAS COVERED The objective of this review is to comprehensively explore and highlight the role of various nanocarriers in advancing topical PDT for the treatment of skin diseases. The primary focus is to address the challenges associated with conventional topical PDT approaches and demonstrate how nanotechnology-based strategies can overcome these challenges, thereby improving the overall efficiency and efficacy of PDT. EXPERT OPINION Nanotechnology has revolutionized the field of PDT, offering innovative tools to combat the unfavorable features of photosensitizers and hurdles in PDT. Nanocarriers enhance skin penetration and stability of photosensitizers, provide controlled drug release, reduce needed dose, increase production of reactive oxygen species, while reducing side effects, thereby improving PDT effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dragicevic
- Department of Pharmacy, Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Bojan Nikolic
- Faculty of Health and Business studies, Singidunum University, Valjevo, Serbia
| | - Snezana B Pajovic
- Institute of Nuclear sciences "Vinča", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Ivkovic
- Institute of Nuclear sciences "Vinča", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miroslav Adzic
- Institute of Nuclear sciences "Vinča", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Souza DAS, de Lima Dantas JB, Souto CS, Mendonça DM, Oliveira TJS, Dos Santos Vianna Néri J. Photodynamic therapy adjuvant to non-surgical periodontal therapy: Systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Int J Dent Hyg 2024; 22:45-55. [PMID: 37752814 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To systematically evaluate randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on whether adjuvant application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) through the technique of irradiation in the external region of the periodontal pocket with optic-fibre tip offers benefits to scaling and root planning (SRP). METHODS Five databases were searched by two independent reviewers according to pre-specified eligibility criteria up to April 2023. No restrictions regarding date of publication, language and minimum follow-up period were imposed. The Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias tool (RoB 2.0) was used for quality appraisal and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation for assessing the certainty of evidence. RESULTS A total of 1388 publications were identified and reviewed for eligibility. Four of them fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The sample consisted of a total of 83 patients with periodontitis. In these, 330 periodontal sites were evaluated. The clinical findings of the majority of the included studies demonstrated that patients who received the association of aPDT + RAR with the protocol evaluated here, obtained clinical results similar to patients who received only the SRP alone. In none of the evaluated RCTs, clinical advantages were observed that would categorise this aPDT protocol as superior to conventional treatment. CONCLUSION Applying aPDT after SRP with external irradiation of the periodontal pocket does not seem to result in any clinical benefit compared to the use of SRP alone in patients with periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Adrian Silva Souza
- Federal University of Bahia, Stricto Sensu Graduate Program in Dentistry, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Dentistry Course, Adventist College of Bahia, Cachoeira, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Juliana Borges de Lima Dantas
- Dentistry Course, Adventist College of Bahia, Cachoeira, Bahia, Brazil
- Federal University of Bahia, Institute of Health Sciences, Stricto Sensu Graduate Program in Interactive Process of Organs and Systems, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tiago José Silva Oliveira
- Dentistry Course, Adventist College of Bahia, Cachoeira, Bahia, Brazil
- São Leopoldo Mandic Dental Research Center, Stricto Sensu Graduate Program in Dental Sciences (Implantology), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Júlia Dos Santos Vianna Néri
- Federal University of Bahia, Stricto Sensu Graduate Program in Dentistry, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Dentistry Course, Adventist College of Bahia, Cachoeira, Bahia, Brazil
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Felifel NT, Sliem MA, Kamel Z, Bojarska J, Seadawy MG, Amin RM, Elnagdy SM. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Using Nanoemulsion-Encapsulated Zinc Phthalocyanine. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1143. [PMID: 37317117 PMCID: PMC10222491 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant microorganisms have become a significant public health threat, and traditional antibiotics are becoming ineffective. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising alternative that utilizes photosensitizers and light to produce Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) that can kill microorganisms. Zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) is a promising photosensitizer due to its strong affinity for encapsulation in nanoemulsions and its antimicrobial properties. In this study, nanoemulsion was prepared using Miglyol 812N, a surfactant, and distilled water to dissolve hydrophobic drugs such as ZnPc. The nanoemulsion was characterized by its particle size, polydispersity index, Transmission Electron Microscope and Zeta potential, and the results showed that it was an efficient nanocarrier system that facilitated the solubilization of hydrophobic drugs in water. The use of ZnPc encapsulated in the nanoemulsion produced through the spontaneous emulsification method resulted in a significant reduction in cell survival percentages of gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli by 85% and 75%, respectively. This may be attributed to the more complex cell membrane structure of E. coli compared to S. aureus. This demonstrates the potential of nanoemulsion-based PDT as an effective alternative to traditional antibiotics for treating multidrug-resistant microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada T. Felifel
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Gamma St., Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A. Sliem
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Zienat Kamel
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Gamma St., Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Joanna Bojarska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Mohamed G. Seadawy
- Biological Prevention Department, Ministry of Defense, Cairo 11766, Egypt
| | - Rehab M. Amin
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Sherif M. Elnagdy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Gamma St., Giza 12613, Egypt
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Chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine-mediated photodynamic therapy improves peri-implant parameters and crevicular fluid cytokine levels in cigarette smokers with chronic hyperglycemia. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 41:103309. [PMID: 36709015 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This clinical trial aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of chloroaluminum phthalocyanine-mediated photodynamic therapy (CAPC-PDT) as an adjunct to peri-implant mechanical debridement (PID) in the treatment of peri-implantitis in patients with chronic hyperglycemia and cigarette smoking. METHODS The selected participants with peri-implantitis were divided into two groups: Group I (n=15) included hyperglycemic patients with no history of smoking and Group II (n=15) included hyperglycemic patients with a history of smoking cigarettes. Both groups were further divided into two subgroups based on the type of therapy provided: PDT+PID and PID alone. Peri-implant bleeding on probing (PiBOP), peri-implant pocket depth (PiPD), peri-implant plaque scores (PiPS), and crestal bone loss (CBL) were assessed. Peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) was sampled for quantification of interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All assessments were performed at baseline and at three and six months. RESULTS PDT+PID showed a higher reduction in PiBOP than PID alone in hyperglycemic/non-smoking participants (p<0.01). PDT+PID and PID show a significant reduction in PiBOP in smokers only at 6 months (p<0.05), with comparable differences between PDT+PID and PID (p>0.05). PDT+PID significantly reduced PiPD hyperglycemic/smoking patients at 3 and 6 months (p<0.05), whereas PID only produced a significant reduction in PiPD at 6 months in smoking patients (p<0.05). CBL alone with PDT+PID in both smokers and non-smokers showed a statistically significant reduction at 6 months follow-up (p<0.05). IL-1β was significantly reduced in hyperglycemic/non-smoking participants at 6 months follow-up with both PDT+PID and PID alone (p<0.01). This trend was also observed in cigarette smokers, with an additional short-term reduction in IL-1β at 3 months with PDT+PID (p<0.05). Only the PDT+PID group showed a significant reduction in TNF-a among cigarette smoking patients with chronic hyperglycemia at 6 months follow-up (p<0.05) CONCLUSION: Chloroaluminum phthalocyanine-mediated PDT proved effective in improving peri-implant clinical outcomes and reducing cytokine levels in smoking patients with chronic hyperglycemia.
