Alcohol Use and Multimorbidity Among Individuals Living with HIV

The Association Between Alcohol Use and Chronic Diseases' Treatment Outcomes Among Adults Aged 40 Years and Above in Rural South Africa

Chronic diseases are significant problems in South Africa. Chronic diseases' treatment outcomes are critical to the reduction of morbidity and mortality. There is limited data in South Africa on alcohol use and treatment outcomes of chronic diseases in older people. We analysed data from wave 1 of the Health and Ageing in Africa-a longitudinal Study in an INDEPTH community (HAALSI) study. We performed descriptive analysis to determine the prevalence of optimal chronic diseases' treatment outcomes (suppressed HIV viral load, normal blood pressure and normal blood sugar) and applied multivariate modified Poisson regression to determine the association between alcohol use and chronic diseases' treatment outcomes. The prevalence of optimal treatment outcomes were 87.4% for HIV, 42.7% for hypertension, 53.6% for diabetes mellitus and 52.4% for multimorbidity. Alcohol use did not negatively impact the treatment outcomes for HIV (aRR=1.00, 95%CI:0.93-1.09), hypertension (aRR=0.88, 95%CI:0.68-1.14), diabetes mellitus (aRR=0.73, 95%CI:0.44-1.22), and multimorbidity (aRR=1.00, 95%CI:0.93-1.09). Alcohol use was not significantly associated with treatment outcomes possibly due to underreporting of alcohol use. There is need to incorporate objective alcohol measurements in chronic diseases care settings. Furthermore, there is urgent need to strengthen the management of hypertension and diabetes, by adopting the strategies deployed for HIV management.

Patterns of multimorbidity and some psychiatric disorders: A systematic review of the literature

Objective

The presence of two or more chronic diseases results in worse clinical outcomes than expected by a simple combination of diseases. This synergistic effect is expected to be higher when combined with some conditions, depending on the number and severity of diseases. Multimorbidity is a relatively new term, with the first fundamental definitions appearing in 2015. Studies usually define it as the presence of at least two chronic medical illnesses. However, little is known regarding the relationship between mental disorders and other non-psychiatric chronic diseases. This review aims at investigating the association between some mental disorders and non-psychiatric diseases, and their pattern of association.

Methods

We performed a systematic approach to selecting papers that studied relationships between chronic conditions that included one mental disorder from 2015 to 2021. These were processed using Covidence, including quality assessment.

Results

This resulted in the inclusion of 26 papers in this study. It was found that there are strong associations between depression, psychosis, and multimorbidity, but recent studies that evaluated patterns of association of diseases (usually using clustering methods) had heterogeneous results. Quality assessment of the papers generally revealed low quality among the included studies.

Conclusions

There is evidence of an association between depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and psychosis with multimorbidity. Studies that tried to examine the patterns of association between diseases did not find stable results.

Systematic review registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021216101, identifier: CRD42021216101.

The Role of Alcohol-Related Behavioral Research in the Design of HIV Secondary Prevention Interventions in the Era of Antiretroviral Therapy: Targeted Research Priorities Moving Forward

HIV secondary prevention focuses on averting onward HIV transmission, which can be realized when people living with HIV enact requisite HIV care continuum-related behaviors to achieve viral suppression, and engage in condom-protected sex when virally unsuppressed. Alcohol has been detrimentally linked to all aspects of HIV secondary prevention, and although a growing number of behavioral interventions account for and address alcohol use within this realm, further efforts are needed to fully realize the potential of such initiatives. The present article proposes a series of targeted priorities to inform the future design, implementation, and evaluation of alcohol-related behavioral intervention research within the scope of HIV secondary prevention. These priorities and corresponding approaches account for the challenges of resource-constrained clinic environments; capitalize on technology; and address key comorbidities. This framework provides the foundation for a range of alcohol-related behavioral interventions that could potentially enhance global HIV secondary prevention efforts in the years ahead.

Multilevel and Multifactorial Interventions to Reduce Alcohol Consumption and Improve ART Adherence and Related Factors Among HIV Positive Men in Mumbai, India

Alcohol use has a deleterious effect on the health status of persons living with HIV, negatively affecting antiretroviral adherence and increasing the risk of transmission. Alcohol use is not an isolated behavior but intimately linked to stigma and poor psychological status among other factors. This paper utilizes a crossover design to test the efficacy of three multilevel interventions, individual counselling (IC), group intervention (GI) and collective advocacy (CA) for change, among HIV positive males who consume alcohol, treated at five ART Centers in urban Maharashtra, India. While GI shows a significant effect on the largest number of outcome variables, IC through its psychosocial emphasis demonstrated a significant impact over time on stigma and depression, and CA with its emphasis on societal change showed positive impact on stigma and advocacy for self and others. Each of the interventions had variable effects on CD4 count and viral load.Clinical Registration Number: NCT03746457; Clinical Trial.Gov.

