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Ganther S, Radaic A, Malone E, Kamarajan P, Chang NYN, Tafolla C, Zhan L, Fenno JC, Kapila YL. Treponema denticola dentilisin triggered TLR2/MyD88 activation upregulates a tissue destructive program involving MMPs via Sp1 in human oral cells. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009311. [PMID: 34255809 PMCID: PMC8301614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is driven by dysbiosis in the oral microbiome, resulting in over-representation of species that induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and tissue-remodeling matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the periodontium. These chronic tissue-destructive inflammatory responses result in gradual loss of tooth-supporting alveolar bone. The oral spirochete Treponema denticola, is consistently found at significantly elevated levels in periodontal lesions. Host-expressed Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) senses a variety of bacterial ligands, including acylated lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins. T. denticola dentilisin, a surface-expressed protease complex comprised of three lipoproteins has been implicated as a virulence factor in periodontal disease, primarily due to its proteolytic activity. While the role of acylated bacterial components in induction of inflammation is well-studied, little attention has been given to the potential role of the acylated nature of dentilisin. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that T. denticola dentilisin activates a TLR2-dependent mechanism, leading to upregulation of tissue-destructive genes in periodontal tissue. RNA-sequencing of periodontal ligament cells challenged with T. denticola bacteria revealed significant upregulation of genes associated with extracellular matrix organization and degradation including potentially tissue-specific inducible MMPs that may play novel roles in modulating host immune responses that have yet to be characterized within the context of oral disease. The Gram-negative oral commensal, Veillonella parvula, failed to upregulate these same MMPs. Dentilisin-induced upregulation of MMPs was mediated via TLR2 and MyD88 activation, since knockdown of expression of either abrogated these effects. Challenge with purified dentilisin upregulated the same MMPs while a dentilisin-deficient T. denticola mutant had no effect. Finally, T. denticola-mediated activation of TLR2/MyD88 lead to the nuclear translocation of the transcription factor Sp1, which was shown to be a critical regulator of all T. denticola-dependent MMP expression. Taken together, these data suggest that T. denticola dentilisin stimulates tissue-destructive cellular processes in a TLR2/MyD88/Sp1-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Ganther
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Allan Radaic
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Erin Malone
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Pachiyappan Kamarajan
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nai-Yuan Nicholas Chang
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christian Tafolla
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ling Zhan
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - J. Christopher Fenno
- Department of Biological and Material Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yvonne L. Kapila
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Goetting-Minesky MP, Godovikova V, Fenno JC. Approaches to Understanding Mechanisms of Dentilisin Protease Complex Expression in Treponema denticola. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:668287. [PMID: 34084756 PMCID: PMC8167434 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.668287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral spirochete Treponema denticola is a keystone periodontal pathogen that, in association with members of a complex polymicrobial oral biofilm, contributes to tissue damage and alveolar bone loss in periodontal disease. Virulence-associated behaviors attributed to T. denticola include disruption of the host cell extracellular matrix, tissue penetration and disruption of host cell membranes accompanied by dysregulation of host immunoregulatory factors. T. denticola dentilisin is associated with several of these behaviors. Dentilisin is an outer membrane-associated complex of acylated subtilisin-family PrtP protease and two other lipoproteins, PrcB and PrcA, that are unique to oral spirochetes. Dentilisin is encoded in a single operon consisting of prcB-prcA-prtP. We employ multiple approaches to study mechanisms of dentilisin assembly and PrtP protease activity. To determine the role of each protein in the protease complex, we have made targeted mutations throughout the protease locus, including polar and nonpolar mutations in each gene (prcB, prcA, prtP) and deletions of specific PrtP domains, including single base mutagenesis of key PrtP residues. These will facilitate distinguishing between host cell responses to dentilisin protease activity and its acyl groups. The boundaries of the divergent promoter region and the relationship between dentilisin and the adjacent iron transport operon are being resolved by incremental deletions in the sequence immediately 5’ to the protease locus. Comparison of the predicted three-dimensional structure of PrtP to that of other subtilisin-like proteases shows a unique PrtP C-terminal domain of approximately 250 residues. A survey of global gene expression in the presence or absence of protease gene expression reveals potential links between dentilisin and iron uptake and homeostasis in T. denticola. Understanding the mechanisms of dentilisin transport, assembly and activity of this unique protease complex may lead to more effective prophylactic or therapeutic treatments for periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paula Goetting-Minesky
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Valentina Godovikova
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - J Christopher Fenno
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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3
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Shin M, Park SH, Mun S, Lee J, Kang HG. Biomarker Discovery of Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Proteomic Approach. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041136. [PMID: 33672727 PMCID: PMC7924321 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a condition in which the coronary artery supplying blood to the heart is infarcted via formation of a plaque and thrombus, resulting in abnormal blood supply and high mortality and morbidity. Therefore, the prompt and efficient diagnosis of ACS and the need for new ACS diagnostic biomarkers are important. In this study, we aimed to identify new ACS diagnostic biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity using a proteomic approach. A discovery set with samples from 20 patients with ACS and 20 healthy controls was analyzed using mass spectrometry. Among the proteins identified, those showing a significant difference between each group were selected. Functional analysis of these proteins was conducted to confirm their association with functions in the diseased state. To determine ACS diagnostic biomarkers, standard peptides of the selected protein candidates from the discovery set were quantified, and these protein candidates were validated in a validation set consisting of the sera of 50 patients with ACS and 50 healthy controls. We showed that hemopexin, leucine-rich α-2-glycoprotein, and vitronectin levels were upregulated, whereas fibronectin level was downregulated, in patients with ACS. Thus, the use of these biomarkers may increase the accuracy of ACS diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miji Shin
- Department of Senior Healthcare, Graduate School, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Korea; (M.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Sang Hyun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon 34824, Korea;
| | - Sora Mun
- Department of Senior Healthcare, Graduate School, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Korea; (M.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Jiyeong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Uijeongbu 11759, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (H.-G.K.); Tel.: +82-42-259-1752 (J.L.); +82-31-740-7315 (H.-G.K.)