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Fabio GB, Martin BA, Dalmolin LF, Lopez RFV. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and the advances impacted by the association with nanoparticles. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.104147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Applications of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy against Bacterial Biofilms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063209. [PMID: 35328629 PMCID: PMC8953781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and allied photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy have shown remarkable activity against bacterial pathogens in both planktonic and biofilm forms. There has been little or no resistance development against antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Furthermore, recent developments in therapies that involve antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in combination with photothermal hyperthermia therapy, magnetic hyperthermia therapy, antibiotic chemotherapy and cold atmospheric pressure plasma therapy have shown additive and synergistic enhancement of its efficacy. This paper reviews applications of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and non-invasive combination therapies often used with it, including sonodynamic therapy and nanozyme enhanced photodynamic therapy. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm mechanisms are discussed. This review proposes that these technologies have a great potential to overcome the bacterial resistance associated with bacterial biofilm formation.
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Espitia-Almeida F, Díaz-Uribe C, Vallejo W, Gómez-Camargo D, Bohórquez ARR, Zarate X, Schott E. Photophysical characterization and in vitro anti-leishmanial effect of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-fluorophenyl) porphyrin and the metal (Zn(II), Sn(IV), Mn(III) and V(IV)) derivatives. Biometals 2022; 35:159-171. [PMID: 34993713 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-021-00357-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this report 5 compounds were synthesized and structural and their photophysical characterization was performed (ΦΔ and Φf). Furthermore, in this in vitro study, their biological activity against Leishmania panamensis was evaluated. The photophysical behavior of these compounds was measured and high ΦΔ and low Φf was observed. Besides, DFT quantum calculations on the electronic structures were performed. Finally, the biological activity was determined by means of the compounds capacity to inhibit the viability of parasites using the MTT assay. The inclusion of the metal ions substantially modified the photophysical and biological properties in comparison with the free metal porphyrin (1). In fact, Zn2+ porphyrin derivative (2) showed a marked decrease of Φf and increase of ΦΔ. In this sense, using TDDFT approaches, a luminescent process for Sn4+ derivative (3) was described, where emissive states involve the ML-LCT transition. So, this led to a decrease in the singlet oxygen production (0.82-0.67). Biological results showed that all compounds inhibit the viability of L. panamensis with high efficiency; the decrease in the viability was greater as the concentration of exposure increased. Finally, under light irradiation the IC50 of L. panamensis against the Zn(II)-porphyrin (2) and V(IV)-porphyrin (5) was lower than the IC50 of the Glucantime control (IC50 = 2.2 and 6.95 μM Vs IC50 = 12.7 μM, respectively). We showed that the use of porphyrin and metalloporphyrin-type photosensitizers with exceptional photophysical properties can be successful in photodynamic therapy (PDT) against L. panamensis, being the diamagnetic ion Zn2+ a candidate for the preparation of metalloporphyrins with high singlet oxygen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Espitia-Almeida
- Grupo de Investigación en Fotoquímica y Fotobiología, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia. .,Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia.
| | - Carlos Díaz-Uribe
- Grupo de Investigación en Fotoquímica y Fotobiología, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - William Vallejo
- Grupo de Investigación en Fotoquímica y Fotobiología, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia.
| | - Doris Gómez-Camargo
- Grupo de Investigación UNIMOL, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Arnold R Romero Bohórquez
- Grupo de Investigación en Compuestos Orgánicos de Interés Medicinal (CODEIM), Parque Tecnológico Guatiguará, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Ximena Zarate
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Schott
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y Farmacia, Centro de Energía UC, Centro de Investigación en Nanotecnología y Materiales Avanzados CIEN-UC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Espitia-Almeida F, Diaz-Uribe C, Vallejo W, Gómez-Camargo D, Romero Bohórquez AR, Linares-Flores C. Photophysical study and in vitro approach against Leishmania panamensis of dicloro-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-bromophenyl)porphyrinato Sn(IV). F1000Res 2021; 10:379. [PMID: 34804494 PMCID: PMC8581593 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.52433.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Photodynamic therapy activity against different biological systems has been reported for porphyrins. Porphyrin modifications through peripheral groups and/or by metal insertion inside the ring are main alternatives for the improvement of its photo-physical properties. In this study, we synthesized and characterized 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-bromophenyl)porphyrin and the dicloro-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-bromophenyl)porphyrinato Sn(IV). Methods: Metal-free porphyrin was synthesized using the Alder method, while the Sn(IV)-porphyrin complex was prepared by combining metal-free porphyrin with stannous chloride in DMF; the reaction yields were 47% and 64% respectively. Metal-free porphyrin was characterized by UV-Vis, FT-IR, ESI-mass spectrometry and
13C-NMR. Additionally, the Sn(IV) -porphyrin complex was characterized using UV-Vis and FT-IR. Cyclic voltammetry tests in four different solvents. The fluorescence quantum yield (Φ
f) was measured using fluorescein as a standard, the singlet oxygen quantum yield (Φ
D) was estimated using the standard 5,10,15,20-(tetraphenyl)porphyrin (H2TPP) and the quencher of singlet oxygen 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF). Results: UV-Vis assay showed typical Q and Soret bands for porphyrin and its metallo-porphyrin complex. Compounds showed photoluminescence at the visible range of electromagnetic spectrum. The inclusion of the metal in the porphyrin core changed the Φ
f from 0.15 to 0.05 and the Φ
D increased from 0.55 to 0.59. Finally, the effect of the compounds on the viability of
L. panamensis was evaluated by means of the MTT test. The results showed that both compounds decreased the viability of the parasite; this inhibitory activity was greater under light irradiation; the porphyrin compound had IC
50 of 16.5 μM and the Sn(IV)-porphyrin complex had IC
50 of 19.2 μM. Conclusion: The compounds were synthesized efficiently, their characterization was carried out by different spectroscopy techniques and their own signals were evidenced for both structures, both compounds decreased the cell viability of
L. panamensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Espitia-Almeida
- Grupo de Fotoquímica y Fotobiología, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigación UNIMOL, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia.,Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Carlos Diaz-Uribe
- Grupo de Fotoquímica y Fotobiología, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - William Vallejo
- Grupo de Fotoquímica y Fotobiología, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Doris Gómez-Camargo
- Grupo de Investigación UNIMOL, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Arnold R Romero Bohórquez
- Grupo de Investigación en Compuestos Orgánicos de Interés Medicinal (CODEIM), Parque Tecnológico Guatiguará, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Cristian Linares-Flores
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Centro de Química Orgánica y Productos Naturales, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
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Photoinactivation of multispecies cariogenic biofilm mediated by aluminum phthalocyanine chloride encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 37:2033-2043. [PMID: 34812971 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03466-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the aluminum phthalocyanine chloride (AlClPc) encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (CN) and apply it in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on multispecies biofilm composed of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus casei, and Candida albicans to analyze the antimicrobial activity and lactate production after treatment. Biofilms were formed in 24-well polystyrene plates at 37 °C for 48 h under microaerophilia. The following groups were evaluated (n = 9): as a positive control, 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX); phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as a negative control; 2.5% CN as release vehicle control; the dark toxicity control of the formulations used (AlClPc and AlClPc + CN) was verified in the absence of light; for aPDT, after 30 min incubation time, the photosensitizers at a final concentration of 5.8 × 10-3 mg/mL were photoirradiated for 1 min by visible light using a LED device (AlClPc + L and AlClPc + CN + L) with 660 nm at the energy density of 100 J/cm2. An in vitro kit was used to measure lactate. The biofilm composition and morphology were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antimicrobial activity was analyzed by quantifying colony forming units per mL (CFU/mL) of each microorganism. Bacterial load between groups was analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests (α = 0.05). A lower lactate dosage was observed in the aPDT AlClPc + CN + L and CHX groups compared to the CN and AlClPc groups. The aPDT mediated by the nanoconjugate AlClPc + CN + L showed a significant reduction in the viability of S. mutans (3.18 log10 CFU/mL), L. casei (4.91 log10 CFU/mL), and C. albicans (2.09 log10 CFU/mL) compared to the negative control PBS (p < 0.05). aPDT using isolated AlClPc was similar to PBS to the three microorganisms (p > 0.05). The aPDT mediated by the nanoconjugate AlClPc + CN + L was efficient against the biofilm of S. mutans, L. casei, and C. albicans.
