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Kungu M, Deletre E, Subramanian S, Fiaboe KK, Gitonga L, Lagat ZO, Martin T. A new mite IPM strategy: predator avoidance behaviour resulting from the synergetic effects of predator release and acaricide-treated nets. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:979-985. [PMID: 30203617 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetranychus evansi and T. urticae spider mites are known major pests of Solanaceae. Smallholders in Africa rely heavily on pesticide treatments. However, farmers claim that pesticides are generally ineffective despite high-frequency sprays. New management solutions are thus urgently needed. This study assessed the efficacy of using acaricide-treated nets combined with predatory mite release for controlling spider mites. RESULTS The results showed the acaricide-treated net alone was more effective at reducing numbers of T. urticae than T. evansi. We observed the opposite for release of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus longipes. This difference could be explained by the specific dispersion strategies of the two spider mite pests; T. evansi is gregarious, whereas T. urticae dispersed rapidly. Joint application of both techniques resulted in a synergetic effect that reduced T. evansi and T. urticae spider mite numbers close to zero. The synergetic effect could be explained by predator avoidance behaviour of the prey spider mites, resulting in higher prey trapping and killing rates on acaricide-treated nets, while P. longipes fed on spider mite eggs. CONCLUSION These techniques are profitable for smallholders as they are not expensive and avoid residues on the crop. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kungu
- Plant Health Department, Icipe-International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Emilie Deletre
- Plant Health Department, Icipe-International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- CIRAD, UPR Hortsys, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- Plant Health Department, Icipe-International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komi Km Fiaboe
- Plant Health Department, Icipe-International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- IITA-Cameroon, BP. 2008 (Messa); Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Linus Gitonga
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Thibaud Martin
- Plant Health Department, Icipe-International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- CIRAD, UPR Hortsys, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Cavalcante ACC, dos Santos VLV, Rossi LC, de Moraes GJ. Potential of Five Brazilian Populations of Phytoseiidae (Acari) for the Biological Control of Bemisia tabaci (Insecta: Hemiptera). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 108:29-33. [PMID: 26470100 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tou003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Biotype B of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), causes considerable losses to growers worldwide. Phytoseiid mites have been successfully used for the control of this pest in several countries. The Brazilian phytoseiid fauna is very diverse and potentially useful for this purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate five Brazilian populations of phytoseiids as candidates for the control of the whitefly, a serious pest of different crops worldwide. Evaluated species were Amblydromalus limonicus (Garman & McGregor), Amblyseius herbicolus (Chant), Amblyseius largoensis (Muma), Amblyseius tamatavensis (Blommers), and Neoseiulus tunus (De Leon), which are found naturally in Brazil and elsewhere. The work was conducted at 28±1°C, 75±10% relative humidity, and a photoperiod of 12:12 (L:D) h. All evaluated phytoseiids preyed on eggs of B. tabaci, with the highest levels of predation recorded for Am. herbicolus and N. tunus, and highest level of oviposition recorded for Am. tamatavensis. The results show the Brazilian populations of those three species to be promising as control agents of B. tabaci. Aleuroglyphus ovatus (Troupeau) (Acari: Acaridae) was found to be a suitable prey for the mass production of those predators. Complementary studies are considered justified, given the positive results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Cerqueira Cavalcante
- Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" /Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil, CEP: 13418-900.
