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Vasthare R, Lim Y R A, Bagga A, Nayak PP, Bhat B, S S. The phenomenological approach in dentistry - a narrative review. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being 2024; 19:2341450. [PMID: 38634343 PMCID: PMC11028029 DOI: 10.1080/17482631.2024.2341450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Phenomenology is a branch of philosophy that focuses on human lived experience. Illness including dental diseases can affect this living experience. Within the dental literature, there is very little reported on the use of phenomenology compared to other healthcare sciences. Hence, the aim was to review the literature and provide an overview of various applications of phenomenology in dental research. METHODS This study was a narrative review using literature in the last 10 years identified by web-based search on PubMed and Scopus using keywords. A total of 33 articles that were closely related to the field and application in dentistry were included. The methodology, main results, and future research recommendations, if applicable, were extracted and reviewed. RESULTS The authors in this study had identified several areas such as orofacial pain and pain control research, dental anxiety, dental education, oral healthcare perceptions and access, living with dental diseases and dental treatment experience in which the phenomenological method was used to gain an in-depth understanding of the topic. CONCLUSIONS There are several advantages of using the phenomenological research method, such as the small sample size needed, the diverse and unique perspective that can be obtained and the ability to improve current understanding, especially from the first-person perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramprasad Vasthare
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Arron Lim Y R
- Department of Orthodontics, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Aayushi Bagga
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Prajna P. Nayak
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Bhargav Bhat
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Sahana S
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Kowalski SL, Webber E, Stocker-Schneider J, Long T. Utilization of Art in Nursing Education to Enhance Student Spiritual Growth and Holistic Nursing Practice. J Holist Nurs 2024:8980101241237109. [PMID: 38439690 DOI: 10.1177/08980101241237109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate student nurses' perceptions of how creative art activities might support spiritual self-exploration, foster understanding of holistic care and promote spiritual growth in relation to Mercy and Jesuit values emphasized in their nursing program. Design: A qualitative design was used with data collected through surveys and students' reflections. Methods: Students enrolled in an introductory nursing course with a service-learning component participated in the study. Students were initially asked to create drawings depicting Mercy/Jesuit charisms, spirituality, and holistic nursing then complete written reflections. At the term's end, students created group art projects connecting service learning, holistic nursing care, and spiritual growth. Students responded to survey questions regarding spirituality, Mercy/Jesuit charisms, nursing practice, and their art experiences. Findings: Surveys were completed by 122 of the 137 students who participated in the art projects. After initial difficulty with artistic expression, most students reported the projects provided an opportunity for introspection related to personal spirituality, nursing, and the impact of service-learning experiences on future nursing practice. Conclusion: Arts-based learning can help students explore and express spirituality related to nursing and support their understanding and integration of values essential to the delivery of holistic nursing care.
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Kleiner MJ, Kinsella EA, Miciak M, Teachman G, Walton DM. From reflection to phronesis in 'good' physiotherapy practice. Physiother Theory Pract 2023:1-17. [PMID: 38108310 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2023.2285419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reflection is promoted in health professional education as a way to learn in and on practice. 'Being reflective' is considered important to 'good' and 'expert' physiotherapy practice, yet there is limited research on reflective practices of experienced physiotherapists. For Aristotle, a good person reasons and acts in ways to promote human flourishing. Physiotherapists' perspectives on the place of reflection in good practice has the potential to advance professional understandings of how it may be enacted. Such knowledge may inform health professions education, regulatory guidelines, professional practices, and patient interactions. PURPOSE The purpose of this research was to examine experienced musculoskeletal (MSK) practitioners' perceptions of reflection in the practice of a 'good' physiotherapist. METHODS A secondary analysis of data arising from a hermeneutic phenomenological study into physiotherapists' perceptions of the qualities and practices that constitutes a 'good' physiotherapist was undertaken. The secondary analysis focused on ways of 'being reflective', which emerged as a major theme in the original study. FINDINGS Six themes were identified related to 'being reflective' in a 'good' physiotherapist: 1) learning from experience; 2) integrating multiple perspectives; 3) navigating indeterminate zones; 4) developing embodied knowledge; 5) questioning assumptions; and 6) cultivating wisdom. CONCLUSIONS Findings support the notion that 'good' physiotherapy involves a disposition toward making wise judgments through reflection. This practice-based knowledge can inform educational initiatives that nurture practices that foster attention to reflective processes that inform phronesis in professional life. Through reflexivity on what the profession takes for granted, physiotherapists may be better prepared when navigating the indeterminate zones of practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Kleiner