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Yang W, Yoon Y, Lee Y, Oh H, Choi J, Shin S, Lee S, Lee H, Lee Y, Seo J. Photosensitizer-peptoid conjugates for photoinactivation of Gram-negative bacteria: structure-activity relationship and mechanistic studies. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:6546-6557. [PMID: 34259297 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00926e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Multitarget engagement is considered an effective strategy to overcome the threat of bacterial infection, and antimicrobials with multiple mechanisms of action have been successful as natural chemical weaponry. Here, we synthesized a library of photosensitizer-peptoid conjugates (PsPCs) as novel antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) agents. The peptoids, linkers, and photosensitizers were varied, and their structure-antimicrobial activity relationships against Escherichia coli were evaluated; PsPC 9 was indicated to be the most promising photoresponsive antimicrobial agent among the synthesized PsPCs. Spectroscopic analyses indicated that 9 generated singlet oxygen upon absorption of visible light (420 nm) while maintaining the weakly helical conformation of the peptoid. Mechanistic studies suggested that damage to the bacterial membrane and cleavage of DNA upon light irradiation were the main causes of bactericidal activity, which was supported by flow cytometry and DNA gel electrophoresis experiments. We demonstrated that the optimal combination of membrane-active peptoids and photosensitizers can generate an efficient aPDT agent that targets multiple sites of bacterial components and kills bacteria by membrane disruption and reactive oxygen species generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea.
| | - Younggun Yoon
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea.
| | - Yunjee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea.
| | - Hyeongyeol Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea.
| | - Jieun Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea.
| | - Sujin Shin
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea.
| | - Seongsoo Lee
- Gwangju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), 49 Dosicheomdansaneopro, Nam-gu, Gwangju 61751, South Korea
| | - Hohjai Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea.
| | - Yunho Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea.
| | - Jiwon Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea.
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Cationic zinc (II) phthalocyanine nanoemulsions for photodynamic inactivation of resistant bacterial strains. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102301. [PMID: 33894372 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growing emergence of microbial resistance to antibiotics represents a worldwide challenge. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) has been introduced as an alternative technique, especially when combined with nanotechnology. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the therapeutic merits of combined aPDI and nanoemulsion in infections caused by resistant bacterial strains. METHODS Cationic zinc (II) phthalocyanine nanoemulsions (ZnPc-NE) were prepared using isopropyl myristate (IPM) as oil phase, egg phosphatidylcholine (egg PC) as emulsifier, and N-cetyl-N,N,N-trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). Nanoemulsions were characterized for particle size, polydispersity, zeta potential, viscosity, and skin deposition. The in-vitro aPDI was investigated on human resistant pathogens; gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and gram-negative Multidrug-resistant strain of Escherichia coli (MDR E. coli), under different experimental conditions. In addition, in-vivo model of abrasion wound infected by MDR E. coli was induced in rats to investigate the therapeutic potential of the selected formulation. RESULTS It was evident that the selected ZnPc formulation (20 % IPM, 2 % egg PC and 0.5 % CTAB) displayed a particle size of 209.9 nm, zeta potential +73.1 mV, and 23.66 % deposition of ZnPc in skin layers. Furthermore, the selected formulation combined with light achieved almost 100 % eradication of the two bacterial strains, with superior bacterial load reduction and wound healing propertiesin-vivo, compared to either the nanoemulsion formulation or laser alone. CONCLUSION ZnPc nanoemulsion improved antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in inactivating resistant bacterial infections and provided a promising therapeutic means of treating serious infections, and hence could be applied in diseases caused by other bacterial strains.
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Galstyan A. Turning Photons into Drugs: Phthalocyanine-Based Photosensitizers as Efficient Photoantimicrobials. Chemistry 2021; 27:1903-1920. [PMID: 32677718 PMCID: PMC7894475 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
One of the most promising alternatives for treating bacterial infections is antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), making the synthesis and application of new photoactive compounds called photosensitizers (PS) a dynamic research field. In this regard, phthalocyanine (Pc) derivatives offer great opportunities due to their extraordinary light-harvesting and tunable electronic properties, structural versatility, and stability. This Review, rather than focusing on synthetic strategies, intends to overview current progress in the structural design strategies for Pcs that could achieve effective photoinactivation of microorganisms. In addition, the Review provides a concise look into the recent developments and applications of nanocarrier-based Pc delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzhela Galstyan
- Center for Soft NanoscienceWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterBusso-Peus-Straße 1048149MünsterGermany
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15
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Santos KLM, Barros RM, da Silva Lima DP, Nunes AMA, Sato MR, Faccio R, de Lima Damasceno BPG, Oshiro-Junior JA. Prospective application of phthalocyanines in the photodynamic therapy against microorganisms and tumor cells: A mini-review. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:102032. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Dharmaratne P, Wang B, Wong RCH, Chan BCL, Lau KM, Ke MR, Lau CBS, Ng DKP, Fung KP, Ip M. Monosubstituted tricationic Zn(II) phthalocyanine enhances antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and cytotoxicity evaluation for topical applications: in vitro and in vivo study. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:1628-1637. [PMID: 32619386 PMCID: PMC7473158 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1790305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is an innovative approach to combat multi-drug resistant bacteria. It is known that cationic Zn(II) phthalocyanines (ZnPc) are effective in mediating aPDT against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Here we used ZnPc-based photosensitizer named ZnPcE previously reported by our research group to evaluate its aPDT efficacy against broad spectrum of clinically relevant MRSAs. Remarkably, in vitro anti-MRSA activity was achieved using near-infrared (NIR, >610 nm) light with minimal bactericidal concentrations ranging <0.019-0.156 µM against the panel of MRSAs. ZnPcE was not only significantly (p < .05) more potent than methylene blue, which is a clinically approved photosensitizer but also demonstrated low cytotoxicity against human fibroblasts cell line (Hs-27) and human immortalized keratinocytes cell line (HaCaT). The toxicity was further evaluated on human 3-D skin constructs and found ZnPcE did not manifest in vivo skin irritation at ≤7.8 µM concentration. In the murine MRSA wound model, ZnPcE with PDT group demonstrated > 4 log10 CFU reduction and the value is significantly higher (p < .05) than all test groups except positive control. To conclude, results of present study provide a scientific basis for future clinical evaluation of ZnPcE-PDT on MRSA wound infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanga Dharmaratne
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Baiyan Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Roy C. H. Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Ben C. L. Chan
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Kit-Man Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei-Rong Ke
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Clara B. S. Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Dennis K. P. Ng
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Kwok-Pui Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- CUHK-Zhejiang University Joint Laboratory on Natural Products and Toxicology Research, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Margaret Ip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
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Bekmukhametova A, Ruprai H, Hook JM, Mawad D, Houang J, Lauto A. Photodynamic therapy with nanoparticles to combat microbial infection and resistance. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:21034-21059. [PMID: 33078823 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04540c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Infections caused by drug-resistant pathogens are rapidly increasing in incidence and pose an urgent global health concern. New treatments are needed to address this critical situation while preventing further resistance acquired by the pathogens. One promising approach is antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT), a technique that selectively damages pathogenic cells through reactive oxygen species (ROS) that have been deliberately produced by light-activated chemical reactions via a photosensitiser. There are currently some limitations to its wider deployment, including aggregation, hydrophobicity, and sub-optimal penetration capabilities of the photosensitiser, all of which decrease the production of ROS and lead to reduced therapeutic performance. In combination with nanoparticles, however, these challenges may be overcome. Their small size, functionalisable structure, and large contact surface allow a high degree of internalization by cellular membranes and tissue barriers. In this review, we first summarise the mechanism of PDT action and the interaction between nanoparticles and the cell membrane. We then introduce the categorisation of nanoparticles in PDT, acting as nanocarriers, photosensitising molecules, and transducers, in which we highlight their use against a range of bacterial and fungal pathogens. We also compare the antimicrobial efficiency of nanoparticles to unbound photosensitisers and examine the relevant safety considerations. Finally, we discuss the use of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems in clinical applications of antimicrobial PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Herleen Ruprai
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2750, Australia.