| | - Victor Lucas Vicente dos Santos
- Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" /Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil, CEP: 13418-900
| | - Letícia Caroline Rossi
- Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" /Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil, CEP: 13418-900
| | - Gilberto José de Moraes
- Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" /Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil, CEP: 13418-900. CNPq Researcher
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3
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Ferrero M, Tixier MS, Kreiter S. Different feeding behaviours in a single predatory mite species. 2. Responses of two populations of Phytoseiulus longipes (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to various prey species, prey stages and plant substrates. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2014; 62:325-335. [PMID: 24114341 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-013-9746-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tritrophic studies involving several populations of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus longipes showed distinct life history traits depending on the prey offered and/or the plant substrate. In order to better understand the biology of this predator, the response to several combinations of prey species (Tetranychus evansi and Tetranychus urticae), prey stages (eggs and mobile stages) and plant substrates (bean and tomato leaf discs) has been assessed for two populations of P. longipes. Unlike what was found for life history traits, both populations displayed similar behaviour: they went and stayed more on tomato than on bean, they preferred T. urticae over T. evansi and mobile stages over eggs. Combining the previous life history data with the present results suggests that P. longipes may display host-plant mediated specialization on a prey species, T. evansi. Possible underlying mechanisms are discussed, as well as directions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ferrero
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations CIRAD/INRA/IRD/Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier SupAgro, Campus International de Baillarguet, CS 30 016, 34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex, France,
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4
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Ferrero M, Tixier MS, Kreiter S. Different feeding behaviors in a single predatory mite species. 1. Comparative life histories of three populations of Phytoseiulus longipes (Acari: Phytoseiidae) depending on prey species and plant substrate. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2014; 62:313-24. [PMID: 24114340 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-013-9745-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The spider mites Tetranychus evansi and T. urticae are key pests of tomato crops, for which no sustainable practical control strategy is available yet. A Brazilian (B) and an Argentinean (A) population of a phytoseiid predatory mite species, Phytoseiulus longipes, are able to develop and reproduce on T. evansi on tomato, whereas a Chilean (C) population is not. In order to better characterize the two distinct feeding behaviours of these three populations, life table data were assessed when the predator was offered T. evansi or T. urticae as prey on bean or tomato leaves. No effect of the prey offered nor the plant substrate was demonstrated on development durations of the three populations. However, immature mortality was low for the Argentinean and the Brazilian populations whatever the prey or plant substrate, whereas 89 % of P. longipes from Chile died before reaching adulthood when fed T. evansi on tomato. No difference in effect on female longevity was detected among the three populations. Finally, the demographic parameters of all populations were lower in presence of tomato compared to beans. Possible explanations for these results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ferrero
- Montpellier SupAgro, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre de Biologie Pour la Gestion des Populations CIRAD/INRA/IRD/Montpellier SupAgro, Campus International de Baillarguet, CS 30 016, 34 988, Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex, France,
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Ferragut F, Garzón-Luque E, Pekas A. The invasive spider mite Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae) alters community composition and host-plant use of native relatives. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2013; 60:321-41. [PMID: 23238959 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-012-9645-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The tomato spider mite Tetranychus evansi Baker and Pritchard (Acari: Tetranychidae), is a worldwide pest of solanaceous crops that has recently invaded many parts of the world. In the present study we examined the ecological impact of its arrival in the Mediterranean region. The spider mite and phytoseiid mite assemblages in various crop and non-crop plants in three areas of Valencia (Spain) were studied a few months before and 10 years after the invasion of T. evansi. According to rarefaction analyses, the invasion of T. evansi did not affect neither the total number of species in the mite community examined (spider mite and phytoseiid species) nor the number of species when the two communities were examined separately. However, after the invasion, the absolute and relative abundance of the native Tetranychus species was significantly reduced. Before the invasion, T. urticae and T. turkestani were the most abundant spider mites, accounting for 62.9 and 22.8 % of the specimens. After the invasion, T. evansi became the most abundant species, representing 60 % of the total spider mites recorded, whereas the abundance of T. urticae was significantly reduced (23 %). This reduction took place principally on non-crop plants, where native species were replaced by the invader. Null model analyses provided evidence for competition structuring the spider mite community on non-crop plants after the invasion of T. evansi. Resistance to acaricides, the absence of efficient native natural enemies, manipulation of the plant defenses and the web type produced by T. evansi are discussed as possible causes for the competitive displacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ferragut
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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6
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Navajas M, de Moraes GJ, Auger P, Migeon A. Review of the invasion of Tetranychus evansi: biology, colonization pathways, potential expansion and prospects for biological control. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2013; 59:43-65. [PMID: 22824945 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-012-9590-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades the subtropical red tomato spider mite, Tetranychus evansi, has expanded its geographical distribution and emerged as a major invasive agricultural pest. The mite is considered to be native to South America. Since its first report from north-eastern Brazil in 1952, it has been reported from different continents. This paper reviews literature on several aspects of the biology of T. evansi related to its status as an invasive species. It addresses taxonomical issues, occurrences, life history traits, host-plant interactions, genetic diversity of geographical isolates and worldwide colonisation pathways. It also presents updated data which allowed the assessment of the actual worldwide distribution of this species, from its discovery to the latest reports. As T. evansi is considered an emerging agricultural pest, we also present data based on modelling of the potential of T. evansi to colonize new geographical areas. In addition, this review presents past and current research on natural enemies of T. evansi potentially useful for its biological control. While summarizing the knowledge on T. evansi, the review emphasizes research possibilities that are worth pursuing, mainly concerning the ability of T. evansi to establish new populations and to detect new promising natural enemies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Navajas
- INRA, UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro), Campus International de Baillarguet, CS 30016, 34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex, France.
