MIR4435-2HG regulates cancer cell behaviors in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell growth by upregulating TGF-β1

MIR4435-2HG as a possible novel predictive biomarker of chemotherapy response and death in pediatric B-cell ALL

Introduction: Although B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-cell ALL) survival rates have improved in recent years, Hispanic children continue to have poorer survival rates. There are few tools available to identify at the time of diagnosis whether the patient will respond to induction therapy. Our goal was to identify predictive biomarkers of treatment response, which could also serve as prognostic biomarkers of death, by identifying methylated and differentially expressed genes between patients with positive minimal residual disease (MRD+) and negative minimal residual disease (MRD-). Methods: DNA and RNA were extracted from tumor blasts separated by immunomagnetic columns. Illumina MethlationEPIC and mRNA sequencing assays were performed on 13 bone marrows from Hispanic children with B-cell ALL. Partek Flow was used for transcript mapping and quantification, followed by differential expression analysis using DEseq2. DNA methylation analyses were performed with Partek Genomic Suite and Genome Studio. Gene expression and differential methylation were compared between patients with MRD-/- and MRD+/+ at the end of induction chemotherapy. Overexpressed and hypomethylated genes were selected and validated by RT-qPCR in samples of an independent validation cohort. The predictive ability of the genes was assessed by logistic regression. Survival and Cox regression analyses were performed to determine the association of genes with death. Results: DAPK1, BOC, CNKSR3, MIR4435-2HG, CTHRC1, NPDC1, SLC45A3, ITGA6, and ASCL2 were overexpressed and hypomethylated in MRD+/+ patients. Overexpression was also validated by RT-qPCR. DAPK1, BOC, ASCL2, and CNKSR3 can predict refractoriness, but MIR4435-2HG is the best predictor. Additionally, higher expression of MIR4435-2HG increases the probability of non-response, death, and the risk of death. Finally, MIR4435-2HG overexpression, together with MRD+, are associated with poorer survival, and together with overexpression of DAPK1 and ASCL2, it could improve the risk classification of patients with normal karyotype. Conclusion: MIR4435-2HG is a potential predictive biomarker of treatment response and death in children with B-cell ALL.

Bioinformatic analysis and verification of a lipid metabolism-related long noncoding RNA prognostic signature for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

PURPOSE

Both lipid metabolism reprogramming and lncRNAs exert effects on tumor development. We aimed to predict the prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) based on lipid metabolism-related (LR)-lncRNAs.

METHODS

LR-lncRNAs were determined from the RNA-ref profiles of HNSCC samples in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The prognostic model was established by univariate Cox and Lasso regression analysis. Clinical relevance and predictive accuracy were investigated, and external validation was also performed in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) cohort. Tumor immune infiltration and relevant functional analysis, including the association of autophagy with prognostic signatures, were conducted through single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA). The regulatory network of candidate LR-lncRNAs was investigated via coexpression, ceRNA and cis/trans acting interactions. Potential genes were selected through qRT-PCR analysis, and their effects on tumor biological activities and autophagic activity were explored after gene knockdown.

RESULTS

A total of 222 LR-lncRNAs were identified. Among the 41 genes with prognostic significance, 17 lncRNAs were eligible for the risk model. Patients in the high-risk group had a poorer prognosis than those in the low-risk group, and the risk score was found to be positively associated with tumor microenvironment infiltration via multiple algorithms. Furthermore, improved prognosis was found in patients with high autophagic scores and low risk scores, and autophagy-related genes such as PINK1 and CCL2 showed significantly lower expression in the low-risk group. The expression of immune checkpoint genes such as CD28, CTLA4 and PDCD1 decreased dramatically in the high-risk group. The target genes of candidate lncRNAs were confirmed, such as ENO2 and PPAR-gamma. Furthermore, MIR4435-2HG was the most significantly overexpressed lncRNA in HNSCC cell lines and tumor samples, which could promote proliferation and migration and inhibit apoptosis. Additionally, MIR4435-2HG silencing activated autophagy by increasing LC3B expression.

CONCLUSION

This study constructed an LR-lncRNA prognostic signature for HNSCC and indicated its relationships with tumor immunity and autophagy, which provides a promising future for LR-lncRNA-oriented prognostic tools and therapeutic targets.