Utilizing electronic health record data to understand comorbidity burden among people living with HIV: a machine learning approach

OBJECTIVES

An understanding of the predictors of comorbidity among people living with HIV (PLWH) is critical for effective HIV care management. In this study, we identified predictors of comorbidity burden among PLWH based on machine learning models with electronic health record (EHR) data.

METHODS

The study population are individuals with a HIV diagnosis between January 2005 and December 2016 in South Carolina (SC). The change of comorbidity burden, represented by the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score, was measured by the score difference between pre- and post-HIV diagnosis, and dichotomized into a binary outcome variable. Thirty-five risk predictors from multiple domains were used to predict the increase in comorbidity burden based on the logistic least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) regression analysis using 80% data for model development and 20% data for validation.

RESULTS

Of 8253 PLWH, the mean value of the CCI score difference was 0.8 ± 1.9 (range from 0 to 21) with 2328 (28.2%) patients showing an increase in CCI score after HIV diagnosis. Top predictors for an increase in CCI score using the LASSO model included older age at HIV diagnosis, positive family history of chronic conditions, tobacco use, longer duration with retention in care, having PEBA insurance, having low recent CD4+ cell count and duration of viral suppression.

CONCLUSION

The application of machine learning methods to EHR data could identify important predictors of increased comorbidity burden among PLWH with high accuracy. Results may enhance the understanding of comorbidities and provide the evidence based data for integrated HIV and comorbidity care management of PLWH.

Motivation to Quit Drinking in Individuals Coinfected with HIV and Hepatitis C

Alcohol consumption is common among individuals coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C (HCV) despite the uniquely harmful effects in this population. Limited research has examined factors that could influence drinking reduction or cessation among HIV/HCV coinfected persons; this study investigates motivation to quit. Participants were 110 alcohol-consuming HIV/HCV coinfected patients recruited from medical clinics. Participants self-reported 90-day drinking frequency and intensity; alcohol-related problems; reasons to quit drinking; reasons to drink; and motivation to quit drinking. Participants consumed alcohol on 54.1 (± 26.9) of the past 90 days. In a multivariate model that controlled for demographic variables, motivation to quit drinking was directly associated with alcohol-related problems (β_y·x = 0.35, p = .007) and reasons to quit drinking (β_y·x = 0.23, p = .021), and inversely associated with drinking for enhancement (β_y·x = - 0.36, p = .004). This study identified several factors associated with motivation to quit drinking in a sample of alcohol-consuming HIV/HCV patients.

Incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in people with HIV in Ontario, 1996-2015: a retrospective population-based cohort study

BACKGROUND

Because of high smoking rates and HIV-related factors, people with HIV may be at high risk for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); however, population-based estimates of the incidence of COPD among people with HIV are lacking, particularly for women. We compared the incidence of COPD among Ontario adults aged 35 years or more with and without HIV between Jan. 1, 1996, and Dec. 31, 2015.

METHODS

We conducted a population-based study using Ontario's health administrative databases. We compared the incidence of COPD between people with and without HIV using standardized incidence ratios and generalized estimating equations with a log link function.

RESULTS

We identified 1849 people with HIV and 1 168 727 HIV-negative people who were newly diagnosed with COPD between 1996 and 2015. People with HIV were younger than HIV-negative people (mean age 49.7 [standard deviation 10.4] yr v. 62.2 [standard deviation 14.8] yr; standardized difference 0.98). Rates of COPD were higher among people with HIV than among HIV-negative people (10.4 v. 9.0 cases per 1000 person-years; standardized incidence ratio 1.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10 to 1.21; adjusted rate ratio 1.34, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.41). In sex-stratified analyses, rates of COPD were higher among men with HIV (adjusted rate ratio 1.32, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.40) and women with HIV (adjusted rate ratio 1.54, 95% CI 1.37 to 1.72) than among men and women without HIV. In a sensitivity analysis, smoking explained observed differences in COPD incidence.

INTERPRETATION

People with HIV had higher rates of incident COPD than HIV-negative people. This may reflect the disproportionately higher prevalence of smoking among the former.