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7
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Boubou A, Migeon A, Roderick GK, Auger P, Cornuet JM, Magalhães S, Navajas M. Test of colonisation scenarios reveals complex invasion history of the red tomato spider mite Tetranychus evansi. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35601. [PMID: 22539983 PMCID: PMC3335100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The spider mite Tetranychus evansi is an emerging pest of solanaceous crops worldwide. Like many other emerging pests, its small size, confusing taxonomy, complex history of associations with humans, and propensity to start new populations from small inocula, make the study of its invasion biology difficult. Here, we use recent developments in Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) and variation in multi-locus genetic markers to reconstruct the complex historical demography of this cryptic invasive pest. By distinguishing among multiple pathways and timing of introductions, we find evidence for the "bridgehead effect", in which one invasion serves as source for subsequent invasions. Tetranychus evansi populations in Europe and Africa resulted from at least three independent introductions from South America and involved mites from two distinct sources in Brazil, corresponding to highly divergent mitochondrial DNA lineages. Mites from southwest Brazil (BR-SW) colonized the African continent, and from there Europe through two pathways in a "bridgehead" type pattern. One pathway resulted in a widespread invasion, not only to Europe, but also to other regions in Africa, southern Europe and eastern Asia. The second pathway involved the mixture with a second introduction from BR-SW leading to an admixed population in southern Spain. Admixture was also detected between invasive populations in Portugal. A third introduction from the Brazilian Atlantic region resulted in only a limited invasion in Europe. This study illustrates that ABC methods can provide insights into, and distinguish among, complex invasion scenarios. These processes are critical not only in understanding the biology of invasions, but also in refining management strategies for invasive species. For example, while reported observations of the mite and outbreaks in the invaded areas were largely consistent with estimates of geographical expansion from the ABC approach, historical observations failed to recognize the complex pathways involved and the corresponding effects on genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angham Boubou
- INRA, UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro), CS 30016, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Alain Migeon
- INRA, UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro), CS 30016, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - George K. Roderick
- Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Philippe Auger
- INRA, UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro), CS 30016, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Jean-Marie Cornuet
- INRA, UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro), CS 30016, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Sara Magalhães
- Faculdade de Ciências, Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Navajas
- INRA, UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro), CS 30016, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
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8
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Wekesa V, Vital S, Silva R, Ortega E, Klingen I, Delalibera I. The effect of host plants on Tetranychus evansi, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and on their fungal pathogen Neozygites floridana (Entomophthorales: Neozygitaceae). J Invertebr Pathol 2011; 107:139-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Sato MM, de Moraes GJ, Haddad ML, Wekesa VW. Effect of trichomes on the predation of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) by Phytoseiulus macropilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on tomato, and the interference of webbing. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2011; 54:21-32. [PMID: 21279537 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-011-9426-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is an important pest of tomato in different parts of the world. Biological control of this pest on this crop has not been very successful. Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks) has been used commercially for the control of T. urticae on different crops, but no information has been published on its potential to control T. urticae on tomato. The objective of this work was to compare the performance of a Brazilian population of P. macropilis on tomato with its performance on other plant species, relating the observed variation to the respective types and densities of trichomes. It has been hypothesized that the presence of the webbing produced by T. urticae could help the predator to avoid contact with trichomes and consequently to improve its performance on tomato plants. This hypothesis was also evaluated. Phytoseiulus longipes Evans was included in the work as a control, given that it has been reported to be a promising predator of Tetranychus species on tomato. The study was conducted under laboratory conditions. It was found that the performance of P. macropilis was similar to that of P. longipes and that trichomes hampered the locomotion as