- QuinnRehab, Barrie, Ontario, Canada
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Graduate Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Anne Kinsella
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Graduate Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Sciences Education, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maxi Miciak
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gail Teachman
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Graduate Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David M Walton
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Graduate Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, Elborn College, London, Ontario, Canada
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Gill GK, Ng SL, Kangasjarvi E, Crukley J, Kumagai A, Simpson JS. From skillful to empathic: evaluating shifts in medical students' perceptions of surgeons through a combined patient as teacher and arts-based reflection program. CANADIAN MEDICAL EDUCATION JOURNAL 2023; 14:14-21. [PMID: 38045079 PMCID: PMC10690007 DOI: 10.36834/cmej.76536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The purpose of this study was to identify whether the incorporation of a combined Patient as teacher (PAT) and arts-based reflection (ABR) program during a surgical clerkship rotation could influence more humanistic perceptions of surgeons, using an innovative evaluation approach. Methods A novel, single question evaluation tool was created. Third year medical-students were asked to "list the top 5 attributes of a surgeon, in order of perceived importance" both before and after their surgical clerkship rotations and participation in the PAT/ABR program. Attributes identified by students were coded as either "humanistic" or "non-humanistic," which were then analyzed using generalized linear regression models under a Bayesian framework. Results After participation in the PAT/ABR program, the predicted probability of students ranking a humanistic characteristic as the most important attribute of a surgeon had increased by 17%, and the predicted probability of students ranking a humanistic characteristic amongst their top three attributes for a surgeon had increased by 21%. Conclusion This innovative evaluative method suggested the success of a combined PAT/ABR program in encouraging a humanistic perspective of surgery and this approach could potentially be explored to evaluate other humanistic education initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurjot K Gill
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stella L Ng
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emilia Kangasjarvi
- Centre for Faculty Development, University of Toronto at St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeff Crukley
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arno Kumagai
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Women’s College Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jory S Simpson
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, Ontario, Canada
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Ng SL, Forsey J, Boyd VA, Friesen F, Langlois S, Ladonna K, Mylopoulos M, Steenhof N. Combining adaptive expertise and (critically) reflective practice to support the development of knowledge, skill, and society. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2022; 27:1265-1281. [PMID: 36350488 PMCID: PMC9645329 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-022-10178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive expertise (AE) and reflective practice (RP), two influential and resonant theories of professional expertise and practice in their own right, may further benefit health professions education if carefully combined. The current societal and systemic context is primed for both AE and RP. Both bodies of work position practitioners as agentive, learning continually and thoughtfully throughout their careers, particularly in order to manage unprecedented situations well. Similar on the surface, the roots and practices of AE and RP diverge at key junctures and we will focus on RP's movement toward critically reflective practice. The roots of AE and RP, and how they relate to or diverge from present-day applications matter because in health professions education, as in all education, paradigmatic mixing should be undertaken purposefully. This paper will explore the need for AE and RP, their shared commitments, distinctive histories, pedagogical possibilities both individually and combined, and next steps for maximizing their potential to positively impact the field. We argue that this exploration is urgently needed because both AE and RP hold much promise for improving health care and yet employing them optimally-whether alone or together-requires understanding and intent. We build an interprofessional education case situated in long-term care, throughout the paper, to demonstrate the potential that AE and RP might offer to health professions education individually and combined. This exploration comes just in time. Within the realities of uncertain practice emphasized by the pandemic, practitioners were also called to act in response to complex and urgent social movements. A combined AE and RP approach, with focus on critically reflective practice in particular, would potentially prepare professionals to respond effectively, compassionately, and equitably to future health and social crises and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella L Ng
- Centre for Advancing Collaborative Healthcare and Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Jacquelin Forsey
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Victoria A Boyd
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Farah Friesen
- Centre for Advancing Collaborative Healthcare and Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Kori Ladonna
- Department of Innovation in Medical Education, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Maria Mylopoulos