| | - James M Hook
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Damia Mawad
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia and Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jessica Houang
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia and Biomedical Engineering & Neuroscience Research Group, The MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2750, Australia
| | - Antonio Lauto
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2750, Australia. and Biomedical Engineering & Neuroscience Research Group, The MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2750, Australia
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de Araújo Silva DN, Silva NTD, Sena IADA, Azevedo MLDS, Júnior FLDS, Silva RCMD, Vasconcelos RC, de Moraes M, Longo JPF, de Araújo AA, de Aquino Martins ARL. Efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine on periodontal clinical parameters and salivary GSH and MDA levels in patients with periodontitis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 31:101843. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Dharmaratne P, Sapugahawatte DN, Wang B, Chan CL, Lau KM, Lau CB, Fung KP, Ng DK, Ip M. Contemporary approaches and future perspectives of antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): A systematic review. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 200:112341. [PMID: 32505848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The high prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causing skin and soft tissue infections in both the community and healthcare settings challenges the limited options of effective antibiotics and motivates the search for alternative therapeutic solutions, such as antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). While many publications have described the promising anti-bacterial activities of PDT in vitro, its applications in vivo and in the clinic have been very limited. This limited availability may in part be due to variabilities in the selected photosensitizing agents (PS), the variable testing conditions used to examine anti-bacterial activities and their effectiveness in treating MRSA infections. We thus sought to systematically review and examine the evidence from existing studies on aPDT associated with MRSA and to critically appraise its current state of development and areas to be addressed in future studies. In 2018, we developed and registered a review protocol in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) with registration No: CRD42018086736. Three bibliographical databases were consulted (PUBMED, MEDLINE, and EMBASE), and a total of 113 studies were included in this systematic review based on our eligibility criteria. Many variables, such as the use of a wide range of solvents, pre-irradiation times, irradiation times, light sources and light doses, have been used in the methods reported by researchers, which significantly affect the inter-study comparability and results. On another note, new approaches of linking immunoglobulin G (IgG), antibodies, efflux pump inhibitors, and bacteriophages with photosensitizers (PSs) and the incorporation of PSs into nano-scale delivery systems exert a direct effect on improving aPDT. Enhanced activities have also been achieved by optimizing the physicochemical properties of the PSs, such as the introduction of highly lipophilic, poly-cationic and site-specific modifications of the compounds. However, few in vivo studies (n = 17) have been conducted to translate aPDT into preclinical studies. We anticipate that further standardization of the experimental conditions and assessing the efficacy in vivo would allow this technology to be further applied in preclinical trials, so that aPDT would develop to become a sustainable, alternative therapeutic option against MRSA infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanga Dharmaratne
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China.
| | | | - Baiyan Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China.
| | - Chung Lap Chan
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China.
| | - Kit-Man Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China.
| | - Clara Bs Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China.
| | - Kwok Pui Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China; CUHK-Zhejiang University Joint Laboratory on Natural Products and Toxicology Research, China.
| | - Dennis Kp Ng
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China
| | - Margaret Ip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
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In Vitro Anti-Leishmanial Effect of Metallic Meso-Substituted Porphyrin Derivatives against Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania panamensis Promastigotes Properties. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081887. [PMID: 32325815 PMCID: PMC7221524 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a family of porphyrins based on 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-ethylphenyl)porphyrin (1, Ph) and six metallo-derivatives (Zn2+(2, Ph-Zn), Sn4+(3, Ph-Sn), Mn2+ (4, Ph-Mn), Ni2+ (5, Ph-Ni), Al3+ (6, Ph-Al), and V3+ (7, Ph-V)) were tested as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy against Leishmania braziliensis and panamensis. The singlet oxygen quantum yield value (ΦΔ) for (1–7) was measured using 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) as a singlet oxygen trapping agent and 5,10,15,20-(tetraphenyl)-porphyrin (H2TPP) as a reference standard; besides, parasite viability was estimated by the MTT assay. After metal insertion into the porphyrin core, the ΦΔ increased from 0.76–0.90 and cell viability changed considerably. The ΦΔ and metal type changed the cytotoxic activity. Finally, (2) showed both the highest ΦΔ (0.90) and the best photodynamic activity against the parasites studied (IC50 of 1.2 μM).