Biological Roles and Pathogenic Mechanisms of LncRNA MIR4435-2HG in Cancer: A Comprehensive Review

The long non-coding RNA MIR4435-2HG has been confirmed to play a crucial regulatory role in various types of tumors. As a novel type of non-coding RNA, MIR4435-2HG plays a key role in regulating the expression of tumor-related genes, interfering with cellular signaling pathways, and affecting tumor immune evasion. Its unique structure allows it to regulate the expression of various tumor-related genes through different pathways, participating in the regulation of tumor signaling pathways, such as regulating the expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, influencing the biological behaviors of proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis in tumors. Numerous studies have found a high expression of MIR4435-2HG in various tumor tissues, closely related to the clinical pathological characteristics of tumors, such as staging, lymph node metastasis and prognosis. Some studies have discovered that MIR4435-2HG can regulate the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapy drugs, affecting tumor cell drug resistance. This provides new insights into overcoming tumor drug resistance by regulating MIR4435-2HG. Therefore, studying its molecular mechanisms, expression regulation, and its relationship with the clinical features of tumors is of great significance for revealing the mechanisms of tumor occurrence and developing new therapeutic targets.

Emerging cell cycle related non-coding RNA biomarkers from saliva and blood for oral squamous cell carcinoma

The unnotified or undifferentiable early stages of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) progression are the prime reasons for late-stage detection and poor survival outcomes of oral cancer. This review summarizes the prior research and recent advancements on the influence of dysregulated non-coding RNA (ncRNA) on cell cycle and their employability as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of oral cancer. The literature search was performed using the following keywords: 'serum/saliva non-coding RNAs' and 'serum/saliva non-coding RNAs and cell cycle', 'serum/saliva dysregulated ncRNAs and cell cycle', 'Cdk/CKI and ncRNAs', 'tissue ncRNAs' concerning 'oral cancer''. The compiled data focuses mainly on the diagnostic and prognostic significance of MicroRNAs (miRNAs), Circular RNAs (circRNAs), and Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) on oral cancer and all other cancers as well as subject-relevant articles published in languages other than English are beyond the scope of this review and excluded from the study. Moreover, articles focusing on DNA, protein, and metabolite markers are eliminated from the study. While there exist various potential biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, proteins, metabolites, and specific antigens representing predictive biomarkers in body fluids for oral cancer, this review completely focuses on non-coding RNAs restricted to saliva and blood, picking out a few of the reliable ones amongst the recent investigations based on the sophisticated techniques, cohort, and sensitivity as well as specificity, i.e., salivary miR-1307-5p, miR-3928, hsa_circ_0001874 and ENST00000412740, NR_131012, ENST00000588803, NR_038323, miR-21 in circulation. Thus, further studies are required to clinically confirm the usage of these non-invasive biomarkers in oral cancer.

Non-Coding RNAs in Oral Cancer: Emerging Roles and Clinical Applications

Oral cancer (OC) is among the most prevalent cancers in the world. Certain geographical areas are disproportionately affected by OC cases due to the regional differences in dietary habits, tobacco and alcohol consumption. However, conventional therapeutic methods do not yield satisfying treatment outcomes. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand the disease process and to develop diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for OC. In this review, we discuss the role of various types of ncRNAs in OC, and their promising clinical implications as prognostic or diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. MicroRNA (miRNA), long ncRNA (lncRNA), circular RNA (circRNA), PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA), and small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) are the major ncRNA types whose involvement in OC are emerging. Dysregulated expression of ncRNAs, particularly miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, are linked with the initiation, progression, as well as therapy resistance of OC via modulation in a series of cellular pathways through epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational modifications. Differential expressions of miRNAs and lncRNAs in blood, saliva or extracellular vesicles have indicated potential diagnostic and prognostic importance. In this review, we have summarized all the promising aspects of ncRNAs in the management of OC.

