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Shimizu K, Matsuoka Y. Feedback regulation and coordination of the main metabolism for bacterial growth and metabolic engineering for amino acid fermentation. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 55:107887. [PMID: 34921951 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Living organisms such as bacteria are often exposed to continuous changes in the nutrient availability in nature. Therefore, bacteria must constantly monitor the environmental condition, and adjust the metabolism quickly adapting to the change in the growth condition. For this, bacteria must orchestrate (coordinate and integrate) the complex and dynamically changing information on the environmental condition. In particular, the central carbon metabolism (CCM), monomer synthesis, and macromolecular synthesis must be coordinately regulated for the efficient growth. It is a grand challenge in bioscience, biotechnology, and synthetic biology to understand how living organisms coordinate the metabolic regulation systems. Here, we consider the integrated sensing of carbon sources by the phosphotransferase system (PTS), and the feed-forward/feedback regulation systems incorporated in the CCM in relation to the pool sizes of flux-sensing metabolites and αketoacids. We also consider the metabolic regulation of amino acid biosynthesis (as well as purine and pyrimidine biosyntheses) paying attention to the feedback control systems consisting of (fast) enzyme level regulation with (slow) transcriptional regulation. The metabolic engineering for the efficient amino acid production by bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum is also discussed (in relation to the regulation mechanisms). The amino acid synthesis is important for determining the rate of ribosome biosynthesis. Thus, the growth rate control (growth law) is further discussed on the relationship between (p)ppGpp level and the ribosomal protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Shimizu
- Kyushu institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan; Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0017, Japan.
| | - Yu Matsuoka
- Department of Fisheries Distribution and Management, National Fisheries University, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi 759-6595, Japan
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Jiang S, Wang D, Wang R, Zhao C, Ma Q, Wu H, Xie X. Reconstructing a recycling and nonauxotroph biosynthetic pathway in Escherichia coli toward highly efficient production of L-citrulline. Metab Eng 2021; 68:220-231. [PMID: 34688880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
L-citrulline is a high-value amino acid with promising application in medicinal and food industries. Construction of highly efficient microbial cell factories for L-citrulline production is still an open issue due to complex metabolic flux distribution and L-arginine auxotrophy. In this study, we constructed a nonauxotrophic cell factory in Escherichia coli for high-titer L-citrulline production by coupling modular engineering strategies with dynamic pathway regulation. First, the biosynthetic pathway of L-citrulline was enhanced after blockage of the degradation pathway and introduction of heterologous biosynthetic genes from Corynebacterium glutamicum. Specifically, a superior recycling biosynthetic pathway was designed to replace the native linear pathway by deleting native acetylornithine deacetylase. Next, the carbamoyl phosphate and L-glutamate biosynthetic modules, the NADPH generation module, and the efflux module were modified to increase L-citrulline titer further. Finally, a toggle switch that responded to cell density was designed to dynamically control the expression of the argG gene and reconstruct a nonauxotrophic pathway. Without extra supplement of L-arginine during fermentation, the final CIT24 strain produced 82.1 g/L L-citrulline in a 5-L bioreactor with a yield of 0.34 g/g glucose and a productivity of 1.71 g/(L ⋅ h), which were the highest values reported by microbial fermentation. Our study not only demonstrated the successful design of cell factory for high-level L-citrulline production but also provided references of coupling the rational module engineering strategies and dynamic regulation strategies to produce high-value intermediate metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Dehu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Ruirui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Chunguang Zhao
- Ningxia Eppen Biotech Co, Ltd, Ningxia, 750000, PR China
| | - Qian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Heyun Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China.
| | - Xixian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China.