- The Wilson Centre, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Naomi Steenhof
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Harrison HF, Kinsella EA, DeLuca S, Loftus S. "We know what they're struggling with": student peer mentors' embodied perceptions of teaching in a health professional education mentorship program. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2022; 27:63-86. [PMID: 34674088 PMCID: PMC8529573 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-021-10072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on a study of student peer mentorship in the context of nursing education in a higher education program in Canada. The study used an embodied hermeneutic phenomenological methodology to investigate student peer mentors' perceptions of teaching during peer mentorship. The data were collected over one calendar year (2019) and involved analysis of 10 participants' interview data and their 'body maps,' produced in response to guided questions. Through the data analysis a core theme of 'commitment to mentee growth' was identified, along with seven interrelated themes: sharing responsibility for learning, moderating stress, mediating power relations, navigating unknown processes, valuing creative approaches, offering generous acceptance, and facilitating confidence. Student peer mentorship has the potential to contribute to health professions education in a number of unique ways including through embodied attunement, trusting intersubjective relations, and dialogic education. This study is innovative in its purposeful design and aim to investigate both cognitive and embodied perceptions of student peer mentors. The findings point to the promise of student peer mentorship for advancing health sciences education. Implications for peer mentorship program development in health professions education are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen F. Harrison
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Professional Education Field, Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Graduate Program, Western University, Elborn College, 1201 Western Rd, London, ON N6G 1H1 Canada
- School of Nursing, Fanshawe College, 1001 Fanshawe College Blvd, London, ON N5Y 5R6 Canada
| | - Elizabeth Anne Kinsella
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Professional Education Field, Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Graduate Program, Western University, Elborn College, 1201 Western Rd, London, ON N6G 1H1 Canada
- Institute of Health Sciences Education, Faculty of Health Sciences Education, McGill University, 1110 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3 Canada
- School of Physical & Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences Education, McGill University, 1110 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3 Canada
| | - Sandra DeLuca
- School of Nursing, Fanshawe College, 1001 Fanshawe College Blvd, London, ON N5Y 5R6 Canada
- Centre for Education Research and Innovation, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1 Canada
- Arthur Labatt Family School of Nursing, Graduate Studies, Faculties of Health Sciences & Education, Western University, London, ON Canada
| | - Stephen Loftus
- Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, 410 O’Dowd Hall, 586 Pioneer Drive, Rochester, MI 48309-4401 USA
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Rae J. Art and knowing in health management education. MEDICAL TEACHER 2022; 44:206-211. [PMID: 34613878 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2021.1984406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Presented is a case illustrating connections between art, learning and the mobilization of knowledge. As part of an assessment task in a postgraduate degree, a student made a painting about her experiences with workplace harassment and bullying in the surgical ward that she managed. I interviewed this student and made my own artworks to better understand her workplace and learning experiences. We then discussed our respective artworks and recorded those conversations. These data suggest that art-making can create powerful learning experiences, change attitude to health management practice, make connections and generate productive conversations within a healthcare organization, and mobilize knowledge. The paper responds to the question: Can art be 'paradigm-shifting' and therefore hold potential for creating a 'good' or better health service? It also reflects on the use of art in health service research more generally, especially in an era considered by some to be 'postparadigmatic.'
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Affiliation(s)
- John Rae
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia
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Shapiro J, McMullin J, Miotto G, Nguyen T, Hurria A, Nguyen MA. Medical Students' Creation of Original Poetry, Comics, and Masks to Explore Professional Identity Formation. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMANITIES 2021; 42:603-625. [PMID: 34779996 PMCID: PMC8664798 DOI: 10.1007/s10912-021-09713-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examines differences in students' perceived value of three artmaking modalities (poetry, comics, masks) and whether the resulting creative projects offer similar or different insights into medical students' professional identity formation. METHODS Mixed-methods design using a student survey, student narrative comments and qualitative analysis of students' original work. RESULTS Poetry and comics stimulated insight, but masks were more enjoyable and stress-reducing. All three art modalities expressed tension between personal and professional identities. DISCUSSION Regardless of type of artmaking, students express concern about encroachments of training on personal identity but hoped that personal and professional selves could be integrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Shapiro
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, UC Irvine Medical Center, University of California Irvine, rte 81, bldg. 200, rm 835, 101 City Dr. South, Orange, CA, 92868, USA.