well as prey consumption and oviposition rate of both predators; that the presence of webbing resulted in higher levels of prey consumption and of predator oviposition; and that the presence of webbing eliminated the negative effect of trichomes of eggplants and partially eliminated the negative effect of trichomes of the 'cerasiforme' tomato variety. The observed density of trichomes in 'Carmem' one of the most common tomato varieties grown in Brazil, seems not to have interfered significantly with the prey consumption and the oviposition rate of P. macropilis. The results suggest that the latter is a promising predator of T. urticae on tomato. Complementary studies are warranted, to further evaluate the potential of P. macropilis for use as a biological control agent of this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Sato
- Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, ESALQ-USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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10
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Mendonça RS, Navia D, Diniz IR, Flechtmann CHW. South American spider mites: new hosts and localities. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2011; 11:121. [PMID: 22224405 PMCID: PMC3281375 DOI: 10.1673/031.011.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In order to contribute to taxonomic information on Tetranychid mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) in South America, surveys were conducted in Brazil (15 States and the Federal District) and Uruguay (one Department); 550 samples of 120 plant species were collected. Tetranychid mite infestations were confirmed in 204 samples, and 22 species belonging to seven genera of the Bryobiinae and Tetranychinae subfamilies were identified on 58 different host plants. Thirty-six new plant hosts were found in Brazil, South America, and worldwide for the following species: Eutetranychus banksi (McGregor); Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar); Oligonychus anonae Paschoal; O. mangiferus (Rahman and Sapra); Tetranychus bastosi Tuttle, Baker and Sales; T. desertorum Banks, 1900 , T. evansi Baker and Pritchard; T. ludeni Zacher; T. mexicanus (McGregor); T. neocaledonicus André; and T. urticae Koch. Four new localities in Brazil were reported for Eotetranychus tremae De Leon; O. anonae; Panonychus ulmi (Koch); and T. gloveri Baker and Pritchard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata S Mendonça
- Universidade de Brasília, UNB, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Zoologia, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, ICC Sul, Sala AT-159, Asa Norte, 70910-900, Brasília-DF, Brazil; Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Denise Navia
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Quarentena Vegetal, Parque Estação Biológica, W5 Norte Final, Caixa Postal 02372, 70.770-900 Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Ivone R Diniz
- Universidade de Brasília, UNB, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Zoologia, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, ICC Sul, Sala AT-159, Asa Norte, 70910-900, Brasília-DF, Brazil; Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Carlos HW Flechtmann
- CNPq Researcher, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Cx. Postal 09, 13.418-900, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil
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Gotoh T, Sugimoto N, Pallini A, Knapp M, Hernandez-Suarez E, Ferragut F, Ho CC, Migeon A, Navajas M, Nachman G. Reproductive performance of seven strains of the tomato red spider mite Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae) at five temperatures. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2010; 52:239-259. [PMID: 20383565 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-010-9362-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The tomato red spider mite Tetranychus evansi Baker et Pritchard occurs on solanaceous plants, and causes serious damage to a variety of crops in Africa and Europe. In 2001 this species was also found in Japan, on nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.), and its invasion to solanaceous of agricultural importance is feasible. To evaluate its potential severity as a pest, the present study assessed the life-history parameters, such as the rate of development and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r(m)), on S. nigrum for T. evansi collected on seven sites worldwide. Increasing temperatures between 15 and 32.5°C significantly increased the developmental rate of the seven strains while immature developmental duration was about the same at 32.5-40°C. The rate of egg-to-adult development [(% hatch) × (% survival)] exceeded 88% at temperatures between 15 and 37.5°C. The lower thermal thresholds (LT) were 11.9-12.5°C for both egg-to-adult and egg-to-egg development. The optimum developmental temperatures ranged from 36.7 to 43.8°C and the upper developmental threshold (UT) ranged from 45.2 to 59.4°C. The r (m)-values became higher with temperature increasing from 15 to 35°C. The r (m)-values at 25°C ranged from 0.265 to 0.277 which are relatively high for species of the genus Tetranychus. These results indicate that T. evansi after invasion into Japan has the potential to become a serious pest on solanaceous crops, just the same as in Africa and Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gotoh
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan.