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Sheng Q, Wu XY, Xu X, Tan X, Li Z, Zhang B. Production of l-glutamate family amino acids in Corynebacterium glutamicum: Physiological mechanism, genetic modulation, and prospects. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2021; 6:302-325. [PMID: 34632124 PMCID: PMC8484045 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
l-glutamate family amino acids (GFAAs), consisting of l-glutamate, l-arginine, l-citrulline, l-ornithine, l-proline, l-hydroxyproline, γ-aminobutyric acid, and 5-aminolevulinic acid, are widely applied in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and animal feed industries, accounting for billions of dollars of market activity. These GFAAs have many functions, including being protein constituents, maintaining the urea cycle, and providing precursors for the biosynthesis of pharmaceuticals. Currently, the production of GFAAs mainly depends on microbial fermentation using Corynebacterium glutamicum (including its related subspecies Corynebacterium crenatum), which is substantially engineered through multistep metabolic engineering strategies. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the metabolic pathways, regulatory mechanisms, and metabolic engineering strategies for GFAA accumulation in C. glutamicum and C. crenatum, which provides insights into the recent progress in l-glutamate-derived chemical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sheng
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wu
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Xinyi Xu
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Xiaoming Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Zhimin Li
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Corresponding author. Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
- Corresponding author. Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
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Duan Y, Zhai W, Liu W, Zhang X, Shi JS, Zhang X, Xu Z. Fine-Tuning Multi-Gene Clusters via Well-Characterized Gene Expression Regulatory Elements: Case Study of the Arginine Synthesis Pathway in C. glutamicum. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:38-48. [PMID: 33382575 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Promoters and ribosome binding sites (RBSs) are routinely applied in gene expression regulation, but their orthogonality and combinatorial effects have not yet been systematically studied in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Here, 17 core promoters and 29 RBSs in C. glutamicum were characterized, which exhibited 470-fold and 430-fold in transcriptional and translational activity, respectively. By comparing the expression of two reporter genes regulated by multiple RBSs, the RBS efficacy showed significant dependence on the gene context, besides the RBSs' strength, reflecting the poor orthogonality of RBSs. Bicistron-modified RBS (referred as bc-RBS) was adapted to C. glutamicum, which improved RBS reliability. By coupling a series of promoters with RBSs/bc-RBSs, a much broader regulation range that spanned 4 orders of magnitude was observed compared with that of a sole element, and the contribution to gene expression of RBS was more than that of promoter. Finally, promoters and RBSs were applied as built-in elements to fine-tune the gene cluster in the arginine synthesis pathway in C. glutamicum. Compared with the original strain, more arginine (1.61-fold) or citrulline (2.35-fold) was accumulated in a 7 L bioreactor by strains with the gene expression regulation system rationally engineered. We demonstrated that, via combination of well-characterized gene elements, and overall consideration for both transcription and translation, the biosynthesis pathway can be effectively balanced, and the yield of a target metabolite can be further improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Duan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Weiji Zhai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Weijia Liu
- Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Products Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Products Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhenghong Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
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Schramm T, Lempp M, Beuter D, Sierra SG, Glatter T, Link H. High-throughput enrichment of temperature-sensitive argininosuccinate synthetase for two-stage citrulline production in E. coli. Metab Eng 2020; 60:14-24. [PMID: 32179161 PMCID: PMC7225747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Controlling metabolism of engineered microbes is important to modulate cell growth and production during a bioprocess. For example, external parameters such as light, chemical inducers, or temperature can act on metabolism of production strains by changing the abundance or activity of enzymes. Here, we created temperature-sensitive variants of an essential enzyme in arginine biosynthesis of Escherichia coli (argininosuccinate synthetase, ArgG) and used them to dynamically control citrulline overproduction and growth of E. coli. We show a method for high-throughput enrichment of temperature-sensitive ArgG variants with a fluorescent TIMER protein and flow cytometry. With 90 of the thus derived ArgG variants, we complemented an ArgG deletion strain showing that 90% of the strains exhibit temperature-sensitive