| | - Juliet McMullin
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | - Tan Nguyen
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, UC Irvine Medical Center, University of California Irvine, rte 81, bldg. 200, rm 835, 101 City Dr. South, Orange, CA, 92868, USA
| | - Anju Hurria
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, 92868, USA
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Capous-Desyllas M, Bogumil E, Lara P, Reshetnikov A. Minding the maps: Using visual mapping methodology and installation art to understand differences in client service accessibility among nonprofit organizations in Los Angeles. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 49:2590-2608. [PMID: 33881800 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study highlights the pathways of clients' social service usage through qualitative interviews and visual mapping methodology. Undergraduate students interviewed clients at diverse social service agencies in Los Angeles that include homeless shelters, child welfare organizations, domestic violence organizations, LGBTQIA youth-oriented agencies, nonprofits serving older adults, schools, and organizations serving low-income families. Students used the information gathered from the interviews to visually map their clients' environmental and structural barriers, as well as their pathways to service. The research team then analyzed the students' visual maps to create one cohesive, complex, and multilayered visual map representing clients' overall barriers and pathways to social services in Los Angeles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Bogumil
- Department of Sociology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
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Hall K, De Gagne JC. Arts and Humanities to Teach Civility in Health Professions. Creat Nurs 2021; 26:241-245. [PMID: 33273128 DOI: 10.1891/crnr-d-18-00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Incivility is defined as rude or disruptive behavior which may result in psychological or physiological distress for the people involved. These behaviors, which appear to be more pervasive than ever in today's society, both in academia and in the health-care system, negatively affect professionals' well-being and the workplace environment. Nurses have an obligation to practice with compassion and respect, and to develop creative solutions for addressing incivility. Education about incivility should begin in prelicensure programs for all health professions, so that students understand the behavior expected of them as professionals. When health-care professionals embody the ideals of respect and civility, they set an example for others to follow. The arts and humanities can be used as a pedagogical tool to provide innovative learning opportunities to teach these values through the affective domain of learning. This article discusses one of the creative avenues for facilitating such opportunity, the use of the arts and humanities to teach civility in health professions education.
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Kangasjarvi E, Ng SL, Friesen F, Simpson JS. Patients as teachers and arts-based reflection in surgical clerkship: A preliminary exploration. MEDICAL TEACHER 2020; 42:1362-1368. [PMID: 32847442 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2020.1807482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Involving patients in medical education as teachers is not a novel approach, yet it has not been widely adopted by undergraduate surgical curricula in Canada. The Patients as Teachers initiative in surgery (PAT) program, with an arts-based reflection assignment, was developed for surgical clerks with the goals of emphasizing patient-centredness in surgical practice, humanistic aspects of medicine, and to counterbalance the commonplace emphasis on technical competency in surgery. METHODS Qualitative data was collected exploring the question: What was the experience and impact of the PAT program on patient teachers and students? Patient teachers (n = 5) were invited to participate in one-on-one interviews and students (n = 46) were invited to participate in focus groups at the end of the program. RESULTS Findings converged around two main themes: what students/patient teachers valued about the PAT program and what they perceived was learned. While patient teachers felt a sense of emotional healing and appreciated a chance to contribute to medical education, students valued having protected time to learn in depth from the patient teachers. Students also begrudgingly came to appreciate the arts-based reflection assignment. CONCLUSION By bringing patient voice to the forefront and encouraging reflection, the PAT program emphasized to students the compassionate and humanistic side of surgical care. Future studies could examine the mechanisms by which learning occurs and long-term impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Kangasjarvi
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Faculty Development, University of Toronto at St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stella L Ng
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Faculty Development, University of Toronto at St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Ambulatory Care Education, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Farah Friesen
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Faculty Development, University of Toronto at St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jory S Simpson
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Costa M, Kangasjarvi E, Charise A. Beyond empathy: a qualitative exploration of arts and humanities in pre-professional (baccalaureate) health education. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2020; 25:1203-1226. [PMID: 32100196 PMCID: PMC7704487 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-020-09964-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