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Lemos F, Sarmento RA, Pallini A, Dias CR, Sabelis MW, Janssen A. Spider mite web mediates anti-predator behaviour. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2010; 52:1-10. [PMID: 20191311 PMCID: PMC2914296 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-010-9344-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Herbivores suffer significant mortality from predation and are therefore subject to natural selection on traits promoting predator avoidance and resistance. They can employ an array of strategies to reduce predation, for example through changes in behaviour, morphology and life history. So far, the anti-predator response studied most intensively in spider mites has been the avoidance of patches with high predation risk. Less attention has been given to the dense web produced by spider mites, which is a complex structure of silken threads that is thought to hinder predators. Here, we investigate the effects of the web produced by the red spider mite, Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard, on its interactions with the predatory mite, Phytoseiulus longipes Evans. We tested whether female spider mites recognize predator cues and whether these can induce the spider mites to produce denser web. We found that the prey did not produce denser web in response to such cues, but laid more eggs suspended in the web, away from the leaf surface. These suspended eggs suffered less from predation by P. longipes than eggs that were laid on the leaf surface under the web. Thus, by altering their oviposition behaviour in response to predator cues, females of T. evansi protect their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Lemos
- Department of Animal Biology, Section Entomology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG Brazil
| | - Renato Almeida Sarmento
- Department of Animal Biology, Section Entomology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG Brazil
- Department of Plant Science, Research Group: Biological Control of Pests, Federal University of Tocantins, Gurupi, TO Brazil
- IBED, Section Population Biology, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angelo Pallini
- Department of Animal Biology, Section Entomology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG Brazil
| | - Cleide Rosa Dias
- Department of Animal Biology, Section Entomology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG Brazil
| | - Maurice W. Sabelis
- IBED, Section Population Biology, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arne Janssen
- IBED, Section Population Biology, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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De Castro TMMG, De Moraes GJ. Diversity of phytoseiid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae) in the Atlantic Forest of São Paulo. SYST BIODIVERS 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/14772001003801375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Recent emergence and worldwide spread of the red tomato spider mite, Tetranychus evansi: genetic variation and multiple cryptic invasions. Biol Invasions 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-010-9791-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Migeon A, Ferragut F, Escudero-Colomar LA, Fiaboe K, Knapp M, de Moraes GJ, Ueckermann E, Navajas M. Modelling the potential distribution of the invasive tomato red spider mite, Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2009; 48:199-212. [PMID: 19153813 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-008-9229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the potential geographical distribution of a species is particularly important for pests with strong invasive abilities. Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard, possibly native to South America, is a spider mite pest of solanaceous crops. This mite is considered an invasive species in Africa and Europe. A CLIMEX model was developed to predict its global distribution. The model results fitted the known records of T. evansi except for some records in dry locations. Dryness as well as excess moisture stresses play important roles in limiting the spread of the mite in the tropics. In North America and Eurasia its potential distribution appears to be essentially limited by cold stress. Detailed potential distribution maps are provided for T. evansi in the Mediterranean Basin and in Japan. These two regions correspond to climatic borders for the species. Mite establishment in these areas can be explained by their relatively mild winters. The Mediterranean region is also the main area where tomato is grown in open fields in Europe and where the pest represents a threat. According to the model, the whole Mediterranean region has the potential to be extensively colonized by the mite. Wide expansion of the mite to new areas in Africa is also predicted. Agricultural issues highlighted by the modelled distribution of the pest are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Migeon
- INRA, UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro), Campus international de Baillarguet, CS 30016, 34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez cedex, France.
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da Silva FR, de Moraes GJ, Knapp M. Distribution of Tetranychus evansi and its predator Phytoseiulus longipes (Acari: Tetranychidae, Phytoseiidae) in southern Brazil. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2008; 45:137-145. [PMID: 18688732 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-008-9184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Tetranychus evansi is an important pest of tomato in several countries. The predatory mite Phytoseiulus longipes has been found in association with it in Uruguaiana, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the distribution of those two species in Uruguaiana region. Bi-weekly samples of plant parts were taken between January 28 and April 30, 2007 in Uruguaiana and five neighboring counties. Tetranychus evansi was found in all counties, but P. longipes was only found in Uruguaiana, mainly in the urban area. It is conceivable that such restricted distribution of P. longipes is due to its recent introduction to the region. Alternatively, unfavorable winter conditions could prevent its persistence, except in protected places. Buildings and vegetation characteristics of the urban area of Uruguaiana could moderate strong winds, intense rainfall and low temperatures that commonly occur in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando R da Silva