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21
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Cavalcante LLR, Tedesco AC, Takahashi LAU, Curylofo-Zotti FA, Souza-Gabriel AE, Corona SAM. Conjugate of chitosan nanoparticles with chloroaluminium phthalocyanine: Synthesis, characterization and photoinactivation of Streptococcus mutans biofilm. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 30:101709. [PMID: 32171881 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) using chloroaluminium phthalocyanine (ClAlPc) has high oxidative power allowing for the control of biofilms, especially when the photosensitizer is administered in an appropriate release vehicle. This study aimed to develop/characterize the ClAlPc encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs), and evaluate its antimicrobial properties against S. mutans biofilms. METHODS CSNPs were prepared by ion gelation, and characterization studies included particle size, polydispersion index (IPd), zeta potential, accelerated stability, absorption spectrum and ClAlPc quantification. The S. mutans biofilms were formed in bovine dentin blocks at 37 °C for 48 h under microaerophilic conditions. 8 μM ClAlPc was combined with a diode laser (InGaAlP) at 660 nm and 100 J/cm2. The aPDT toxicity was verified by dark phototoxicity. The antimicrobial activity was verified by CFU/mL and biofilm was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The number of viable bacteria was analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS The characterization revealed that the ClAlPc nanoparticles were found in nanometer-scale with adequate photophysical and photochemical properties. The aPDT mediated by ClAlPc + CSNPs nanoconjugate showed a significant reduction in the viability of S. mutans (1log10 CFU/mL) compared to the negative control (PBS, p < 0.05). The aPDT mediated by ClAlPc was similar to PBS (p > 0.05). SEM revealed change in biofilm morphology following the treatment of bacteria with aPDT ClAlPc + CSNPs. Cells were arranged as single or in shorted chains. Irregular shapes of S. mutans were found. CONCLUSION ClAlPc nanoparticles are considered stable and aPDT mediated by ClAlPc + CSNPs nanoconjugate was effective against S. mutans biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Lobo Ribeiro Cavalcante
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Claudio Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineers, Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, FFCLRP- University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luandra Aparecida Unten Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineers, Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, FFCLRP- University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Fabiana Almeida Curylofo-Zotti
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Aline Evangelista Souza-Gabriel
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Silmara Aparecida Milori Corona
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Aroso RT, Calvete MJ, Pucelik B, Dubin G, Arnaut LG, Pereira MM, Dąbrowski JM. Photoinactivation of microorganisms with sub-micromolar concentrations of imidazolium metallophthalocyanine salts. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 184:111740. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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23
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Reis TA, Jaculi AE, Ramos KL, Souza PEN, Veiga-Souza FH, Joanitti GA, Azevedo RB, Gratieri T, Cunha-Filho M, Gelfuso GM. Combination of cyclodextrin complexation and iontophoresis as a promising strategy for the cutaneous delivery of aluminum-chloride phthalocyanine in photodynamic therapy. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 139:105056. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sena IADA, Silva DNDA, Azevedo MLDS, da Silva NT, Longo JPF, de Moraes M, de Aquino Martins ARL. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Using a Chloro-Aluminum Phthalocyanine Adjuvant to Nonsurgical Periodontal Treatment Does Not Improve Clinical Parameters in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis. PHOTOBIOMODULATION PHOTOMEDICINE AND LASER SURGERY 2019; 37:729-735. [PMID: 31589587 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2019.4651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background and objective: To evaluate the effects of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine (AlClFc) adjuvant to scaling and root planing (SRP) on periodontal clinical parameters of patients with chronic periodontitis. Materials and methods: Fifty-four periodontal sites were randomly distributed into two groups: 27 in the test group (SRP+aPDT)-using a low-power laser application Photon Lase III (DMC Equipamentos Ltda, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil) with operational parameters of 660 nm and 100 mW for 15 sec, and 27 in the control group (SRP). SRP was performed in a single session and the periodontal clinical parameters such as visible plaque index, bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level were assessed at the baseline (T0) and 3 months after aPDT (T3). Results: Regarding BOP, a decrease in both treatment groups, the test group (p = 0.003) and control group (p = 0.001), was reported between T0 and T3. A reduction in PD and clinical insertion gain for both treatment groups (p < 0.05) after 3 months of therapy was observed, although nonsignificant (p > 0.05) in intergroup comparison. Conclusions: aPDT with AlClFc adjuvant to SRP did not provide additional benefits in reducing PD and clinical insertion gain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - João Paulo Figueiró Longo
- Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília/DF, Brazil
| | - Maiara de Moraes
- Department of Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Medicine, Rural Federal University of Semi-Árido (UFERSA), Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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Diogo P, F Faustino MA, P M S Neves MG, Palma PJ, P Baptista I, Gonçalves T, Santos JM. An Insight into Advanced Approaches for Photosensitizer Optimization in Endodontics-A Critical Review. J Funct Biomater 2019; 10:E44. [PMID: 31575005 PMCID: PMC6963755 DOI: 10.3390/jfb10040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apical periodontitis is a biofilm-mediated disease; therefore, an antimicrobial approach is essential to cure or prevent its development. In the quest for efficient strategies to achieve this objective, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has emerged as an alternative to classical endodontic irrigation solutions and antibiotics. The aim of the present critical review is to summarize the available evidence on photosensitizers (PSs) which has been confirmed in numerous studies from diverse areas combined with several antimicrobial strategies, as well as emerging options in order to optimize their properties and effects that might be translational and useful in the near future in basic endodontic research. Published data notably support the need for continuing the search for an ideal endodontic photosensitizer, that is, one which acts as an excellent antimicrobial agent without causing toxicity to the human host cells or presenting the risk of tooth discoloration. The current literature on experimental studies mainly relies on assessment of mixed disinfection protocols, combining approaches which are already available with aPDT as an adjunct therapy. In this review, several approaches concerning aPDT efficiency are appraised, such as the use of bacteriophages, biopolymers, drug and light delivery systems, efflux pump inhibitors, negative pressure systems, and peptides. The authors also analyzed their combination with other approaches for aPDT improvement, such as sonodynamic therapy. All of the aforementioned techniques have already been tested, and we highlight the biological challenges of each formulation, predicting that the collected information may encourage the development of other effective photoactive materials, in addition to being useful in endodontic basic research. Moreover, special attention is dedicated to studies on detailed conditions, aPDT features with a focus on PS enhancer strategies, and the respective final antimicrobial outcomes. From all the mentioned approaches, the two which are most widely discussed and which show the most promising outcomes for endodontic purposes are drug delivery systems (with strong development in nanoparticles) and PS solubilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Diogo
- Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal.
- FMUC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - M Amparo F Faustino
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE and Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - M Graça P M S Neves
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE and Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Paulo J Palma
- Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal.
- FMUC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Isabel P Baptista
- FMUC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Institute of Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Teresa Gonçalves
- FMUC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal.
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - João Miguel Santos
- Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal.