growth and 69% of the strains are auxotrophic for arginine at 42 °C and prototrophic at 30 °C. The best temperature-sensitive ArgG variant enabled precise and tunable control of cell growth by temperature changes. Expressing this variant in a feedback-dysregulated E. coli strain allowed us to realize a two-stage bioprocess: a 33 °C growth-phase for biomass accumulation and a 39 °C stationary-phase for citrulline production. With this two-stage strategy, we produced 3 g/L citrulline during 45 h cultivation in a 1-L bioreactor. These results show that temperature-sensitive enzymes can be created en masse and that they may function as metabolic valves in engineered bacteria. Method to enrich temperature-sensitive enzymes en masse. Temperature-sensitive enzymes function as metabolic valve. Temperature controlled two-stage production of citrulline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Schramm
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 16, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin Lempp
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 16, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Beuter
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 16, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Silvia González Sierra
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 16, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Timo Glatter
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 16, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hannes Link
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 16, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
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Bhatt V, Mohapatra A, Anand S, Kuntal BK, Mande SS. FLIM-MAP: Gene Context Based Identification of Functional Modules in Bacterial Metabolic Pathways. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2183. [PMID: 30283416 PMCID: PMC6157337 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Prediction of functional potential of bacteria can only be ascertained by the accurate annotation of its metabolic pathways. Homology based methods decipher metabolic gene content but ignore the fact that homologs of same protein can function in different pathways. Therefore, mere presence of all constituent genes in an organism is not sufficient to indicate a pathway. Contextual occurrence of genes belonging to a pathway on the bacterial genome can hence be exploited for an accurate estimation of functional potential of a bacterium. In this communication, we present a novel annotation resource to accurately identify pathway presence by using gene context. Our tool FLIM-MAP (Functionally Important Modules in bacterial Metabolic Pathways) predicts biologically relevant functional units called ‘GCMs’ (Gene Context based Modules) from a given metabolic reaction network. We benchmark the accuracy of our tool on amino acids and carbohydrate metabolism pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Bhatt
- Bio-Sciences R&D Division, TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services Ltd., Pune, India
| | - Anwesha Mohapatra
- Bio-Sciences R&D Division, TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services Ltd., Pune, India
| | - Swadha Anand
- Bio-Sciences R&D Division, TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services Ltd., Pune, India
| | - Bhusan K Kuntal
- Bio-Sciences R&D Division, TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services Ltd., Pune, India.,Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), Pune, India,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Sharmila S Mande
- Bio-Sciences R&D Division, TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services Ltd., Pune, India
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7
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Cai X, Jiang H, Zhang T, Jiang B, Mu W, Miao M. Thermostability and Specific-Activity Enhancement of an Arginine Deiminase from Enterococcus faecalis SK23.001 via Semirational Design for l-Citrulline Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8841-8850. [PMID: 30047723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
l-Citrulline is a nonessential amino acid with a variety of physiological functions and can be enzymatically produced by arginine deiminase (ADI, EC 3.5.3.6). The enzymatic-production approach is of immense interest because of its mild conditions, high yield, low cost, and environmental benignity. However, the major hindrances of l-citrulline industrialization are the poor thermostability and enzyme activity of ADI. Hence, in this work, directed evolution and site-directed mutagenesis aided with in silico screening, including the use of b-factor values and HoTMuSiC, were applied to a previously identified ADI from Enterococcus faecalis SK23.001 ( EfADI), and a triple-site variant R15K-F269Y-G292P was obtained. The triple-site variant displays a 2.5-fold higher specific enzyme activity (333 U mg-1), a lower Km value of 6.4 mM, and a 6.1-fold longer half-life ( t1/2,45°C = 86.7 min) than wild-type EfADI. This work provides a protein-engineering strategy to improve enzyme activity and thermostability, which might be transferrable to other ADIs and enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
| | - Hangyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
| | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
| | - Ming Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
