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Development of Comprehensive Serological Techniques for Sensitive, Quantitative and Rapid Detection of Soybean mosaic virus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169457. [PMID: 36012722 PMCID: PMC9409097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean is an important grain and oil crop worldwide; however, the yield and seed quality of which are seriously affected by Soybean mosaic virus (SMV). As efficient detection technology is crucial for the field management of SMV, novel immunological detection methods were developed in the present study. According to the phylogenetic analysis, the CP coding sequence of SMV-SC7 was selected for the prokaryotic expression of the recombinant SMV-CP. Purified SMV-CP was used for the development of polyclonal antibodies (PAb) against the SMV-CP (PAb-SMV-CP) and monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against SMV-CP (MAb-SMV-CP). Subsequently, the PAb-SMV-CP was used for the development of a novel DAS- quantitative ELISA (DAS-qELISA) kit, of which the sensitivity was greater than 1:4000, and this could be used for the quantitative detection of SMV in China. Meanwhile, the MAb-SMV-CP was labeled with colloidal gold, and then was used for the development of the SMV-specific gold immunochromatography strip (SMV-GICS). The SMV-GICS gives accurate detection results through observed control lines and test lines in 5 to 10 min, sharing the same sensitivity as RT-PCR, and can be used for rapid, accurate and high-throughput field SMV detection. The DAS-qELISA kit and the SMV-GICA strip developed in this study are SMV-specific, sensitive, cheap and easy to use. These products will be conducive to the timely, efficient SMV epidemiology and detection in major soybean-producing regions in China and abroad.
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Rodríguez-Verástegui LL, Ramírez-Zavaleta CY, Capilla-Hernández MF, Gregorio-Jorge J. Viruses Infecting Trees and Herbs That Produce Edible Fleshy Fruits with a Prominent Value in the Global Market: An Evolutionary Perspective. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:203. [PMID: 35050091 PMCID: PMC8778216 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Trees and herbs that produce fruits represent the most valuable agricultural food commodities in the world. However, the yield of these crops is not fully achieved due to biotic factors such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Viruses are capable of causing alterations in plant growth and development, thereby impacting the yield of their hosts significantly. In this work, we first compiled the world's most comprehensive list of known edible fruits that fits our definition. Then, plant viruses infecting those trees and herbs that produce fruits with commercial importance in the global market were identified. The identified plant viruses belong to 30 families, most of them containing single-stranded RNA genomes. Importantly, we show the overall picture of the host range for some virus families following an evolutionary approach. Further, the current knowledge about plant-virus interactions, focusing on the main disorders they cause, as well as yield losses, is summarized. Additionally, since accurate diagnosis methods are of pivotal importance for viral diseases control, the current and emerging technologies for the detection of these plant pathogens are described. Finally, the most promising strategies employed to control viral diseases in the field are presented, focusing on solutions that are long-lasting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Candy Yuriria Ramírez-Zavaleta
- Cuerpo Académico Procesos Biotecnológicos, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Universidad Politécnica 1, San Pedro Xalcaltzinco 90180, Mexico; (C.Y.R.-Z.); (M.F.C.-H.)
| | - María Fernanda Capilla-Hernández
- Cuerpo Académico Procesos Biotecnológicos, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Universidad Politécnica 1, San Pedro Xalcaltzinco 90180, Mexico; (C.Y.R.-Z.); (M.F.C.-H.)