For nearly four decades, researchers have explored the integration of arts and humanities content into health professions education (HPE). However, enduring controversies regarding the purpose, efficacy, and implementation of humanities initiatives suggest that the timing and context of trainees' exposure to such content is a key, but seldom considered, factor. To better understand the affordances of introducing humanities-based health curriculum prior to the HPE admissions gateway, we conducted a qualitative instrumental case study with participants from Canada's first Health Humanities baccalaureate program. Fully anonymized transcripts from semi-structured interviews (n = 11) and focus groups (n = 14) underwent an open-coding procedure for thematic narrative analysis to reveal three major temporal domains of described experience (i.e., prior to, during, and following their participation in a 12-week semester-long "Introduction to Health Humanities" course). Our findings demonstrate that perceptions of arts- and humanities content in health education are generated well in advance of HPE admission. Among other findings, we define a new concept-epistemological multicompetence-to describe participants' emergent capability to toggle between (and advocate for the role of) multiple disciplines, arts and humanities particularly, in health-related teaching and learning at the pre-professional level. Improved coordination of baccalaureate and HPE curricula may therefore enhance the development of capabilities associated with arts and humanities, including: epistemological multicompetence, aesthetic sensibility, and other sought-after qualities in HPE candidates. In conclusion, attending to the pre-professional admissions gateway presents a new, capabilities-driven approach to enhancing both the implementation and critical understanding of arts and humanities' purpose, role, and effects across the "life course" of health professions education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Costa
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- SCOPE: The Health Humanities Learning Lab, University of Toronto Scarborough, Scarborough, Canada
| | - Emilia Kangasjarvi
- Centre for Faculty Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto at St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrea Charise
- SCOPE: The Health Humanities Learning Lab, University of Toronto Scarborough, Scarborough, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Health & Society (ICHS), University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, c/o Highland Hall Rm. 220, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4 Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Simpson JS, Ng S, Kangasjarvi E, Kalocsai C, Hindle A, Kumagai A, Cil T, Fenech D, Ahmed N, Rotstein O. Humanistic education in surgery: a "patient as teacher" program for surgical clerkship. Can J Surg 2020; 63:E257-E260. [PMID: 32400846 DOI: 10.1503/cjs.005319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary Surgeons are frequently perceived by medical students to be uncompassionate, resolute and individualistic. Surgical education often prioritizes teaching and learning approaches that perpetuate these perceptions. In other specialties, engaging patients in education has shown promise in refocusing attention from the technical and procedural aspects of care toward the humanistic and social aspects. Despite proven favourable outcomes for both patients and students in many clinical areas, a "patient as teacher" approach to surgical education has yet to be adopted widely in Canada. A patient as teacher program was developed for surgical clerks at the University of Toronto with the goal of emphasizing the humanity of the patient, the psychosocial impact of a surgical diagnosis of breast cancer on patients and their families, and the social and humanistic roles for surgeons in providing patient-centred care. We report on the program's development process and pilot session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jory S. Simpson
- From the Division of General Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Simpson, Ahmed, Rotstein); the Centre for Faculty Development, St. Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Ng); Applied Education Research Operatives, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont. (Kangasjarvi); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kalocsai); Academiec Affairs, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont. (Hindle;) Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kumagai); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Cil); and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Fenech)
| | - Stella Ng
- From the Division of General Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Simpson, Ahmed, Rotstein); the Centre for Faculty Development, St. Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Ng); Applied Education Research Operatives, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont. (Kangasjarvi); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kalocsai); Academiec Affairs, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont. (Hindle;) Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kumagai); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Cil); and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Fenech)
| | - Emilia Kangasjarvi
- From the Division of General Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Simpson, Ahmed, Rotstein); the Centre for Faculty Development, St. Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Ng); Applied Education Research Operatives, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont. (Kangasjarvi); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kalocsai); Academiec Affairs, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont. (Hindle;) Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kumagai); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Cil); and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Fenech)
| | - Csilla Kalocsai
- From the Division of General Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Simpson, Ahmed, Rotstein); the Centre for Faculty Development, St. Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Ng); Applied Education Research Operatives, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont. (Kangasjarvi); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kalocsai); Academiec Affairs, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont. (Hindle;) Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kumagai); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Cil); and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Fenech)
| | - Aimee Hindle
