1
|
Losada JM. Concluding Embryogenesis After Diaspora: Seed Germination in Illicium Parviflorum. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:1352-1363. [PMID: 37349968 PMCID: PMC10755177 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Albuminous seeds, dispersed with a minimally developed embryo surrounded by nutrient storage tissue, are pervasive across extinct and extant early diverging angiosperm lineages. Typically, seed ontogenic studies have focused on the time between fertilization and seed release, but in albuminous seeds, embryogenesis is incomplete at the time of seed dispersal. Here, I studied the morphological and nutritional relationships between the embryo and the endosperm after seed dispersal in Illicium parviflorum (Austrobaileyales). Seeds of I. parviflorum germinate over a period of three months. Different stages during the germination process were anatomically evaluated using a combination of histochemistry and immunocytochemistry. At dispersal, the seeds of Illicium contain a tiny achlorophyllous embryo with minimal histological differentiation, surrounded by copious amounts of lipo-protein globules stored in the endosperm within cell walls rich in un-esterified pectins. Six weeks later, the embryo expanded and differentiated the vascular tissues before the emergence of the radicle through the seed coat, as the stored lipids and proteins coalesced within cells. Six weeks later, the cotyledons contained starch and complex lipids intracellularly, and accumulated low-esterified pectins in their cell walls. The proteolipid-rich albuminous seeds of Illicium exemplify how woody angiosperms of the Austrobaileyales, Amborellales, and many magnoliids release seeds with high-energy storage compounds that are reprocessed by embryos that complete development during germination. Seedlings of these lineages thrive in the understory of tropical environments, which match with the predicted habitats where angiosperms evolved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Losada
- Institute of Subtropical and Mediterranean Hortofruticulture La Mayora – CSIC – UMA. Avda. Dr. Wienberg s/n., Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, 29750, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Villegente M, Marmey P, Job C, Galland M, Cueff G, Godin B, Rajjou L, Balliau T, Zivy M, Fogliani B, Sarramegna-Burtet V, Job D. A Combination of Histological, Physiological, and Proteomic Approaches Shed Light on Seed Desiccation Tolerance of the Basal Angiosperm Amborella trichopoda. Proteomes 2017; 5:E19. [PMID: 28788068 PMCID: PMC5620536 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes5030019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Desiccation tolerance allows plant seeds to remain viable in a dry state for years and even centuries. To reveal potential evolutionary processes of this trait, we have conducted a shotgun proteomic analysis of isolated embryo and endosperm from mature seeds of Amborella trichopoda, an understory shrub endemic to New Caledonia that is considered to be the basal extant angiosperm. The present analysis led to the characterization of 415 and 69 proteins from the isolated embryo and endosperm tissues, respectively. The role of these proteins is discussed in terms of protein evolution and physiological properties of the rudimentary, underdeveloped, Amborella embryos, notably considering that the acquisition of desiccation tolerance corresponds to the final developmental stage of mature seeds possessing large embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Villegente
- Institut des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées (EA 7484), Université de Nouvelle-Calédonie, BP R4, 98851 Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie.
| | - Philippe Marmey
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), UMR Diversité, Adaptation et Développement des plantes (DIADE), BP A5, 98848 Nouméa Cedex, Nouvelle-Calédonie.
| | - Claudette Job
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CNRS-Université Claude Bernard Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées-Bayer CropScience (UMR5240), Bayer CropScience, F-69263 Lyon CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Marc Galland
- IJPB, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (Institut National de la Rechercherche Agronomique(INRA), AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay) ; « Saclay Plant Sciences (SPS) » - RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France.
| | - Gwendal Cueff
- IJPB, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (Institut National de la Rechercherche Agronomique(INRA), AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay) ; « Saclay Plant Sciences (SPS) » - RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France.
- AgroParisTech, Département « Science de la Vie et Santé », Unité de Formation-Recherche en Physiologie végétale, F-75231 Paris, France.
| | - Béatrice Godin
- IJPB, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (Institut National de la Rechercherche Agronomique(INRA), AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay) ; « Saclay Plant Sciences (SPS) » - RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France.