- Departamento de Entomologia, Fitopatologia e Zoologia Agrícola, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, ESALQ/USP, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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de Vasconcelos GJN, de Moraes GJ, Júnior ID, Knapp M. Life history of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus fragariae on Tetranychus evansi and Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae) at five temperatures. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2008; 44:27-36. [PMID: 18058026 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-007-9124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tetranychus evansi Baker and Pritchard and Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) are important pests of Solanaceae in many countries. Several studies have demonstrated that T. urticae is an acceptable prey to many predatory mites, although the suitability of this prey depends on the host plant. T. evansi, has been shown to be an unfavorable prey to most predatory mites that have been tested against it. The predator Phytoseiulus fragariae Denmark and Schicha (Acari: Phytoseiidae) has been found in association with the two species in Brazil. The objective of this work was to compare biological parameters of P. fragariae on T. evansi and on T. urticae as prey. The study was conducted under laboratory conditions at 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 degrees C. At all temperatures, survivorship was lower on T. evansi than on T. urticae. No predator reached adulthood at 10 degrees C on the former species; even on the latter species, only about 36% of the predators reached adulthood at 10 degrees C. For both prey, in general, duration of each life stage was shorter, total fecundity was lower and intrinsic rate of population increase (r(m)) was higher with increasing temperatures. The slower rate of development of P. fragariae on T. evansi resulted in a slightly higher thermal requirement (103.9 degree-days) on that prey than on T. urticae (97.1 degree-days). The values of net reproduction rate (R (0)), intrinsic rate of increase (r(m)) and finite rate of increase (lambda) were significantly higher on T. urticae, indicating faster population increase of the predator on this prey species. The highest value of r(m) of the predator was 0.154 and 0.337 female per female per day on T. evansi and on T. urticae, respectively. The results suggested that P. fragariae cannot be considered a good predator of T. evansi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldo José Nascimento de Vasconcelos
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Departamento de Entomologia, Fitopatologia e Zoologia Agrícola, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, CP. 9, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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Ferrero M, de Moraes GJ, Kreiter S, Tixier MS, Knapp M. Life tables of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus longipes feeding on Tetranychus evansi at four temperatures (Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2007; 41:45-53. [PMID: 17334816 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-007-9053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The tomato red spider mite, Tetranychus evansi, is reported as a severe pest of tomato and other solanaceous crops from Africa, from Atlantic and Mediterranean Islands, and more recently from the south of Europe (Portugal, Spain and France). A population of the predaceous mite Phytoseiulus longipes has been recently found in Brazil in association with T. evansi. The objective of this paper was to assess the development and reproduction abilities of this strain on T. evansi under laboratory conditions at four temperatures: 15, 20, 25 and 30 degrees C. The duration of the immature phase ranged from 3.1 to 15.4 days, at 30 and 15 degrees C, respectively. Global immature lower thermal threshold was 12.0 degrees C. Immature survival was high at all temperatures tested (minimum of 88% at 30 degrees C). The intrinsic rate of increase (r (m)) of P. longipes ranged from 0.091 to 0.416 female/female/day, at 15 and 30 degrees C, respectively. P. longipes would be able to develop at a wide range of temperatures feeding on T. evansi and has the potential to control T. evansi populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Ferrero
- Laboratoire d'Acarologie, Montpellier Supagro, Unité d'Ecologie Animale et de Zoologie Agricole, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier cedex 01, France.
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Furtado IP, Toledo S, de Moraes GJ, Kreiter S, Knapp M. Search for effective natural enemies of Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae) in northwest Argentina. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2007; 43:121-7. [PMID: 17851767 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-007-9104-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The mite Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard (Tetranychidae) probably originated in South America. Because of its importance as a tomato pest in Africa, an extensive project has been conducted to detect potentially effective natural enemies in South America for the classical biological control of the pest in Africa. A search for the natural enemies of T. evansi was conducted in the Province of Tucumán, northwestern Argentina, in December 2004, and this report describes the results. One hundred predatory mites of the family Phytoseiidae referring to 11 species were collected on 11 examined species of solanaceous plants. The most abundant phytoseiid species collected were Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) and Euseius concordis (Chant). Adults and immatures of those species, as well as of Neoseiulus idaeus Denmark & Muma, Phytoseiulus fragariae Denmark & Schicha and Proprioseiopsis cannaensis (Muma) were found in association with T. evansi, suggesting that they were developing on the pest. However, because of the possible biological differences between populations of a given species, biological studies evaluating T. evansi as a prey for those predators seem desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imeuda P Furtado
- Depto. Entomologia, Fitopatologia e Zoologia Agrícola, ESALQ-USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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