- From the Division of General Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Simpson, Ahmed, Rotstein); the Centre for Faculty Development, St. Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Ng); Applied Education Research Operatives, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont. (Kangasjarvi); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kalocsai); Academiec Affairs, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont. (Hindle;) Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kumagai); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Cil); and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Fenech)
| | - Arno Kumagai
- From the Division of General Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Simpson, Ahmed, Rotstein); the Centre for Faculty Development, St. Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Ng); Applied Education Research Operatives, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont. (Kangasjarvi); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kalocsai); Academiec Affairs, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont. (Hindle;) Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kumagai); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Cil); and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Fenech)
| | - Tulin Cil
- From the Division of General Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Simpson, Ahmed, Rotstein); the Centre for Faculty Development, St. Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Ng); Applied Education Research Operatives, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont. (Kangasjarvi); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kalocsai); Academiec Affairs, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont. (Hindle;) Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kumagai); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Cil); and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Fenech)
| | - Darlene Fenech
- From the Division of General Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Simpson, Ahmed, Rotstein); the Centre for Faculty Development, St. Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Ng); Applied Education Research Operatives, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont. (Kangasjarvi); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kalocsai); Academiec Affairs, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont. (Hindle;) Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kumagai); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Cil); and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Fenech)
| | - Najma Ahmed
- From the Division of General Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Simpson, Ahmed, Rotstein); the Centre for Faculty Development, St. Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Ng); Applied Education Research Operatives, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont. (Kangasjarvi); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kalocsai); Academiec Affairs, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont. (Hindle;) Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kumagai); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Cil); and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Fenech)
| | - Ori Rotstein
- From the Division of General Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Simpson, Ahmed, Rotstein); the Centre for Faculty Development, St. Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Ng); Applied Education Research Operatives, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont. (Kangasjarvi); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kalocsai); Academiec Affairs, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont. (Hindle;) Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kumagai); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Cil); and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Fenech)
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14
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Abstract
There are different paradigms in the discipline of nursing that contain theories that guide the practice, research, and education for members of the discipline. Each paradigm and nursing theory espouses ethical truths differently. The author in this article introduces the notion of teaching the ethos of humanbecoming dignity through uncovering the abiding truths of presence, existence, trust, and worth. A suggested situational teaching-learning tool is introduced to illustrate the potential uncovering of ethical truths for students of the discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance L Milton
- Professor Doctoral Programs, School of Nursing, Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, CA, USA
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15
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Ziebart C, MacDermid JC. Reflective Practice in Physical Therapy: A Scoping Review. Phys Ther 2019; 99:1056-1068. [PMID: 30921467 PMCID: PMC6665949 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzz049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many practitioners experience complex, uncertain, and unique clinical practice situations that can be navigated with reflection. Little is known about the theoretical and pragmatic perspectives of reflection in physical therapy. PURPOSE The purpose of this paper was to examine the literature on reflection in physical therapy and identify gaps in the literature. DATA SOURCE The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and PsycINFO were used to identify articles. STUDY SELECTION Studies were selected to describe: (1) theoretical concepts related to reflection, (2) examples of reflection, and (3) the use of reflection in clinical or educational contexts. DATA EXTRACTION Authors, year of publication, country of origin, publication type or source, methodology, conceptual approach (including terminology used, definition of terminology used), and practical approach (including theoretical underpinning, context of reflection/reflective practice, and target group) guided the data extraction. DATA SYNTHESIS A total of 46 articles were reviewed spanning from 1992 to 2017, which included research studies, field articles, editorials, and a review article. Theoretical underpinnings of reflection were based on the thoughts of Donald Schön. Written approaches to reflection were most common, and reflection was used to inform education, clinical practice, and professional growth. LIMITATIONS As with any review paper, there is a certain level of interpretation required when collating and interpreting data. CONCLUSIONS Reflection in physical therapy could be advanced by a thorough conceptualization of reflective practice, a broader and deeper pool of research to inform optimal implementation of reflection across the career span from learners to experts, and a clear definition and linkage of reflection to epistemologies of physical therapy practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ziebart