- FMUC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Gvozdev DA, Lukashev EP, Gorokhov VV, Pashchenko VZ. Photophysical Properties of Upconverting Nanoparticle-Phthalocyanine Complexes. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2019; 84:911-922. [PMID: 31522673 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919080078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interaction between upconverting nanoparticles and aluminum octacarboxyphthalocyanine was studied. The efficiency of non-radiative energy transfer from the nanoparticles to phthalocyanine increased with the number of phthalocyanine molecules adsorbed on the nanoparticle, but only up to a certain limit. Further increase in the phthalocyanine concentration resulted in a decrease of its sensitized fluorescence due to the dimerization of dye molecules on the nanoparticle surface. When subjected to infrared irradiation, phthalocyanine molecules in the hybrid complex generated singlet oxygen. The observed effects are of interest in regard to the targeted search for new components of efficient third-generation hybrid photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Gvozdev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - E P Lukashev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - V V Gorokhov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - V Z Pashchenko
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Miretti M, Juri L, Cosiansi MC, Tempesti TC, Baumgartner MT. Antimicrobial Effects of ZnPc Delivered into Liposomes on Multidrug Resistant (MDR)‐
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Miretti
- INFIQC (CONICET). Dpto. de Química OrgánicaFacultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Nacional de Córdoba. Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Córdoba 5000) Córdoba Argentina
| | - Leticia Juri
- Laboratorio Regional de TuberculosisHospital Transito Cáceres de Allende. Córdoba 5000) Córdoba Argentina
| | - María C. Cosiansi
- Laboratorio Regional de TuberculosisHospital Transito Cáceres de Allende. Córdoba 5000) Córdoba Argentina
| | - Tomas C. Tempesti
- INFIQC (CONICET). Dpto. de Química OrgánicaFacultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Nacional de Córdoba. Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Córdoba 5000) Córdoba Argentina
| | - María T. Baumgartner
- INFIQC (CONICET). Dpto. de Química OrgánicaFacultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Nacional de Córdoba. Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Córdoba 5000) Córdoba Argentina
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Rodrigues GB, Brancini GTP, Pinto MR, Primo FL, Wainwright M, Tedesco AC, Braga GÚL. Photodynamic inactivation of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis with aluminum phthalocyanine chloride nanoemulsion. Fungal Biol 2019; 124:297-303. [PMID: 32389291 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro susceptibilities of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis to Antimicrobial Photodynamic Treatment with aluminum phthalocyanine chloride in nanoemulsion (ClAlPc/NE) were investigated. PS concentration- and fluence-dependent cell survival after APDT were compared before and after unbound extracellular PS had been washed out. The PS uptake and its subcellular localization were also determined. Exposure to light in the absence of the PS and treatment with the PS in the absence of light did not kill the fungi. APDT with ClAlPc/NE resulted in a reduction of five orders of magnitude in viability for C. albicans and between four and five orders of magnitude for C. tropicalis. Washing the cells to remove unbound PS before light exposure did not impair fungal inactivation, suggesting that cell photosensitization was mainly carried out by cell bound ClAlPc. The degree of ClAlPc uptake was dependent on its concentration. Internalization of ClAlPc by C. albicans and C. tropicalis was confirmed by confocal fluorescence microscopy that showed the PS does not penetrate the nucleus and instead accumulates in specific regions of the cytoplasm. Our results show that incorporating the water-insoluble ClAlPc into a nanoemulsion leads to an efficient formulation capable of photoinactivating both Candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Braga Rodrigues
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Thomaz Pereira Brancini
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Rodrigues Pinto
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Lucas Primo
- Departamento de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Mark Wainwright
- Scholl of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Antonio Claudio Tedesco
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Úbida Leite Braga
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil.
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Alves F, Carmello JC, Mima EGDO, Costa CADS, Bagnato VS, Pavarina AC. Photodithazine-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans in vivo. Med Mycol 2019; 57:609-617. [PMID: 30339223 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the efficacy of antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans in a murine model of oral candidosis. Mice were inoculated with two clinical isolates (R10, R15) and one reference strain (ATCC) of resistant C. albicans to produce oral candidosis. After inoculation, aPDT mediated by Photodithazine® (PDZ) and LED light was performed. The use of PDZ or light only was also investigated. Additional animals were treated with Nystatin (NYS). Untreated or healthy mice were also evaluated. Microbiological evaluation was performed by recovering C. albicans from the tongue via colony-forming units. Animals were killed 24 hours after treatments, and the tongues were removed for histological analysis. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey test (P < .05). The results demonstrated that all strains showed the same behavior after aPDT and NYS treatment. A significant reduction in C. albicans viability was achieved after both treatments for R15 and ATCC. No significant reduction was verified for C. albicans R10 submitted to aPDT or NYS. The histological analysis revealed that aPDT did not cause side effects on tissues. aPDT was effective for inactivation of two fluconazole-resistant C. albicans of the three strains evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Alves
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Cabrini Carmello
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ewerton Garcia de Oliveira Mima
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto de Souza Costa
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato
- Biophotonics Lab, Group of Optics, Physics Institute of São Carlos, University of São Paulo - USP, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400, 13566-590, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Pavarina
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Aluminum phthalocyanine nanoparticles activation for local fluorescence spectroscopy in dentistry. BIOMEDICAL PHOTONICS 2018. [DOI: 10.24931/2413-9432-2018-7-3-4-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis of caries and tooth enamel microcracks is of great importance for preventing the destruction of healthy tooth enamel. Inorder to detect microcracks in the enamel and pathogenic microflora foci that can cause caries, nanoform of aluminum phthalocyanine (AlPc) can be used as a marker. In a colloidal solution, the nanoparticles do not fluoresce, unlike their molecular form. To convert the particle into its molecular form, it is necessary to have a solvent or specific environment (bacteria, macrophages, etc.). That is why the hydrophobic nanoparticles of aluminum phthalocyanine (nAlPc) can act as markers for detecting hidden pathogenic microflora during fluorescent diagnostics. Further reduction of the diagnosis time and increase the efficiency can be achieved by using biologically compatible surfactants as additional activators of nAlPc.In order to carry out local fluorescence spectroscopy of enamel microcracks and pathogenic microflora foci on the enamel surface, a model compound containing surfactants, auxiliary components and nAlPc colloid at a concentration of 10 mg/l was prepared.Studies on the interaction of the model compound with nAlPc and Protelan MST-35 with tooth enamel ex vivo have shown this surfactant to be a promising auxiliary activator of the nanoparticles, allowing conducting local fluorescence spectroscopy of the tooth enamel surface 3 min after application. In addition, statistical processing of the results showed the effectiveness of using the model compound for local fluorescence spectroscopy of the enamel surface in order to detect the enamel microcracks and the pathogenic microflora accumulation foci that can lead to the development of a cariogenic process.
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Trigo-Gutierrez JK, Sanitá PV, Tedesco AC, Pavarina AC, Mima EGDO. Effect of Chloroaluminium phthalocyanine in cationic nanoemulsion on photoinactivation of multispecies biofilm. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 24:212-219. [PMID: 30308310 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photosensitizers in nanocarriers have been investigated for antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT). However, most studies are focused against microorganisms in planktonic or monospecies biofilm. Thus, this in vitro study evaluated the effect of aPDT using Chloroaluminium phthalocyanine (ClAlPc) in cationic nanoemulsion (NE) against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Streptococcus mutans grown as multispecies biofilm. METHODS Standard suspensions of each microorganism were added into wells of a microtiter plate for biofilm growth for 48 h in a candle jar. The biofilms were incubated with ClAlPc in cationic NE at 31.8 μM for 30 min and illuminated with red light fluence of 39.3 J/cm2 (P+L+ group). Additional samples were treated only with photosensitizer (P+L-) or red light (P-L+) or neither (P-L-, control group). aPDT efficacy was assessed by colony quantification, biofilm's metabolic activity, total biomass, and confocal microscopy. Data were analyzed by ANOVA/Welch and post-hoc Tukey/Games-Howell tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS aPDT (P+L+) reduced the colony count in 1.30 to 2.24 lg10 and the metabolic activity in 53.7% compared with the control group (P-L-). The total biomass showed no statistical difference among the groups. The confocal microscopy analyzes showed uptake of the PS in the biofilm, and dead cells were observed in the biofilm treated with aPDT. CONCLUSION aPDT mediated by ClAlPc in cationic NE promoted photoinactivation of the multispecies biofilm, which was confirmed by colony quantification, metabolic activity, and confocal microscopy. However, the total biomass of the biofilm was not affected by the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffersson Krishan Trigo-Gutierrez