| | - Josefat Gregorio-Jorge
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor, Ciudad de Mexico 03940, Mexico
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Kato M, Tomimura K, Ishii K. Comparison of an Immunochromatographic Assay Kit with DAS-ELISA for Large-Scale Diagnosis and Molecular Discrimination of Satsuma Dwarf Virus Collected from Citrus Orchards. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 36:509-514. [PMID: 33082736 PMCID: PMC7542029 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.nt.06.2020.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Satsuma dwarf virus (SDV) seriously damages citrus production by reducing the quality and yield of fruit. To avoid contamination with SDV, mother trees are checked to be SDV-free in advance of nursery tree distribution. In this study, we compared an immunochromatographic assay (ICA) kit with double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DASELISA) for large-scale diagnosis of SDV in orchardgrown trees in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. The two methods gave conflicting results for 11 of 1,705 samples, all of which were negative by DAS-ELISA but positive by ICA. The samples scored as positive by either DASELISA or ICA were analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and all were confirmed to be positive. These results validate the use of ICA as a screening method for large-scale diagnosis. Strain discrimination revealed that 16 of 22 isolates belonged to SDV, while citrus mosaic virus (CiMV) infection only and co-infection (SDV and CiMV) were in a minority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Kato
- Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Fruit Tree Research Center, Mobata, Shimizu, Shizuoka 424-0101, Japan
| | - Kenta Tomimura
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Okitsu, Shimizu, Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan
| | - Kanako Ishii
- Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Fruit Tree Research Center, Mobata, Shimizu, Shizuoka 424-0101, Japan
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Miyoshi S, Tokunaga S, Ozawa T, Takeda H, Aono M, Miyoshi T, Kishi H, Muraguchi A, Shimizu SI, Nozawa A, Sawasaki T. Production of a rabbit monoclonal antibody for highly sensitive detection of citrus mosaic virus and related viruses. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229196. [PMID: 32294099 PMCID: PMC7159214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus mosaic virus (CiMV) is one of the causal viruses of citrus mosaic disease in satsuma mandarins (Citrus unshiu). Prompt detection of trees infected with citrus mosaic disease is important for preventing the spread of this disease. Although rabbit monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) exhibit high specificity and affinity, their applicability is limited by technical difficulties associated with the hybridoma-based technology used for raising these mAbs. Here, we demonstrate a feasible CiMV detection system using a specific rabbit mAb against CiMV coat protein. A conserved peptide fragment of the small subunit of CiMV coat protein was designed and used to immunize rabbits. Antigen-specific antibody-producing cells were identified by the immunospot array assay on a chip method. After cloning of variable regions in heavy or light chain by RT-PCR from these cells, a gene set of 33 mAbs was constructed and these mAbs were produced using Expi293F cells. Screening with the AlphaScreen system revealed eight mAbs exhibiting strong interaction with the antigen peptide. From subsequent sequence analysis, they were grouped into three mAbs denoted as No. 4, 9, and 20. Surface plasmon resonance analysis demonstrated that the affinity of these mAbs for the antigen peptide ranged from 8.7 × 10−10 to 5.5 × 10−11 M. In addition to CiMV, mAb No. 9 and 20 could detect CiMV-related viruses in leaf extracts by ELISA. Further, mAb No. 20 showed a high sensitivity to CiMV and CiMV-related viruses, simply by dot blot analysis. The anti-CiMV rabbit mAbs obtained in this study are envisioned to be extremely useful for practical applications of CiMV detection, such as in a virus detection kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Miyoshi
- Division of Cell-Free Sciences, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Soh Tokunaga
- Division of Cell-Free Sciences, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Ozawa
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmacological Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takeda
- Division of Proteo-Drug-Discovery Sciences, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Aono
- Fruit Tree Research Center, Ehime Research Institute of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takanori Miyoshi
- Fruit Tree Research Center, Ehime Research Institute of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmacological Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Muraguchi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmacological Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Shimizu
- Fruit Tree Research Center, Ehime Research Institute of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Akira Nozawa
- Division of Cell-Free Sciences, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawasaki
- Division of Cell-Free Sciences, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