MIR4435-2HG Is a Potential Pan-Cancer Biomarker for Diagnosis and Prognosis

The lncRNA MIR4435-2 host gene (MIR4435-2HG) is located on human chromosome 2q13, and its expression is up-regulated in 18 tumors. MIR4435-2HG participates in 6 signaling pathways to promote tumorigenesis, including the TGF-β signaling pathway, Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, MDM2/p53 signaling pathway, PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, Hippo signaling pathway, and MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. MIR4435-2HG competitively binds with 20 miRNAs to form a complex ceRNA network, thereby regulating the expression of downstream target genes. The high expression of MIR4435-2HG is also closely related to the clinicopathological characteristics and poor prognosis of a variety of tumors. Also, the high expression of MIR4435-2HG in peripheral blood or serum has the value of predicting the risk of 9 tumors. In addition, MIR4435-2HG participates in the mechanism of action of three cancer drugs, including resveratrol for the treatment of lung cancer, cisplatin for non-small cell lung cancer and colon cancer, and carboplatin for triple-negative breast cancer. This article systematically summarizes the diagnostic and prognostic value of MIR4435-2HG in a variety of tumors and outlines the ceRNA network and signaling pathways related to MIR4435-2HG, which will provide potential directions for future MIR4435-2HG research.

MIR4435-2HG：A tumor-associated long non-coding RNA

BACKGROUND

It is well known that the changes in the expression level of LncRNA can affect the progression of tumors, which has caused a great upsurge of research in recent years. More and more LncRNA has been proved to take effect on a series of cancers and can promote tumor growth, migration and invasion. In this review, we aim to clarify the pathophysiological functions of LncRNA -MIR4435-2 HG in multiple tumors can be elucidated.

METHODS

By consulting the literature through PubMed, this paper summarizes the relationship between MIR4435-2HG and tumor and its role in the occurrence and development of cancer, and also expounds the specific molecular mechanism of the effect of MIR4435-2HG on cancer.

RESULTS

MIR4435-2HG can function as an oncogene in a variety of cancers. The expression level was abnormally elevated in a series of cancers, consisting of melanoma gastric cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, oral squamous cell carcinoma, lung cancer, cervical cancer, prostate carcinoma, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, hepatocellular Carcinoma, clear cell renal cell carcinoma malignant, glioma and colorectal cancer. Moreover, MIR4435-2HG is related to the poor prognosis of a variety of cancers. MIR4435-2HG can also affect tumor proliferation, invasion and apoptosis. In addition, MIR4435-2HG can also enhance the metabolic function of myeloid dendritic cells of elite HIV-1 controllers.

CONCLUSION

MIR4435-2HG affects the development of a variety of cancers. It can act as a clinical marker for early tumor diagnosis and takes effects to tumor targeted therapy.

MIR4435-2HG: A newly proposed lncRNA in human cancer

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in the occurrence and progression of tumors. Extensive research has contributed to the current understanding of the critical roles played by lncRNAs in various cancers. LncRNA MIR4435-2HG has been found to be crucial in many cancers, such as breast, cervical, colorectal, and gastric cancer. Expression of MIR4435-2HG is generally upregulated in cancers and MIR4435-2HG participates in many biological functions through molecular mechanism of competitive endogenous RNA networks. This review profiles recent research findings on the expression, functions, mechanism, and clinical value of MIR4435-2HG in cancer, and serves as a reference for further MIR4435-2HG-related research and clinical trials.

Competing Endogenous RNA Network in Non-Keloid-Prone Individuals During Wound Healing

ABSTRACT

To study the interaction between differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs, and messenger RNAs during wound healing in normal individuals. The GSE113621 dataset was downloaded from gene expression matrix, specimens regarding non-keloid-prone individuals were selected, including items before and 6 weeks after injury. A Pearson correlation coefficient of > 0.95 was selected as the index to screen targeting relationships among different RNAs. Cytoscape was used to construct a network diagram. The expression of 2547 lncRNAs was changed during the wound healing process-1479 were upregulated and 1068 were downregulated. After analyzing competitive endogenous RNA network, 4 upregulated (MEG8, MEG3, MIR181A1HG, MIR4435-2HG) lncRNAs were found expressed during wound healing. MEG8/MEG3 may regulate fibroblast proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis through hsa-miR-296-3p/miR-6763-5p. In-depth mining of gene expression matrix data indicated that lncRNAs and a competitive endogenous RNA regulatory network participate in the wound healing process, possibly providing novel intervention targets and treatment options for delayed wound healing.