- AgroParisTech, Département « Science de la Vie et Santé », Unité de Formation-Recherche en Physiologie végétale, F-75231 Paris, France.
| | - Loïc Rajjou
- IJPB, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (Institut National de la Rechercherche Agronomique(INRA), AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay) ; « Saclay Plant Sciences (SPS) » - RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France.
- AgroParisTech, Département « Science de la Vie et Santé », Unité de Formation-Recherche en Physiologie végétale, F-75231 Paris, France.
| | - Thierry Balliau
- Plateforme d'Analyse Protéomique de Paris Sud Ouest (PAPPSO), GQE-Le Moulon, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Michel Zivy
- Plateforme d'Analyse Protéomique de Paris Sud Ouest (PAPPSO), GQE-Le Moulon, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Bruno Fogliani
- Institut des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées (EA 7484), Université de Nouvelle-Calédonie, BP R4, 98851 Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie.
- Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien (IAC), Équipe ARBOREAL, Agriculture Biodiversité et Valorisation, BP 73 Port Laguerre, 98890 Païta, Nouvelle-Calédonie.
| | - Valérie Sarramegna-Burtet
- Institut des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées (EA 7484), Université de Nouvelle-Calédonie, BP R4, 98851 Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie.
| | - Dominique Job
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CNRS-Université Claude Bernard Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées-Bayer CropScience (UMR5240), Bayer CropScience, F-69263 Lyon CEDEX 9, France.
- AgroParisTech, Département « Science de la Vie et Santé », Unité de Formation-Recherche en Physiologie végétale, F-75231 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Losada JM, Bachelier JB, Friedman WE. Prolonged embryogenesis in Austrobaileya scandens (Austrobaileyaceae): its ecological and evolutionary significance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017. [PMID: 28631322 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The embryology of basal angiosperm lineages (Amborella, Nymphaeales and Austrobaileyales) is central to reconstructing the early evolution of flowering plants. Previous studies have shown that mature seeds in Austrobaileyales are albuminous, with a small embryo surrounded by a substantial diploid endosperm. However, little is known of seed ontogeny and seedling germination in Austrobaileya scandens, sister to all other extant Austrobaileyales. Standard histochemical techniques were used to study ovule/seed development and germination of Austrobaileya. Early development of the endosperm in Austrobaileya is ab initio cellular with pronounced cell proliferation. The nucellus transiently accumulates some starch, but is obliterated by expansion of a massive endosperm, where all embryo-nourishing reserves are ultimately stored. Twelve months elapse from fertilization to fruit abscission. Seeds are dispersed with a minute embryo, requiring 12 additional months for seedling establishment. The 2 yr required for seedling establishment is an apomorphic feature of Austrobaileya, probably related to germination in extremely dark understory conditions. Remarkably, although Austrobaileya seeds are nearly 50 times larger (by length) than the smallest seeds of extinct and extant members of early divergent angiosperm lineages, the embryo to seed ratio (E : S) falls squarely within the narrow range that characterizes the albuminous seeds of ancient flowering plant lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Losada
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 1300 Centre Street, Boston, MA, 02131, USA
| | - Julien B Bachelier
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Institute of Biology, Structural and Functional Plant Diversity Group, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstrasse 6, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - William E Friedman
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 1300 Centre Street, Boston, MA, 02131, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fogliani B, Gâteblé G, Villegente M, Fabre I, Klein N, Anger N, Baskin CC, Scutt CP. The morphophysiological dormancy in Amborella trichopoda seeds is a pleisiomorphic trait in angiosperms. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:581-590. [PMID: 28087660 PMCID: PMC5379585 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recent parsimony-based reconstructions suggest that seeds of early angiosperms had either morphophysiological or physiological dormancy, with the former considered as more probable. The aim of this study was to determine the class of seed dormancy present in Amborella trichopoda , the sole living representative of the most basal angiosperm lineage Amborellales, with a view to resolving fully the class of dormancy present at the base of the angiosperm clade. METHODS Drupes of A. trichopoda without fleshy parts were germinated and dissected to observe their structure and embryo growth. Pre-treatments including acid scarification, gibberellin treatment and seed excision were tested to determine their influence on dormancy breakage and germination. Character-state mapping by maximum parsimony, incorporating data from the present work and published sources, was then used to determine the likely class of dormancy present in early angiosperms. KEY RESULTS Germination in A. trichopoda requires a warm stratification period of at least approx. 