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Pérez-García F, Wendisch VF. Transport and metabolic engineering of the cell factory Corynebacterium glutamicum. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 365:5047308. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Pérez-García
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitaetsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Volker F Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitaetsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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Xu JZ, Yang HK, Zhang WG. NADPH metabolism: a survey of its theoretical characteristics and manipulation strategies in amino acid biosynthesis. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2018; 38:1061-1076. [PMID: 29480038 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2018.1437387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Reduced nicotinamide adenine nucleotide phosphate (NADPH), which is one of the key cofactors in the metabolic network, plays an important role in the biochemical reactions, and physiological function of amino acid-producing strains. The manipulation of NADPH availability and form is an efficient and easy method of redirecting the carbon flux to the amino acid biosynthesis in industrial strains. In this review, we survey the metabolic mode of NADPH. Furthermore, we summarize the research developments in the understanding of the relationship between NADPH metabolism and amino acid biosynthesis. Detailed strategies to manipulate NADPH availability are addressed based on this knowledge. Finally, the uses of NADPH manipulation strategies to enhance the metabolic function of amino acid-producing strains are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Zhong Xu
- a The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , WuXi , PR China.,b The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , WuXi , PR China
| | - Han-Kun Yang
- a The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , WuXi , PR China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhang
- a The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , WuXi , PR China
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Sanchez S, Rodríguez-Sanoja R, Ramos A, Demain AL. Our microbes not only produce antibiotics, they also overproduce amino acids. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2017; 71:ja2017142. [PMID: 29089597 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2017.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fermentative production of amino acids is an important goal of modern biotechnology. Through fermentation, micro-organisms growing on inexpensive carbon and nitrogen sources can produce a wide array of valuable products including amino acids. The amino acid market is $8 billion and mainly impacts the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. In terms of tons of amino acids produced per year by fermentation, L-glutamate is the most important amino acid produced (3.3 million), followed by L-lysine (2.2 million). The bacteria producing these amino acids are among the top fermentation organisms with respect to titers. Corynebacterium glutamicum is the best producer.The Journal of Antibiotics advance online publication, 1 November 2017; doi:10.1038/ja.2017.142.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Sanchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Romina Rodríguez-Sanoja
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Allison Ramos
- Charles A Dana Research Institute for Scientists Emeriti (R.I.S.E.), Drew University, Madison, NJ, USA
| | - Arnold L Demain
- Charles A Dana Research Institute for Scientists Emeriti (R.I.S.E.), Drew University, Madison, NJ, USA
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11
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Joshi V, Fernie AR. Citrulline metabolism in plants. Amino Acids 2017; 49:1543-1559. [PMID: 28741223 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2468-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Citrulline was chemically isolated more than 100 years ago and is ubiquitous in animals, plants, bacteria, and fungi. Most of the research on plant citrulline metabolism and transport has been carried out in Arabidopsis thaliana and the Cucurbitaceae family, particularly in watermelon which accumulates this non-proteinogenic amino acid to very high levels. Industrially, citrulline is produced via specially optimized microbial strains; however, the amounts present in watermelon render it an economically viable source providing that other high-value compounds can be co-extracted. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of citrulline biosynthesis, transport, and catabolism in plants additionally pointing out significant gaps in our knowledge which need to be closed by future experimentation. This includes the identification of further potential enzymes of citrulline metabolism as well as obtaining a far better spatial resolution of both sub-cellular and long-distance partitioning of citrulline. We further discuss what is known concerning the biological function of citrulline in plants paying particular attention to the proposed roles in scavenging of excess NH4+ and as a compatible solute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Joshi
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Texas A&M University, Uvalde, TX, 78801, USA.
