Adapting preference-based utility measures to capture the impact of cancer treatment-related symptoms

Patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments used in patients undergoing adoptive cell therapy (ACT) for the treatment of cancer: a systematic review

INTRODUCTION

Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) is a rapidly evolving field. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) allow patients to report the impact of treatment on their quality of life during and after treatment. The systematic review aims to characterise the breadth of PROs utilised in ACT cancer care and provide guidance for the use of PROs in this patient population in the future.

METHODS

A systematic search was conducted (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase and CINAHL) in August 2021 by two reviewers. Search terms covered the following: "adoptive cell therapy", "patient-reported outcomes" and "cancer". Studies were included if they used a PRO measure to report the impact of ACT. The methodological quality of PROs was assessed. Forward and backward reference searching was conducted of any relevant papers. A quality grading scale was applied based on Cochrane and Revenson criteria for classification of high-quality studies. Key data from the studies and the included PROs was extracted by two researchers and tabulated.

RESULTS

One-hundred nine papers were identified; 11 papers were included. The majority of studies were single-arm trials or observational studies. Twenty-two different PROs were identified; none was ACT specific. The PROMIS-29 and EQ-5D were most commonly used. Few studies collected PRO data in the first 1-2 weeks. Four studies followed patients up for over a year, and a further four studies followed patients for approximately 3 months.

DISCUSSION

None of the PROs identified have been designed specifically for ACT. Appropriateness of existing instruments should be considered. It should be considered whether it is appropriate to collect data more frequently in the acute stage and then less frequently during follow-up. It should be considered if one tool is suitable at all time points or if the tool should be adapted depending on time since treatment. More research is needed to identify the exact timings of PRO assessments, and qualitative work with patients is needed to determine the most important issues for them throughout the treatment and follow-up.

Targeting Tumor Microenvironment by Metal Peroxide Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy

Solid tumors have a unique tumor microenvironment (TME), which includes hypoxia, low acidity, and high hydrogen peroxide and glutathione (GSH) levels, among others. These unique factors, which offer favourable microenvironments and nourishment for tumor development and spread, also serve as a gateway for specific and successful cancer therapies. A good example is metal peroxide structures which have been synthesized and utilized to enhance oxygen supply and they have shown great promise in the alleviation of hypoxia. In a hypoxic environment, certain oxygen-dependent treatments such as photodynamic therapy and radiotherapy fail to respond and therefore modulating the hypoxic tumor microenvironment has been found to enhance the antitumor impact of certain drugs. Under acidic environments, the hydrogen peroxide produced by the reaction of metal peroxides with water not only induces oxidative stress but also produces additional oxygen. This is achieved since hydrogen peroxide acts as a reactive substrate for molecules such as catalyse enzymes, alleviating tumor hypoxia observed in the tumor microenvironment. Metal ions released in the process can also offer distinct bioactivity in their own right. Metal peroxides used in anticancer therapy are a rapidly evolving field, and there is good evidence that they are a good option for regulating the tumor microenvironment in cancer therapy. In this regard, the synthesis and mechanisms behind the successful application of metal peroxides to specifically target the tumor microenvironment are highlighted in this review. Various characteristics of TME such as angiogenesis, inflammation, hypoxia, acidity levels, and metal ion homeostasis are addressed in this regard, together with certain forms of synergistic combination treatments.

Criteria for developing, assessing and selecting candidate EQ-5D bolt-ons

Purpose

‘Bolt-on’ dimensions are additional items added to multi-attribute utility instruments (MAUIs) such as EQ-5D that measure constructs not included in the core descriptive system. The use of bolt-ons has been proposed to improve the content validity and responsiveness of the descriptive system in certain settings and health conditions. EQ-5D bolt-ons serve a particular purpose and thus satisfy a certain set of criteria. The aim of this paper is to propose a set of criteria to guide the development, assessment and selection of candidate bolt-on descriptors.

Methods

Criteria were developed using an iterative approach. First, existing criteria were identified from the literature including those used to guide the development of MAUIs, the COSMIN checklist and reviews of existing bolt-ons. Second, processes used to develop bolt-ons based on qualitative and quantitative approaches were considered. The information from these two stages was formalised into draft development and selection criteria. These were reviewed by the project team and iteratively refined.

Results

Overall, 23 criteria for the development, assessment and selection of candidate bolt-ons were formulated. Development criteria focused on issues relating to i) structure, ii) language, and iii) consistency with the existing EQ-5D dimension structure. Assessment and selection criteria focused on face and content validity and classical psychometric indicators.

Conclusion

The criteria generated can be used to guide the development of bolt-ons across different health areas. They can also be used to assess existing bolt-ons, and inform their inclusion in studies and patient groups where the EQ-5D may lack content validity.