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Volpato Sanitá
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Claudio Tedesco
- Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineers, Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, FFCLRP-São Paulo University, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Pavarina
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ewerton Garcia de Oliveira Mima
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Hu X, Huang YY, Wang Y, Wang X, Hamblin MR. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy to Control Clinically Relevant Biofilm Infections. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1299. [PMID: 29997579 PMCID: PMC6030385 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm describes a microbially-derived sessile community in which microbial cells are firmly attached to the substratum and embedded in extracellular polymeric matrix. Microbial biofilms account for up to 80% of all bacterial and fungal infections in humans. Biofilm-associated pathogens are particularly resistant to antibiotic treatment, and thus novel antibiofilm approaches needed to be developed. Antimicrobial Photodynamic therapy (aPDT) had been recently proposed to combat clinically relevant biofilms such as dental biofilms, ventilator associated pneumonia, chronic wound infections, oral candidiasis, and chronic rhinosinusitis. aPDT uses non-toxic dyes called photosensitizers (PS), which can be excited by harmless visible light to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). aPDT is a multi-stage process including topical PS administration, light irradiation, and interaction of the excited state with ambient oxygen. Numerous in vitro and in vivo aPDT studies have demonstrated biofilm-eradication or substantial reduction. ROS are produced upon photo-activation and attack adjacent targets, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids present within the biofilm matrix, on the cell surface and inside the microbial cells. Damage to non-specific targets leads to the destruction of both planktonic cells and biofilms. The review aims to summarize the progress of aPDT in destroying biofilms and the mechanisms mediated by ROS. Finally, a brief section provides suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yuguang Wang
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
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George L, Hiltunen A, Santala V, Efimov A. Photo-antimicrobial efficacy of zinc complexes of porphyrin and phthalocyanine activated by inexpensive consumer LED lamp. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 183:94-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Cieplik F, Deng D, Crielaard W, Buchalla W, Hellwig E, Al-Ahmad A, Maisch T. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy - what we know and what we don't. Crit Rev Microbiol 2018; 44:571-589. [PMID: 29749263 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2018.1467876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Considering increasing number of pathogens resistant towards commonly used antibiotics as well as antiseptics, there is a pressing need for antimicrobial approaches that are capable of inactivating pathogens efficiently without the risk of inducing resistances. In this regard, an alternative approach is the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). The antimicrobial effect of aPDT is based on the principle that visible light activates a per se non-toxic molecule, the so-called photosensitizer (PS), resulting in generation of reactive oxygen species that kill bacteria unselectively via an oxidative burst. During the last 10-20 years, there has been extensive in vitro research on novel PS as well as light sources, which is now to be translated into clinics. In this review, we aim to provide an overview about the history of aPDT, its fundamental photochemical and photophysical mechanisms as well as photosensitizers and light sources that are currently applied for aPDT in vitro. Furthermore, the potential of resistances towards aPDT is extensively discussed and implications for proper comparison of in vitro studies regarding aPDT as well as for potential application fields in clinical practice are given. Overall, this review shall provide an outlook on future research directions needed for successful translation of promising in vitro results in aPDT towards clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Cieplik
- a Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology , University Medical Center Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany.,b Department of Preventive Dentistry , Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Dongmei Deng
- b Department of Preventive Dentistry , Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Wim Crielaard
- b Department of Preventive Dentistry , Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Buchalla
- a Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology , University Medical Center Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Elmar Hellwig
- c Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine , Center for Dental Medicine, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Ali Al-Ahmad
- c Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine , Center for Dental Medicine, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Tim Maisch
- d Department of Dermatology , University Medical Center Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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Trigo Gutierrez JK, Zanatta GC, Ortega ALM, Balastegui MIC, Sanitá PV, Pavarina AC, Barbugli PA, Mima EGDO. Encapsulation of curcumin in polymeric nanoparticles for antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187418. [PMID: 29107978 PMCID: PMC5673165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin (CUR) has been used as photosensitizer in antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT). However its poor water solubility, instability, and scarce bioavalibility hinder its in vivo application. The aim of this study was to synthesize curcumin in polymeric nanoparticles (NP) and to evaluate their antimicrobial photodynamic effect and cytoxicity. CUR in anionic and cationic NP was synthesized using polylactic acid and dextran sulfate by the nanoprecipitation method. For cationic NP, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide was added. CUR-NP were characterized by physicochemical properties, photodegradation, encapsulation efficiency and release of curcumin from nanoparticles. CUR-NP was compared with free CUR in 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a photosensitizer for aPDT against planktonic and biofilms (mono-, dual- and triple-species) cultures of Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The cytotoxicity effect of formulations was evaluated on keratinocytes. Data were analysed by parametric (ANOVA) and non-parametric (Kruskal-Wallis) tests (α = 0.05). CUR-NP showed alteration in the physicochemical properties along time, photodegradation similar to free curcumin, encapsulation efficiency up to 67%, and 96% of release after 48h. After aPDT planktonic cultures showed reductions from 0.78 log10 to complete eradication, while biofilms showed no antimicrobial effect or reductions up to 4.44 log10. Anionic CUR-NP showed reduced photoinactivation of biofilms. Cationic CUR-NP showed microbicidal effect even in absence of light. Anionic formulations showed no cytotoxic effect compared with free CUR and cationic CUR-NP and NP. The synthesized formulations improved the water solubility of CUR, showed higher antimicrobial photodynamic effect for planktonic cultures than for biofilms, and the encapsulation of CUR in anionic NP reduced the cytotoxicity of 10% DMSO used for free CUR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffersson Krishan Trigo Gutierrez
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Cristina Zanatta
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Laura Mira Ortega
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabella Cuba Balastegui
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Volpato Sanitá
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Pavarina
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Aboud Barbugli
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ewerton Garcia de Oliveira Mima
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Md S, Haque S, Madheswaran T, Zeeshan F, Meka VS, Radhakrishnan AK, Kesharwani P. Lipid based nanocarriers system for topical delivery of photosensitizers. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1274-1283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Antimicrobial and anticancer photodynamic activity of a phthalocyanine photosensitizer with N -methyl morpholiniumethoxy substituents in non-peripheral positions. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 172:67-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Photodynamic inactivation of pathogenic species Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans with lutetium (III) acetate phthalocyanines and specific light irradiation. Lasers Med Sci 2016; 31:1591-1598. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-016-2022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Carmello JC, Alves F, Ribeiro APD, Basso FG, de Souza Costa CA, Tedesco AC, Primo FL, Mima EG, Pavarina AC. In vivophotodynamic inactivation ofCandida albicansusing chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine. Oral Dis 2016; 22:415-22. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- JC Carmello
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics; Araraquara Dental School; UNESP- Univ Estadual Paulista; Araraquara Brazil
| | - F Alves
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics; Araraquara Dental School; UNESP- Univ Estadual Paulista; Araraquara Brazil
| | - APD Ribeiro
- Department of Dentistry; School of Health Science; UnB - University of Brasília; Brasília Brazil
| | - FG Basso
- Department of Physiology and Pathology; Araraquara Dental School; UNESP- Univ Estadual Paulista; Araraquara Brazil