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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12
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Improvement of the intracellular environment for enhancing l-arginine production of Corynebacterium glutamicum by inactivation of H 2O 2-forming flavin reductases and optimization of ATP supply. Metab Eng 2016; 38:310-321. [PMID: 27474351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
l-arginine, a semi essential amino acid, is an important amino acid in food flavoring and pharmaceutical industries. Its production by microbial fermentation is gaining more and more attention. In previous work, we obtained a new l-arginine producing Corynebacterium crenatum (subspecies of Corynebacterium glutamicum) through mutation breeding. In this work, we enhanced l-arginine production through improvement of the intracellular environment. First, two NAD(P)H-dependent H2O2-forming flavin reductases Frd181 (encoded by frd1 gene) and Frd188 (encoded by frd2) in C. glutamicum were identified for the first time. Next, the roles of Frd181 and Frd188 in C. glutamicum were studied by overexpression and deletion of the encoding genes, and the results showed that the inactivation of Frd181 and Frd188 was beneficial for cell growth and l-arginine production, owing to the decreased H2O2 synthesis and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, and increased intracellular NADH and ATP levels. Then, the ATP level was further increased by deletion of noxA (encoding NADH oxidase) and amn (encoding AMP nucleosidase), and overexpression of pgk (encoding 3-phosphoglycerate kinase) and pyk (encoding pyruvate kinase), and the l-arginine production and yield from glucose were significantly increased. In fed-batch fermentation, the l-arginine production and yield from glucose of the final strain reached 57.3g/L and 0.326g/g, respectively, which were 49.2% and 34.2% higher than those of the parent strain, respectively. ROS and ATP are important elements of the intracellular environment, and l-arginine biosynthesis requires a large amount of ATP. For the first time, we enhanced l-arginine production and yield from glucose through reducing the H2O2 synthesis and increasing the ATP supply.
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13
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Updates on industrial production of amino acids using Corynebacterium glutamicum. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:105. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Jensen JVK, Eberhardt D, Wendisch VF. Modular pathway engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for production of the glutamate-derived compounds ornithine, proline, putrescine, citrulline, and arginine. J Biotechnol 2015; 214:85-94. [PMID: 26393954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The glutamate-derived bioproducts ornithine, citrulline, proline, putrescine, and arginine have applications in the food and feed, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. Corynebacterium glutamicum is not only an excellent producer of glutamate but also of glutamate-derived products. Here, engineering targets beneficial for ornithine production were identified and the advantage of rationally constructing a platform strain for the production of the amino acids citrulline, proline, and arginine, and the diamine putrescine was demonstrated. Feedback alleviation of N-acetylglutamate kinase, tuning of the promoter of glutamate dehydrogenase gene gdh, lowering expression of phosphoglucoisomerase gene pgi, along with the introduction of a second copy of the arginine biosynthesis operon argCJB(A49V,M54V)D into the chromosome resulted in a C. glutamicum strain producing ornithine with a yield of 0.52 g ornithine per g glucose, an increase of 71% as compared to the parental ΔargFRG strain. Strains capable of producing 0.41 g citrulline per g glucose, 0.29 g proline per g glucose, 0.30 g arginine per g glucose, and 0.17 g putrescine per g glucose were derived from the ornithine-producing platform strain by plasmid-based overexpression of appropriate pathway modules with one to three genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaide V K Jensen
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Dorit Eberhardt
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Volker F Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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Hao N, Mu J, Hu N, Xu S, Shen P, Yan M, Li Y, Xu L. Implication of ornithine acetyltransferase activity on l-ornithine production in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 63:15-21. [PMID: 25630515 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
l-Ornithine is an intermediate of the l-arginine biosynthetic pathway in Corynebacterium glutamicum. The effect of ornithine acetyltransferase (OATase; ArgJ) on l-ornithine production was investigated, and C. glutamicum 1006 was engineered to overproduce l-ornithine as a major product by inactivating regulatory repressor argR gene and overexpressing argJ gene. A genome sequence analysis indicated that the argF gene encoding ornithine carbamoyltransferase in C. glutamicum 1006 was mutated, resulting in the accumulation of a certain amount of l-ornithine (20.5 g/L). The assays using a crude extract of C. glutamicum 1006 indicated that the l-ornithine concentration for 50% inhibition of OAT was 5 mM. To enhance l-ornithine production, the argJ gene from C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 was overexpressed. In flask cultures, the resulting strain, C. glutamicum 1006∆argR-argJ, produced 31.6 g/L l-ornithine, which is 54.15% more than that produced by C. glutamicum 1006. The OAT activity of C. glutamicum 1006∆argR-argJ was significantly greater than that of C. glutamicum 1006, and this study achieved the highest conversion ratio of sugar to acid (0.396 g/g) compared with those of previous reports. ArgJ strongly influences the production of l-ornithine in C. glutamicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingrui Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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