Six application scenarios of artificial intelligence in the precise diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer

Micro-Nano Convergence-Driven Radiotheranostic Revolution in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Radiotherapy, as an important means of treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), has shown unique therapeutic advantages, especially in patients who are unable to undergo surgery or transplantation. It mainly includes external radiotherapy, transarterial radioembolization and intratumoral radioactive particle implantation. However, under the influence of factors such as the hypoxic characteristics of the liver tumor microenvironment and the radioresistance of tumor cells, the effect of radiotherapy may be unstable and may cause side effects, affecting the quality of life of patients. In recent years, with the development of nanotechnology, drug delivery systems based on micro-nanomaterials have provided new solutions for improving the effect of radiotherapy for HCC. Despite this, the application of micro-nano drug delivery systems in the treatment of HCC still faces some challenges, mainly including the in vivo safety and in vivo metabolism of micro-nano materials. This article reviews the latest progress of micro-nano materials in the treatment of HCC, especially their application in radiosensitization and their clinical translation potential. This article systematically analyzes the role of micro-nanomaterials in external or internal radiotherapy sensitization and radioimmunotherapy and explores the advantages of micro-nanomaterials in improving the treatment effect of HCC.

Application of Photoactive Compounds in Cancer Theranostics: Review on Recent Trends from Photoactive Chemistry to Artificial Intelligence

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the number of cancer cases and deaths worldwide is predicted to nearly double by 2030, reaching 21.7 million cases and 13 million fatalities. The increase in cancer mortality is due to limitations in the diagnosis and treatment options that are currently available. The close relationship between diagnostics and medicine has made it possible for cancer patients to receive precise diagnoses and individualized care. This article discusses newly developed compounds with potential for photodynamic therapy and diagnostic applications, as well as those already in use. In addition, it discusses the use of artificial intelligence in the analysis of diagnostic images obtained using, among other things, theranostic agents.

Review of reinforcement learning applications in segmentation, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy of cancer

Owing to early diagnosis and treatment of cancer as a prerequisite in recent times, the role of machine learning has been increased substantially. The mathematically powerful and optimized solutions for the detection and cure of cancer are constantly being explored and novel models based upon standard algorithms are also being developed. Leveraging one such solution is Reinforcement Learning (RL), which is a semi-supervised type of learning. The paper presents a detailed discussion on the various RL techniques, algorithms, and open issues, in addition to the review of literature for diagnosis and treatment of cancer. A smaller number of publications for diagnosis and treatment of cancer have been reported before 2011 but now after the success of Deep Learning (DL) and the advent of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL), the publications have grown in number from 2017 onwards. The scope of RL for cancer diagnosis and treatment is also demystified and provides the research community with the insights of how to formulate RL problem as a Cancer diagnostic problem. RL has been found successful for landmark detection in medical images and optimal control of drugs and radiations.

Artificial Intelligence-Aided Optical Imaging for Cancer Theranostics

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) to assist biomedical imaging have demonstrated its high accuracy and high efficiency in medical decision-making for individualized cancer medicine. In particular, optical imaging methods are able to visualize both the structural and functional information of tumors tissues with high contrast, low cost, and noninvasive property. However, no systematic work has been performed to inspect the recent advances on AI-aided optical imaging for cancer theranostics. In this review, we demonstrated how AI can guide optical imaging methods to improve the accuracy on tumor detection, automated analysis and prediction of its histopathological section, its monitoring during treatment, and its prognosis by using computer vision, deep learning and natural language processing. By contrast, the optical imaging techniques involved mainly consisted of various tomography and microscopy imaging methods such as optical endoscopy imaging, optical coherence tomography, photoacoustic imaging, diffuse optical tomography, optical microscopy imaging, Raman imaging, and fluorescent imaging. Meanwhile, existing problems, possible challenges and future prospects for AI-aided optical imaging protocol for cancer theranostics were also discussed. It is expected that the present work can open a new avenue for precision oncology by using AI and optical imaging tools.

Future of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Cancer Care: A Global Cross-Sectional Survey of Researchers

Cancer significantly contributes to global mortality, with 9.3 million annual deaths. To alleviate this burden, the utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) applications has been proposed in various domains of oncology. However, the potential applications of AI and the barriers to its widespread adoption remain unclear. This study aimed to address this gap by conducting a cross-sectional, global, web-based survey of over 1000 AI and cancer researchers. The results indicated that most respondents believed AI would positively impact cancer grading and classification, follow-up services, and diagnostic accuracy. Despite these benefits, several limitations were identified, including difficulties incorporating AI into clinical practice and the lack of standardization in cancer health data. These limitations pose significant challenges, particularly regarding testing, validation, certification, and auditing AI algorithms and systems. The results of this study provide valuable insights for informed decision-making for stakeholders involved in AI and cancer research and development, including individual researchers and research funding agencies.