Knockdown of lncRNA MIR4435‑2HG and ST8SIA1 expression inhibits the proliferation, invasion and migration of prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo by blocking the activation of the FAK/AKT/β‑catenin signaling pathway

Prostate cancer is a main health risk for males with a high incidence and mortality. The present study aimed to examine the effects of long non‑coding RNA (lncRNA) MIR4435‑2HG binding with ST8SIA1 on the proliferation, invasion and migration of prostate cancer cells via the activation of the FAK/AKT/β‑catenin signaling pathway. The expression of MIR4435‑2HG and ST8SIA1 in prostate cancer cell lines, and the transfection efficacy were analyzed by RT‑qPCR. The proliferation, clone formation ability, and the invasion and migration of transfected cells were detected by CCK‑8 assay, clone formation assay, Transwell assay and wound healing assay, respectively. Plasmids were injected subcutaneously into mice to construct a xenograft tumor model. The expression levels of proteins related to proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and migration, and the FAK/AKT/β‑catenin pathway were detected by western blot analysis. The results revealed that MIR4435‑2HG expression was increased in the prostate cancer cell lines and MIR4435‑2HG expression was the highest in the PC‑3 cells. Interference with MIR4435‑2HG inhibited the proliferation, clone formation ability, and the invasion and migration of PC‑3 cells, as well as tumor growth by suppressing the activation of the FAK/AKT/β‑catenin signaling pathway. MIR4435‑2HG was demonstrated to target ST8SIA1. ST8SIA1 expression was also increased in the prostate cancer cell lines and MIR4435‑2HG expression was the highest in the PC‑3 cells. Interference with ST8SIA1 inhibited the promoting effects of MIR4435‑2HG on the proliferation, invasion and migration of PC‑3 cells, as well as tumor growth by suppressing the activation of the FAK/AKT/β‑catenin signaling pathway. On the whole, the present study demonstrates that interference with MIR4435‑2HG, combined with ST8SIA1, inhibits the proliferation, invasion and migration of prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo by blocking the activation of the FAK/AKT/β‑catenin signaling pathway.

Genetic Variants of lncRNA GAS5 Are Associated with the Clinicopathologic Development of Oral Cancer

The long noncoding RNA, Growth arrest-specific 5 (GAS5) plays a crucial role in the development of oral cancer. However, potential genetic variants in GAS5 that affect the susceptibility and progression of oral cancer have rarely been explored. In this study, two loci of GAS5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs145204276 and rs55829688) were genotyped by using the TaqMan allelic discrimination in 1125 oral cancer patients and 1195 non-oral-cancer individuals. After statistical analyses, the distribution of both the GAS5 SNP rs145204276 and GAS5 SNP rs55829688 frequencies were similar between the study and control groups. However, the patients with GAS5 SNP rs145204276 variants (Ins/Del or Del/Del) showed a higher tendency of moderate to poor cell differentiation of oral cancer (OR: 1.454, 95% CI: 1.041–2.031, p = 0.028). Moreover, the GAS5 SNP rs145204276 variants (Ins/Del or Del/Del) in the non-alcohol-drinking population were associated with significantly advanced tumor stage (OR: 1.500, 95% CI: 1.081–2.081, p = 0.015) and larger tumor size (OR: 1.494, 95% CI: 1.076–2.074, p = 0.016). Furthermore, individuals with the GAS5 SNP rs145204276 variant were associated with a higher expression of GAS5 in the GTEx database (p = 0.002), and the higher GAS5 level was associated with poor cell differentiation, advanced tumor stage and larger tumor size in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma from the TCGA database (all p < 0.05). In conclusion, the GAS5 SNP rs145204276 variant is related to poor-differentiation cell status in oral cancer. Besides, the presence of the GAS5 SNP rs145204276 variant is associated with a worse tumor stage and tumor size in oral cancer patients without alcohol drinking.

Glycolysis-associated lncRNAs identify a subgroup of cancer patients with poor prognoses and a high-infiltration immune microenvironment

BACKGROUND

Long noncoding (lnc)RNAs and glycolysis are both recognized as key regulators of cancers. Some lncRNAs are also reportedly involved in regulating glycolysis metabolism. However, glycolysis-associated lncRNA signatures and their clinical relevance in cancers remain unclear. We investigated the roles of glycolysis-associated lncRNAs in cancers.