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Ray M, Achary KG, Nayak S, Singh S. Development of a colloidal gold strip-based immunochromatographic assay for rapid detection of Fusarium oxysporum in ginger. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:6155-6166. [PMID: 31206685 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhizome rot, caused primarily by Fusarium oxysporum, is one of the most destructive diseases leading to significant loss in ginger worldwide. The loss can be greatly reduced by proper disease management practices steered by accurate and early diagnosis of pathogens. Pathogen detection at an early stage of infection can also reduce the incidence of disease epidemics. Classical methods are often time consuming, relying on culturing the putative pathogens and the availability of expert taxonomic skills for accurate identification, which leads to the delayed application of control measures. The development of a simple, rapid, sensitive and cost-effective point-of-care diagnostic tool is thus one of the major research priorities for rhizome rot. RESULTS The 65 kDa, immunoreactive protein band was selected as a diagnostic marker and was subjected to MS analysis followed by blastp. Based on blast result, a synthetic antigenic peptide was synthesized, and used to generate pAbs. The peptide-specific antibodies were used to develop a colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay (ICA). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of ICA were 92.59%, 81.25%, and 90%, respectively. The ICA has a visual detection limit of 2.122 μg mL-1 for infected rhizome samples and 5.065 μg mL-1 for leaf samples with optimal detection time within 5 min. Moreover, the ICA also detected early stage infected samples, of which 71.42% (50/70) were true positives. CONCLUSION Findings from this study indicated that the assay can be utilized as a tool for the investigation of rhizome rot infection in field samples. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa Ray
- Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - K Gopinath Achary
- Centre for Biotechnology, Imgenex India Pvt. Ltd, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sanghamitra Nayak
- Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Shikha Singh
- Department of Monoclonal Antibody, Rama Devi Women's University, Bhubaneswar, India
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Bin Y, Li Z, Wu J, Wang X, Zhou Y, Li T, Yang F, Zhou C, Song Z. Development of an immunochromatographic strip test for rapid detection of citrus yellow vein clearing virus. Arch Virol 2017; 163:349-357. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3558-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jeger M, Bragard C, Caffier D, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Gilioli G, Gregoire JC, Jaques Miret JA, MacLeod A, Navajas Navarro M, Niere B, Parnell S, Potting R, Rafoss T, Rossi V, Urek G, Van Bruggen A, Van der Werf W, West J, Chatzivassiliou E, Winter S, Catara A, Duran-Vila N, Hollo G, Candresse T. Pest categorisation of Satsuma dwarf virus. EFSA J 2017; 15:e05032. [PMID: 32625319 PMCID: PMC7010111 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Satsuma dwarf virus (SDV) for the EU territory. SDV is a well-known pathogen and the type species of the genus Sadwavirus in the family Secoviridae. SDV is now considered to include several other formerly distinct viruses which are therefore also covered in the present opinion. Citrus species and their relatives represent the main hosts of SDV and efficient diagnostic techniques are available. SDV is listed on some of its known hosts in Annex IIAI of Directive 2000/29/EC. It is transmitted by vegetative propagation of infected hosts and presumably through the soil, but the precise mechanism or vector(s) are still unknown. SDV is present in Asia and is not known to occur in the EU. Therefore, it does not meet this criterion to qualify as a Union regulated non-quarantine pest (RNPQ). Plants for planting represent the main pathway for the entry, but this pathway is closed by existing legislation for the main hosts (Citrus, Fortunella and Poncirus). SDV is, however, able to enter the EU on plants for plants of its unregulated rutaceous or non-rutaceous hosts. Should it be introduced, SDV has the potential to establish and subsequently spread with plants for planting and, possibly, through its poorly characterised natural spread mechanism(s). SDV is able to cause severe symptoms, quality and yield losses on a range of citrus crops. Overall, SDV meets all the criteria evaluated by EFSA to qualify as a Union quarantine pest. The main knowledge gaps and uncertainties concern (1) the potential significance of the unregulated rutaceous and non-rutaceous hosts for virus dissemination and epidemiology, (2) the origin and trade volume of the plants for planting of these host imported in the EU and (3) the efficiency of natural spread of SDV under EU conditions.
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Cox CR, Jensen KR, Mondesire RR, Voorhees KJ. Rapid detection of Bacillus anthracis by γ phage amplification and lateral flow immunochromatography. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 118:51-6. [PMID: 26310605 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
New, rapid point-of-need diagnostic methods for Bacillus anthracis detection can enhance civil and military responses to accidental or deliberate dispersal of anthrax as a biological weapon. Current laboratory-based methods for clinical identification of B. anthracis require 12 to 120h, and are confirmed by plaque assay using the well-characterized γ typing phage, which requires an additional minimum of 24h for bacterial culture. To reduce testing time, the natural specificity of γ phage amplification was investigated in combination with lateral flow immunochromatography (LFI) for rapid, point-of-need B. anthracis detection. Phage-based LFI detection of B. anthracis Sterne was validated over a range of bacterial and phage concentrations with optimal detection achieved in as little as 2h from the onset of amplification with a threshold sensitivity of 2.5×10(4)cfu/mL. The novel use of γ phage amplification detected with a simple, inexpensive LFI assay provides a rapid, sensitive, highly accurate, and field-deployable method for diagnostic ID of B. anthracis in a fraction of the time required by conventional techniques, and without the need for extensive laboratory culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Cox
- Colorado School of Mines, Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Golden, CO 80401, United States
| | - Kirk R Jensen
- Colorado School of Mines, Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Golden, CO 80401, United States
| | | | - Kent J Voorhees
- Colorado School of Mines, Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Golden, CO 80401, United States