| | - CA de Souza Costa
- Department of Physiology and Pathology; Araraquara Dental School; UNESP- Univ Estadual Paulista; Araraquara Brazil
| | - AC Tedesco
- Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineers; Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group; FFCLRP-São Paulo University; Ribeirão Preto Brazil
| | - FL Primo
- Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; UNESP- Univ Estadual Paulista; Araraquara Brazil
| | - EG Mima
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics; Araraquara Dental School; UNESP- Univ Estadual Paulista; Araraquara Brazil
| | - AC Pavarina
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics; Araraquara Dental School; UNESP- Univ Estadual Paulista; Araraquara Brazil
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Asem H, El-Fattah AA, Nafee N, Zhao Y, Khalil L, Muhammed M, Hassan M, Kandil S. Development and biodistribution of a theranostic aluminum phthalocyanine nanophotosensitizer. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2015; 13:48-57. [PMID: 26708297 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aluminum phthalocyanine (AlPc) is an efficient second generation photosensitizer (PS) with high fluorescence ability. Its use in photodynamic therapy (PDT) is hampered by hydrophobicity and poor biodistribution. METHODS AlPc was converted to a biocompatible nanostructure by incorporation into amphiphilic polyethylene glycol-polycaprolactone (PECL) copolymer nanoparticles, allowing efficient entrapment of the PS in the hydrophobic core, water dispersibility and biodistribution enhancement by PEG-induced surface characteristics. A series of synthesized PECL copolymers were used to prepare nanophotosensitizers with an average diameter of 66.5-99.1nm and encapsulation efficiency (EE%) of 66.4-78.0%. One formulation with favorable colloidal properties and relatively slow release over 7 days was selected for in vitro photophysical assessment and in vivo biodistribution studies in mice. RESULTS The photophysical properties of AlPc were improved by encapsulating AlPc into PECL-NPs, which showed intense fluorescence emission at 687nm and no AlPc aggregation has been induced after entrapment into the nanoparticles. Biodistribution of AlPc loaded NPs (AlPc-NPs) and free AlPc drug in mice was monitored by in vivo whole body fluorescence imaging and ex vivo organ imaging, with in vivo imaging system (IVIS). Compared to a AlPc solution in aqueous TWEEN 80 (2 w/v%), the developed nanophotosensitizer showed targeted drug delivery to lungs, liver and spleen as monitored by the intrinsic fluorescence of AlPc at different time points (1h, 24h and 48h) post iv. administration. CONCLUSIONS The AlPc-based copolymer nanoparticles developed offer potential as a single agent-multifunctional theranostic nanophotosensitizer for PDT coupled with imaging-guided drug delivery and biodistribution, and possibly also fluorescence diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Asem
- Experimental Cancer Medicine (ECM), Department of Laboratory Medicine, NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Materials Science, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt; Functional Materials Division (FNM), Department of Materials and Nanophysics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ahmed Abd El-Fattah
- Department of Materials Science, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Noha Nafee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ying Zhao
- Experimental Cancer Medicine (ECM), Department of Laboratory Medicine, NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden; Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Labiba Khalil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mamoun Muhammed
- Functional Materials Division (FNM), Department of Materials and Nanophysics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Moustapha Hassan
- Experimental Cancer Medicine (ECM), Department of Laboratory Medicine, NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden; Clinical Research Center (KFC), NOVUM, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sherif Kandil
- Department of Materials Science, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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Hafner S, Ehrenfeld M, Storz E, Wieser A. Photodynamic Inactivation of Actinomyces naeslundii in Comparison With Chlorhexidine and Polyhexanide--A New Approach for Antiseptic Treatment of Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015; 74:516-22. [PMID: 26450798 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Local antimicrobial therapy is a fundamental principle in the treatment of lesions of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as a local application for the treatment of microbial infections has become more widely used in recent years. In the mouth, the bone surface is in constant contact with saliva and thus cannot be kept sterile, making the development of strategies for disinfection even more important. Different methods currently in use include local rinses with chlorhexidine (CHX), polyhexanide (PHX), or aPDT. This study compared the efficiency of these 3 methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS The in vitro activity of 3 different agents against slowly growing Actinomyces naeslundii isolated from a patient with osteonecrosis was evaluated. PHX 0.04% solution, CHX 0.12% solution, and methylene blue (MB) based dye with a laser light of 660-nm wavelength (aPDT) were compared. RESULTS The decrease in colony-forming units by each method was measured using an in vitro killing assay based on a water-exposed surface in a well plate. MB dye with laser (10 seconds) decreased the bacterial load by more than 4 orders of magnitude and was superior to PHX and CHX exposure for 60 seconds. CONCLUSION Laser exposure alone and MB dye exposure alone decreased bacterial loads slightly, but less efficiently than 60-second exposure to PHX or CHX. The most effective means of decreasing colony-forming units was achieved by a combination of laser light and dye, which also can be used clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigurd Hafner
- Senior Resident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Ehrenfeld
- Professor and Department Head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Enno Storz
- Scientific Assistant, Department of Bacteriology, Max von Pettenkofer Institute (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Wieser
- Senior Resident, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich; Department of Bacteriology, Max von Pettenkofer Institute (LMU), Munich; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany; College of Public Health and Medical Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
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Beirão S, Fernandes S, Coelho J, Faustino MAF, Tomé JPC, Neves MGPMS, Tomé AC, Almeida A, Cunha A. Photodynamic inactivation of bacterial and yeast biofilms with a cationic porphyrin. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:1387-96. [PMID: 25112506 DOI: 10.1111/php.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin tetra-iodide (Tetra-Py(+)-Me) in the photodynamic inactivation of single-species biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans and mixed biofilms of S. aureus and C. albicans was evaluated. The effect on the extracellular matrix of P. aeruginosa was also assessed. Irradiation with white light up to an energy dose of 64.8 J cm(-2) in the presence of 20 μm of Tetra-Py(+)-Me caused significant inactivation in all single-species biofilms (3-6 log reductions), although the susceptibility was attenuated in relation to planktonic cells. In mixed biofilms, the inactivation of S. aureus was as efficient as in single-species biofilms but the susceptibility of C. albicans decreased. In P. aeruginosa biofilms, a reduction of 81% in the polysaccharide content of the matrix was observed after treatment with a 20 μm PS concentration and a total light dose of 64.8 J cm(-2). The results show that the Tetra-Py(+)-Me causes significant inactivation of the microorganisms, either in biofilms or in the planktonic form, and demonstrate that polysaccharides of the biofilm matrix may be a primary target of photodynamic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Beirão
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Cieplik F, Tabenski L, Buchalla W, Maisch T. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for inactivation of biofilms formed by oral key pathogens. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:405. [PMID: 25161649 PMCID: PMC4130309 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing numbers of antibiotic-resistant pathogens all over the world there is a pressing need for strategies that are capable of inactivating biofilm-state pathogens with less potential of developing resistances in pathogens. Antimicrobial strategies of that kind are especially needed in dentistry in order to avoid the usage of antibiotics for treatment of periodontal, endodontic or mucosal topical infections caused by bacterial or yeast biofilms. One possible option could be the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), whereby the lethal effect of aPDT is based on the principle that visible light activates a photosensitizer (PS), leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species, e.g., singlet oxygen, which induce phototoxicity immediately during illumination. Many compounds have been described as potential PS for aPDT against bacterial and yeast biofilms so far, but conflicting results have been reported. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to outline the actual state of the art regarding the potential of aPDT for inactivation of biofilms formed in vitro with a main focus on those formed by oral key pathogens and structured regarding the distinct types of PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Cieplik
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
| | - Laura Tabenski
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Buchalla
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tim Maisch
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
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Khan MSA, Ahmad I, Sajid M, Cameotra SS. Current and Emergent Control Strategies for Medical Biofilms. SPRINGER SERIES ON BIOFILMS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-53833-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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