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Lee CE, Pagán A, Godwin HJ, Drieghe D. Individual differences and the transposed letter effect during reading. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298351. [PMID: 38416772 PMCID: PMC10901340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
When a preview contains substituted letters (SL; markey) word identification is more disrupted for a target word (monkey), compared to when the preview contains transposed letters (TL; mnokey). The transposed letter effect demonstrates that letter positions are encoded more flexibly than letter identities, and is a robust finding in adults. However, letter position encoding has been shown to gradually become more flexible as reading skills develop. It is unclear whether letter position encoding flexibility reaches maturation in skilled adult readers, or whether some differences in the magnitude of the TL effect remain in relation to individual differences in cognitive skills. We examined 100 skilled adult readers who read sentences containing a correct, TL or SL preview. Previews were replaced by the correct target word when the reader's gaze triggered an invisible boundary. Cognitive skills were assessed and grouped based on overlapping variance via Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and subsequently used to predict eye movement measures for each condition. Consistent with previous literature, adult readers were found to generally encode letter position more flexibly than letter identity. Very few differences were found in the magnitude of TL effects between adults based on individual differences in cognitive skills. The flexibility of letter position encoding appears to reach maturation (or near maturation) in skilled adult readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E. Lee
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ascensión Pagán
- School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Hayward J. Godwin
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Denis Drieghe
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Wimmer L, Ferguson HJ. Testing the validity of a self-report scale, author recognition test, and book counting as measures of lifetime exposure to print fiction. Behav Res Methods 2023; 55:103-134. [PMID: 35277842 PMCID: PMC9918583 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-021-01784-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report a study testing the validity of the three most commonly used indicators of lifetime exposure to print fiction, namely a self-report scale, an author recognition test (ART), and book counting, in a sample of older adults (N=306; Mage = 59.29 years, SDage = 7.01). Convergent validity of the self-report scale and book counting was assessed through correlations with the fiction sub-score of the ART; divergent validity of these two indicators was examined via correlations with the non-fiction sub-score of that ART. We also assessed criterion-related validity by testing the degree to which each of the three indicators predicted participants' performance in a vocabulary test. The self-report scale and book counting were significantly more positively associated with the ART fiction sub-score than the ART non-fiction sub-score. Regression analyses, controlling for gender and non-fiction exposure, revealed that the ART fiction sub-score had the highest explanatory power among all indicators under investigation for predicting vocabulary test performance. The present results suggest that only ARTs may have satisfactory levels of both construct and criterion-related validity. Recommendations for the assessment of fiction exposure and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Wimmer
- Department of Education, University of Freiburg, Rempartstr., 11, 79098, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.
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Varga V, Tóth D, Csépe V. Lexical Competition Without Phonology: Masked Orthographic Neighbor Priming With Deaf Readers. JOURNAL OF DEAF STUDIES AND DEAF EDUCATION 2022; 27:151-165. [PMID: 34877600 DOI: 10.1093/deafed/enab040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Skilled reading is thought to rely on well-specified lexical representations that compete during visual word recognition. The establishment of these lexical representations is assumed to be driven by phonology. To test the role of phonology, we examined the prime lexicality effect (PLE), the index of lexical competition in signing deaf (N = 28) and hearing (N = 28) adult readers of Hungarian matched in age and education. We found no PLE for deaf readers even when reading skills were controlled for. Surprisingly, the hearing controls also showed reduced PLE; however, the effect was modulated by reading skill. More skilled hearing readers showed PLE, while more skilled deaf readers did not. These results suggest that phonology contributes to lexical competition; however, high-quality lexical representations are not necessarily built through phonology in deaf readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Varga
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dénes Tóth
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Valéria Csépe
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute for Hungarian and Applied Linguistics, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
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Ehlen F, Roepke S, Klostermann F, Baskow I, Geise P, Belica C, Tiedt HO, Behnia B. Small Semantic Networks in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder Without Intellectual Impairment: A Verbal Fluency Approach. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 50:3967-3987. [PMID: 32198662 PMCID: PMC7560923 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04457-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) experience a variety of symptoms sometimes including atypicalities in language use. The study explored differences in semantic network organisation of adults with ASD without intellectual impairment. We assessed clusters and switches in verbal fluency tasks ('animals', 'human feature', 'verbs', 'r-words') via curve fitting in combination with corpus-driven analysis of semantic relatedness and evaluated socio-emotional and motor action related content. Compared to participants without ASD (n = 39), participants with ASD (n = 32) tended to produce smaller clusters, longer switches, and fewer words in semantic conditions (no p values survived Bonferroni-correction), whereas relatedness and content were similar. In ASD, semantic networks underlying cluster formation appeared comparably small without affecting strength of associations or content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Ehlen
- Department of Neurology, Motor and Cognition Group, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF), Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry, Jüdisches Krankenhaus Berlin, Heinz-Galinski-Straße 1, 13347, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF), Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Stefan Roepke
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF), Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Klostermann
- Department of Neurology, Motor and Cognition Group, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF), Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Irina Baskow
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF), Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pia Geise
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF), Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
- Universität Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Cyril Belica
- Department of Digital Linguistics, Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache, R5, 6-13, 68161, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hannes Ole Tiedt
- Department of Neurology, Motor and Cognition Group, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF), Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Behnoush Behnia
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF), Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
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Welcome SE, Trammel ER. ERPs Reveal Relationships Between Neural Orthographic Priming Effects and Reading Skill. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Masked priming has long been used to demonstrate the impact of brief presentations of orthographically related stimuli on visual word recognition. The aim of the present study was to examine neural correlates of orthographic priming produced by pronounceable and unpronounceable anagram primes. Crucially, we examined relationships between these priming effects and individual differences on a battery of measures assessing orthographic processing ability, current reading ability, and verbal intelligence in university students. Our study demonstrated group-level priming effects on the N200 and N400, with both components being primarily modulated by unpronounceable, orthographically illegal primes. Relationships between the extent of priming as indexed by N200 amplitude and speed of orthographic processing emerged, as reaction time (RT) on an orthographic choice task was associated with priming effects. Priming effects on N400 amplitude were related to phonological decoding efficiency. Those individuals with less efficient orthographic or phonological processing were more sensitive to the orthographic relationship between primes and targets. These findings demonstrate that university students vary in their sensitivity to orthographic priming and the degree to which orthographic information is used during word recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma R. Trammel
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri – St. Louis, MO, USA
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