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Venkatraman V, Steckl AJ. Integrated OLED as excitation light source in fluorescent lateral flow immunoassays. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 74:150-5. [PMID: 26134292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The integration of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) as excitation light sources for quantum dot-based fluorescent lateral flow immunoassay systems (LFIA) was investigated. This approach has the potential to deliver a sensitive visible detection scheme for low-cost, disposable lab-on-chip point-of-care (POC) diagnosis system. Thin film phosphorescent green OLEDs fabricated on plastic substrates were integrated on-chip to excite the test line of a quantum dot-based LFIA (QD-LFIA). OLEDs were fabricated by sequential deposition of organic thin films (total of ~100 nm) onto ITO-coated PET substrates. CdSe/ZnS QDs emitting at 655 nm and Au nanoparticles (NP - 10 nm size) conjugated antibodies were used for the fluorescence QD-LFIA and conventional reflection-mode Au NP-LFIA, respectively. Thin plastic color light filters were integrated for filtering the excitation light source and, thereby, increasing the contrast of the emitted light for optimized visual detection. Integration of the OLED and color filters with the analytical membrane was achieved using adhesive techniques facilitated by the planar nature of the layers, which suggests possible large scale manufacturing using roll-to-roll processing. Gray scale analysis from digital images captured with a digital camera was used to quantify the visual sensitivity. The signal intensity, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the limit of detection (LOD) of OLED integrated QD-LFIAs were compared to Au NP LFIAs. OLED QD-LFIA exhibited superior performance in all signal aspects: 7-8× higher signal intensity and SNR, and a 7× lower LOD of 3 nM (measured at S/N=3). These results demonstrate the potential of OLED-integrated in LFIA devices for obtaining sensitive, fast and low-cost POC diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishak Venkatraman
- Nanoelectronics Laboratory, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0030, USA
| | - Andrew J Steckl
- Nanoelectronics Laboratory, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0030, USA.
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Kusano N, Iwanami T, Narahara K, Tanaka M. Production of monoclonal antibodies specific for the recombinant viral coat protein of Apple stem grooving virus-citrus isolate and their application for a simple, rapid diagnosis by an immunochromatographic assay. J Virol Methods 2014; 195:86-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Byzova NA, Safenkova IV, Chirkov SN, Avdienko VG, Guseva AN, Mitrofanova IV, Zherdev AV, Dzantiev BB, Atabekov JG. Interaction of Plum Pox Virus with Specific Colloidal Gold-Labeled Antibodies and Development of Immunochromatographic Assay of the Virus. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2010; 75:1393-403. [DOI: 10.1134/s000629791011012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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McDonnell B, Hearty S, Finlay WJJ, O'Kennedy R. A high-affinity recombinant antibody permits rapid and sensitive direct detection of myeloperoxidase. Anal Biochem 2010; 410:1-6. [PMID: 20920456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 10 years, a growing field of research supporting the value of myeloperoxidase (MPO) as a prognostic indicator in acute cardiac pathophysiologies has emerged. The availability of a rapid and disposable MPO detection platform would enable research clinicians to more readily assess MPO indications for guiding therapy and also facilitate clinicians at the patient interface to readily adopt MPO testing and potentially drive more informed prognoses. Here we describe the isolation of a high-affinity avian MPO-specific recombinant antibody panel using phage display. Rapid isolation of a suitable single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody was facilitated using a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based "off-rate ranking" screening process. The selected scFv was then successfully incorporated into a rapid, simple, and sensitive one-step lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for the detection of MPO. This "one-step" feature of the developed assay was made possible by the scFv's strong affinity for MPO, obviating the need for sandwich signal enhancement steps. The assay's rapid performance was also further enhanced by exploiting the intrinsic enzymatic properties of MPO in its final detection. Use of the optimized LFIA facilitated the sensitive detection of MPO in MPO-depleted serum within clinically relevant reference ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry McDonnell
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute (BDI), Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Lateral flow (immuno)assay: its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. A literature survey. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:569-82. [PMID: 18696055 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 931] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Revised: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Lateral flow (immuno)assays are currently used for qualitative, semiquantitative and to some extent quantitative monitoring in resource-poor or non-laboratory environments. Applications include tests on pathogens, drugs, hormones and metabolites in biomedical, phytosanitary, veterinary, feed/food and environmental settings. We describe principles of current formats, applications, limitations and perspectives for quantitative monitoring. We illustrate the potentials and limitations of analysis with lateral flow (immuno)assays using a literature survey and a SWOT analysis (acronym for "strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats"). Articles referred to in this survey were searched for on MEDLINE, Scopus and in references of reviewed papers. Search terms included "immunochromatography", "sol particle immunoassay", "lateral flow immunoassay" and "dipstick assay".
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