A Review of Advanced Multifunctional Magnetic Nanostructures for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy Integrated into an Artificial Intelligence Approach

The new era of nanomedicine offers significant opportunities for cancer diagnostics and treatment. Magnetic nanoplatforms could be highly effective tools for cancer diagnosis and treatment in the future. Due to their tunable morphologies and superior properties, multifunctional magnetic nanomaterials and their hybrid nanostructures can be designed as specific carriers of drugs, imaging agents, and magnetic theranostics. Multifunctional magnetic nanostructures are promising theranostic agents due to their ability to diagnose and combine therapies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the development of advanced multifunctional magnetic nanostructures combining magnetic and optical properties, providing photoresponsive magnetic platforms for promising medical applications. Moreover, this review discusses various innovative developments using multifunctional magnetic nanostructures, including drug delivery, cancer treatment, tumor-specific ligands that deliver chemotherapeutics or hormonal agents, magnetic resonance imaging, and tissue engineering. Additionally, artificial intelligence (AI) can be used to optimize material properties in cancer diagnosis and treatment, based on predicted interactions with drugs, cell membranes, vasculature, biological fluid, and the immune system to enhance the effectiveness of therapeutic agents. Furthermore, this review provides an overview of AI approaches used to assess the practical utility of multifunctional magnetic nanostructures for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Finally, the review presents the current knowledge and perspectives on hybrid magnetic systems as cancer treatment tools with AI models.

Preliminary Evaluation of Artificial Intelligence-Based Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Molecular Target Study in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Diagnosis Research

In this paper, in-depth research analysis of anti-hepatocellular carcinoma molecular targets for hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis was conducted using artificial intelligence. Because BRD4 plays an important role in gene transcription for cell cycle regulation and apoptosis, tumor-targeted therapy by inhibiting the expression or function of BRD4 has received increasing attention in the field of antitumor research. Study subjects in small samples were used as the validation set for validating each diagnostic model constructed based on the training set. The diagnostic effect of each model in the validation set is evaluated by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, and compliance rate, and the model with the best and most stable diagnostic value is selected by combining the results of model construction, validation, and evaluation. The total sample was divided into a training set and test set by using a stratified sampling method in the ratio of 7 : 3. Logistic regression, weighted k-nearest neighbor, decision tree, and BP artificial neural network were used in the training set to construct diagnostic models for early-stage liver cancer, respectively, and the optimal parameters of the corresponding models were obtained, and then, the constructed models were validated in the test set. To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy, stability, and generalization ability of the four classification methods more robustly, a 10-fold crossover test was performed for each classification method. BRD4 is an epigenetic regulator that is associated with the upregulation of expression of various oncogenic drivers in tumors. Targeting BRD4 with pharmacological inhibitors has emerged as a novel approach for tumor treatment. However, before we implemented this topic, there were no detailed studies on whether BRD4 could be used for the treatment of HCC, the role of BRD4 in HCC cell proliferation and apoptosis, and the ability of small molecule BRD4 inhibitors to induce apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

Advancements of Artificial Intelligence in Liver-Associated Diseases and Surgery

Background and Objectives: The advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) based technologies in medicine is progressing rapidly, but the majority of its real-world applications has not been implemented. The establishment of an accurate diagnosis with treatment has now transitioned into an artificial intelligence era, which has continued to provide an amplified understanding of liver cancer as a disease and helped to proceed better with the method of procurement. This article focuses on reviewing the AI in liver-associated diseases and surgical procedures, highlighting its development, use, and related counterparts. Materials and Methods: We searched for articles regarding AI in liver-related ailments and surgery, using the keywords (mentioned below) on PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library. Choosing only the common studies suggested by these libraries, we segregated the matter based on disease. Finally, we compiled the essence of these articles under the various sub-headings. Results: After thorough review of articles, it was observed that there was a surge in the occurrence of liver-related surgeries, diagnoses, and treatments. Parallelly, advanced computer technologies governed by AI continue to prove their efficacy in the accurate screening, analysis, prediction, treatment, and recuperation of liver-related cases. Conclusions: The continual developments and high-order precision of AI is expanding its roots in all directions of applications. Despite being novel and lacking research, AI has shown its intrinsic worth for procedures in liver surgery while providing enhanced healing opportunities and personalized treatment for liver surgery patients.

Research on Management Efficiency and Dynamic Relationship in Intelligent Management of Tourism Engineering Based on Industry 4.0

The digital age of artificial intelligence marks the rapid development of tourism engineering and the gradual improvement of intelligent management theory. This study aims to solve the problems of low efficiency of dynamic relationship analysis and low data utilization in traditional intelligent management methods of tourism engineering. This work studies the dynamic optimization model of tourism engineering management theory based on the artificial intelligence data analysis model and designs the dynamic analysis model of tourism engineering management data based on the convolution neural network. The model can collect dynamic data information of tourism management from many aspects and can also be used to study and analyze human behavior patterns based on the convolutional neural network algorithm. According to the human behavior data analysis model and convolution neural network algorithm, this study formulates the real-time management data scheme of tourism engineering and better extracts the characteristic information of the dynamic data of tourism engineering management. The results show that the topology optimization model of tourism intelligent management based on the convolutional neural network achieves high feasibility, high data accuracy, and high response speed. It can improve the collaborative coupling relationship between management efficiency and dynamic data in tourism engineering management based on big data analysis technology. It realizes the effective combination of tourism management, digital management, and artificial intelligence algorithm.