METHODS

Glycolysis scores and glycolysis-associated lncRNA signatures were established using a single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of The Cancer Genome Atlas pan-cancer data. Consensus clustering assays and genomic classifiers were used to stratify patient subtypes and for validation. Fisher's exact test was performed to investigate genomic mutations and molecular subtypes. A differentially expressed gene analysis, with GSEA, transcription factor (TF) activity scoring, cellular distributions, and immune cell infiltration, was conducted to explore the functions of glycolysis-associated lncRNAs.

RESULTS

Glycolysis-associated lncRNA signatures across 33 cancer types were generated and used to stratify patients into distinct clusters. Patients in cluster 3 had high glycolysis scores and poor survival, especially in bladder carcinoma, low-grade gliomas, mesotheliomas, pancreatic adenocarcinomas, and uveal melanomas. The clinical significance of lncRNA-defined groups was validated using external datasets and genomic classifiers. Gene mutations, molecular subtypes associated with poor prognoses, TFs, oncogenic signaling such as the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and high immune cell infiltration demonstrated significant associations with cluster 3 patients. Furthermore, five lncRNAs, namely MIR4435-2HG, AC078846.1, AL157392.3, AP001273.1, and RAD51-AS1, exhibited significant correlations with glycolysis across the five cancers. Except MIR4435-2HG, the lncRNAs were distributed in nuclei. MIR4435-2HG was connected to glycolysis, EMT, and immune infiltrations in cancers.

CONCLUSIONS

We identified a subgroup of cancer patients stratified by glycolysis-associated lncRNAs with poor prognoses, high immune infiltration, and EMT activation, thus providing new directions for cancer therapy.

Crosstalk of long non-coding RNAs and EMT: Searching the missing pieces of an incomplete puzzle for lung cancer therapy

BACKGROUND

Lung cancer is considered to be the first place among the cancer-related deaths worldwide and demands novel strategies in the treatment of this life-threatening disorder. The aim of this review is to explore regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in lung cancer.

INTRODUCTION

LncRNAs can be considered as potential factors for targeting in cancer therapy, since they regulate a bunch of biological processes, e.g. cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The abnormal expression of lncRNAs occurs in different cancer cells. On the other hand, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical mechanism participating in migration and metastasis of cancer cells.

METHOD

Different databases including Googlescholar, Pubmed and Sciencedirect were used for collecting articles using keywords such as "LncRNA", "EMT", and "Lung cancer".

RESULT

There are tumor-suppressing lncRNAs that can suppress EMT and metastasis of lung cancer cells. Expression of such lncRNAs undergoes down-regulation in lung cancer progression and restoring their expression is of importance in suppressing lung cancer migration. There are tumor-promoting lncRNAs triggering EMT in lung cancer and enhancing their migration.

CONCLUSION

LncRNAs are potential regulators of EMT in lung cancer, and targeting them, both pharmacologically and genetically, can be of importance in controlling migration of lung cancer cells.

Identification of a nomogram based on an 8-lncRNA signature as a novel diagnostic biomarker for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been proposed as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers of head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSCC). The current study aimed to develop a lncRNA-based prognostic nomogram for HNSCC. LncRNA expression profiles were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. After the reannotation of lncRNAs, the differential analysis identified 253 significantly differentially expressed lncRNAs in training set TCGA-HNSC (n = 300). The prognostic value of each lncRNA was first estimated in univariate Cox analysis, and 41 lncRNAs with P < 0.05 were selected as seed lncRNAs for Cox LASSO regression, which identified 11 lncRNAs. Multivariate Cox analysis was used to establish an 8-lncRNA signature with prognostic value. Patients in the high-signature score group exhibited a significantly worse overall survival (OS) than those in the low-signature score group, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for 3-year survival was 0.74. Multivariable Cox regression analysis among the clinical characteristics and signature scores suggested that the signature is an independent prognostic factor. The internal validation cohort, external validation cohort, and 102 HNSCC specimens quantified by qRT-PCR successfully validate the robustness of our nomogram.