90 d, which is followed by endosperm swelling, causing the water-permeable pericarp-mesocarp envelope to split open. The embryo then grows rapidly within the seed, to radicle emergence some 17 d later and cotyledon emergence after an additional 24 d. Gibberellin treatment, acid scarification and excision of seeds from the surrounding drupe tissues all promoted germination by shortening the initial phase of dormancy, prior to embryo growth. CONCLUSIONS Seeds of A. trichopoda have non-deep simple morphophysiological dormancy, in which mechanical resistance of the pericarp-mesocarp envelope plays a key role in the initial physiological phase. Maximum parsimony analyses, including data obtained in the present work, indicate that morphophysiological dormancy is likely to be a pleisiomorphic trait in flowering plants. The significance of this conclusion for studies of early angiosperm evolution is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fogliani
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), BP 73 Port Laguerre, 98890 Païta, New Caledonia
- Laboratoire Insulaire du Vivant et de l’Environnement (LIVE)–EA 4243, University of New Caledonia (UNC), BP R4, 98851 Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Gildas Gâteblé
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), BP 73 Port Laguerre, 98890 Païta, New Caledonia
| | - Matthieu Villegente
- Laboratoire Insulaire du Vivant et de l’Environnement (LIVE)–EA 4243, University of New Caledonia (UNC), BP R4, 98851 Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Isabelle Fabre
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), BP 73 Port Laguerre, 98890 Païta, New Caledonia
| | - Nicolas Klein
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), BP 73 Port Laguerre, 98890 Païta, New Caledonia
- Laboratoire Insulaire du Vivant et de l’Environnement (LIVE)–EA 4243, University of New Caledonia (UNC), BP R4, 98851 Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Nicolas Anger
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), BP 73 Port Laguerre, 98890 Païta, New Caledonia
| | - Carol C Baskin
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Charlie P Scutt
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes (RDP; UMR5667, CNRS-INRA-Université de Lyon), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Anger N, Fogliani B, Scutt CP, Gâteblé G. Dioecy in Amborella trichopoda: evidence for genetically based sex determination and its consequences for inferences of the breeding system in early angiosperms. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:591-597. [PMID: 28110266 PMCID: PMC5604545 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS This work aimed to gain insight into the breeding system at the base of living angiosperms through both character state reconstructions and the study of sex ratios and phenotypes in the likely sister to all other living angiosperms, Amborella trichopoda . METHODS Sex phenotypes were mapped onto a phylogeny of basally diverging angiosperms using maximum parsimony. In parallel, sex ratios and phenotypes were studied over two consecutive flowering seasons in an ex situ population of A. trichopoda , while the sex ratio of an in situ population was also assessed. KEY RESULTS Parsimony analyses failed to resolve the breeding system present at the base of living angiosperms, but indicated the importance of A. trichopoda for the future elucidation of this question. The ex situ A. trichopoda population studied showed a primary sex ratio close to 1:1, though sex ratio bias was found in the in situ population studied. Instances of sexual instability were quantified in both populations. CONCLUSIONS Sex ratio data support the presence of genetic sex determination in A. trichopoda , whose further elucidation may guide inferences on the breeding system at the base of living angiosperms. Sexual instability in A. trichopoda suggests the operation of epigenetic mechanisms, and the evolution of dioecy via a gynodioecious intermediate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Anger
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), BP 73 Port Laguerre, 98890 Païta, New Caledonia
| | - Bruno Fogliani
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), BP 73 Port Laguerre, 98890 Païta, New Caledonia
- Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC), Laboratoire Insulaire du Vivant et de l'Environnement (LIVE), 98851 Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Charles P. Scutt
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes (UMR 5667: CNRS-INRA-Université de Lyon), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon (ENS-Lyon), 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Gildas Gâteblé
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), BP 73 Port Laguerre, 98890 Païta, New Caledonia
| |
Collapse
|