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada,Address all correspondence to Ms Ziebart at:
| | - Joy C MacDermid
- Physical Therapy and Surgery, Western University; Clinical Research Lab, Hand, and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph's Health Centre, London, Ontario, Canada; and Rehabilitation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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16
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VanderKaay S, Jung B, Letts L, Moll SE. Continuing competency in ethical decision making: An interpretive description of occupational therapists' perspectives. The Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 2019; 86:209-219. [PMID: 31092004 DOI: 10.1177/0008417419833842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND. Competency in ethical decision making is a criterion for ethical practice, and it is expected to advance with ongoing professional development. However, research exploring continuing competency needs of occupational therapists regarding ethical decision making is limited. PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to explore potential gaps and directions for development related to continuing competency in ethical decision making from the perspective of practicing occupational therapists. METHOD. Interpretive description informed secondary data analysis of professional narratives from a grounded theory study regarding ethical decision making. In-depth interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 18 occupational therapists. Data analyses focused on identifying gaps and future directions regarding continuing competency. FINDINGS. Two main themes regarding gaps were identified: "I didn't have the knowledge" and "I don't have anybody." Education, tool development, and ethics mentorship were identified directions for development. IMPLICATIONS. Findings advance understanding of continuing competency needs of occupational therapists regarding ethical decision making.
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17
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Ng SL, Crukley J, Kangasjarvi E, Poost-Foroosh L, Aiken S, Phelan SK. Clinician, student and faculty perspectives on the audiology-industry interface: implications for ethics education. Int J Audiol 2019; 58:576-586. [PMID: 31084367 DOI: 10.1080/14992027.2019.1602737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Supporting audiologists to work ethically with industry requires theory-building research. This study sought to answer: How do audiologists view their relationship with industry in terms of ethical implications? What do audiologists do when faced with ethical tensions? How do social and systemic structures influence these views and actions? Design: A constructivist grounded theory study was conducted using semi-structured interviews of clinicians, students and faculty. Study sample: A purposive sample of 19 Canadian and American audiologists was recruited with representation across clinical, academic, educational and industry work settings. Theoretical sampling of grey literature occurred alongside audiologist sampling. Interpretations were informed by the concepts of ethical tensions as ethical uncertainty, dilemmas and distress. Results: Findings identified the audiology-industry relationship as symbiotic but not wholly positive. A range of responses included denying ethical tensions to avoiding any industry interactions altogether. Several of our participants who had experienced ethical distress quit their jobs to resolve the distress. Systemic influences included the economy, professional autonomy and the hidden curriculum. Conclusions: In direct response to our findings, the authors suggest a move to include virtues-based practice, an explicit curriculum for learning ethical industry relations, theoretically-aligned ethics education approaches and systemic and structural change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella L Ng
- a Centre for Faculty Development, St. Michael's Hospital, Centre for Ambulatory Care Education, Department of Speech-Language Pathology , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Jeffery Crukley
- b Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Toronto, and Department of Psychology , Neuroscience, and Behaviour, McMaster University, Starkey Hearing Technologies , Eden Prairie , Minnesota
| | - Emilia Kangasjarvi
- c Centre for Faculty Development , St. Michael's Hospital , Toronto , Canada
| | | | - Steve Aiken
- e School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Departments of Surgery, Psychology, and Neuroscience , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Canada
| | - Shanon K Phelan
- f Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
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18
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Shapiro J, Youm J, Heare M, Hurria A, Miotto G, Nguyen BN, Nguyen T, Simonson K, Turakhia A. Medical Students' Efforts to Integrate and/or Reclaim Authentic Identity: Insights from a Mask-Making Exercise. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMANITIES 2018; 39:483-501. [PMID: 30091106 DOI: 10.1007/s10912-018-9534-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Medical students' mask-making can provide valuable insights into personal and professional identity formation and wellness. A subset of first- and second-year medical students attending a medical school wellness retreat participated in a mask-making workshop. Faculty-student teams examined student masks and explanatory narratives using visual and textual analysis techniques. A quantitative survey assessed student perceptions of the experience. We identified an overarching theme: "Reconciliation/reclamation of authentic identity." The combination of nonverbal mask-making and narrative offers rich insights into medical students' experience and thinking. This activity promoted reflection and self-care, while providing insight regarding personal and professional development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Shapiro
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Rte 81, Bldg 200, Ste 835, Orange, CA, 92868, USA.
| | - Julie Youm
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, 836 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Michelle Heare
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, 2230 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Anju Hurria
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, UC Irvine Medical Center, 101 City Dr. South, Bldg 3, Orange, CA, 92868, USA
| | - Gabriella Miotto
- The Children's Clinic, 455 E Columbia St, Suite 201, Long Beach, CA, 90806, USA
| | - Bao-Nhan Nguyen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, 836 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Tan Nguyen
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Rte 81, Bldg 200, Ste 835, Orange, CA, 92868, USA
| | - Kevin Simonson
- University of California Riverside, School of Medicine, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Artur Turakhia
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, UC Irvine Medical Center, 101 City Dr. South, Bldg 3, Orange, CA, 92868, USA
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19
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VanderKaay S, Letts L, Jung B, Moll SE. Doing what's right: A grounded theory of ethical decision-making in occupational therapy. Scand J Occup Ther 2018; 27:98-111. [PMID: 29673278 DOI: 10.1080/11038128.2018.1464060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Ethical decision-making is an important aspect of reasoning in occupational therapy practice. However, the process of ethical decision-making within the broader context of reasoning is yet to be clearly explicated.Objective: The purpose of this study was to advance a theoretical understanding of the process by which occupational therapists make ethical decisions in day-to-day practice.Method: A constructivist grounded theory approach was adopted, incorporating in-depth semi-structured interviews with 18 occupational therapists from a range of practice settings and years of experience. Initially, participants nominated as key informants who were able to reflect on their decision-making processes were recruited. Theoretical sampling informed subsequent stages of data collection. Participants were asked to describe their process of ethical decision-making using scenarios from clinical practice. Interview transcripts were analyzed using a systematic process of initial then focused coding, and theoretical categorization to construct a theory regarding the process of ethical decision-making.Findings: An ethical decision-making prism was developed to capture three main processes: Considering the Fundamental Checklist, Consulting Others, and Doing What's Right. Ethical decision-making appeared to be an inductive and dialectical process with the occupational therapist at its core.Conclusion: Study findings advance our understanding of ethical decision-making in day-to-day clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra VanderKaay
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Lori Letts
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Bonny Jung
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sandra E Moll
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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20
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Varpio L, Grassau P, Hall P. Looking and listening for learning in arts- and humanities-based creations. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2017; 51:136-145. [PMID: 27882576 DOI: 10.1111/medu.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The arts and humanities are gradually gaining a foothold in health professions education as a means of supporting the development of future clinicians who are compassionate, critical and reflexive thinkers, while also strengthening clinical skills and practices that emphasise patient-centredness, collaboration and interprofessional practices. Assignments that tap into trainee creativity are increasingly used both to prepare learners for the demands of clinical work and to understand the personal and professional challenges learners face in these contexts. Health professions educators need methods for interpreting these creations in order to understand each learner's expressions. This paper describes two theoretical frameworks that can be used to understand trainees' unique learning experiences as they are expressed in arts- and humanities-based creations. METHODS The authors introduce the philosophical underpinnings and interpretation procedures of two theoretical frameworks that enable educators to 'hear' and 'see' the multilayered expressions embedded within arts- and humanities-based student creations: Gilligan's Listening Guide and Kress and van Leeuwen's approach to visual rhetoric. To illustrate how these frameworks can be used, the authors apply them to two creative summaries that learners made as part of a humanities-informed, interprofessional education intervention that took place in a non-acute-care teaching hospital. The interpretations of two creative summaries, a poem and a pair of paintings, highlight how applying these theoretical frameworks can offer important insights into learners' experiences. CONCLUSIONS This cross-cutting edge paper describes how the Listening Guide and visual rhetoric can help health professions educators listen to and read the arts- and humanities-based creative expressions made by learners. Insights gained from these interpretations can advance the understanding of students' personal experiences in different learning environments and can inform curriculum development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Varpio
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pamela Grassau
- Palliative Care Research and Education, Bruyére Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pippa Hall
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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