| | - Hee-Gyoo Kang
- Department of Senior Healthcare, Graduate School, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Korea; (M.S.); (S.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (H.-G.K.); Tel.: +82-42-259-1752 (J.L.); +82-31-740-7315 (H.-G.K.)
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Ateia IM, Sutthiboonyapan P, Kamarajan P, Jin T, Godovikova V, Kapila YL, Fenno JC. Treponema denticola increases MMP-2 expression and activation in the periodontium via reversible DNA and histone modifications. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20. [PMID: 29205773 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Host-derived matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and bacterial proteases mediate destruction of extracellular matrices and supporting alveolar bone in periodontitis. The Treponema denticola dentilisin protease induces MMP-2 expression and activation in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells, and dentilisin-mediated activation of pro-MMP-2 is required for cellular fibronectin degradation. Here, we report that T. denticola regulates MMP-2 expression through epigenetic modifications in the periodontium. PDL cells were treated with epigenetic enzyme inhibitors before or after T. denticola challenge. Fibronectin fragmentation, MMP-2 expression, and activation were assessed by immunoblot, zymography, and qRT-PCR, respectively. Chromatin modification enzyme expression in T. denticola-challenged PDL cells and periodontal tissues were evaluated using gene arrays. Several classes of epigenetic enzymes showed significant alterations in transcription in diseased tissue and T. denticola-challenged PDL cells. T. denticola-mediated MMP-2 expression and activation were significantly reduced in PDL cells treated with inhibitors of aurora kinases and histone deacetylases. In contrast, DNA methyltransferase inhibitors had little effect, and inhibitors of histone acetyltransferases, methyltransferases, and demethylases exacerbated T. denticola-mediated MMP-2 expression and activation. Chronic epigenetic changes in periodontal tissues mediated by T. denticola or other oral microbes may contribute to the limited success of conventional treatment of chronic periodontitis and may be amenable to therapeutic reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam M Ateia
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Mansoura Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Pimchanok Sutthiboonyapan
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Periodontology, Chulalongkorn University Faculty of Dentistry, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pachiyappan Kamarajan
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Taocong Jin
- Office of Research, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Valentina Godovikova
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yvonne L Kapila
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J Christopher Fenno
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Mo H, Guan J, Mo L, He J, Wu Z, Lin X, Liu B, Yuan Z. ATF4 regulated by MYC has an important function in anoikis resistance in human osteosarcoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:3658-3666. [PMID: 29257326 PMCID: PMC5802171 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anoikis resistance is a crucial step in the process of tumor metastasis. This step determines whether the tumor cells will survive when they become detached from the extracellular matrix. However, the specific mechanism of tumor cells to bypass anoikis and become resistant remains to be elucidated. The present study aimed to determine the internal mechanism of bypassing anoikis through comparison of human osteosarcoma cell lines with human normal cell lines. High activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and myelocytomatosis oncogene (MYC) expression levels were observed in MG-63 and U-2 OS human osteosarcoma cell lines. It is possible that ATF4 and MYC contribute to tumor progression. Subsequently, the expression levels of ATF4 and MYC in HUVEC and CHON-001 human normal cell lines were upregulated and their adhesion abilities were reduced; whereas their ability to bypass anoikis increased significantly. Simultaneously, after we Following a knock-down of ATF4 and MYC expression levels in MG-63 and U-2 OS human osteosarcoma cell lines, their adhesion ability increased and their ability to bypassing anoikis was significantly reduced. Upregulation of MYC resulted in an upregulation of ATF4, and chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter gene technology demonstrated that MYC binds to the promoter of ATF4. These findings suggest that ATF4 regulated by MYC might contribute to resistance to anoikis in human osteosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Mo
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Neurosurgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Jian Guan
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Neurosurgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Ligen Mo
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Neurosurgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Juliang He
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Neurosurgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhenjie Wu
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Neurosurgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Lin
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Neurosurgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Neurosurgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhenchao Yuan
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Neurosurgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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Liu D, Miao H, Zhao Y, Kang X, Shang S, Xiang W, Shi R, Hou A, Wang R, Zhao K, Liu Y, Ma Y, Luo H, Miao H, He F. NF-κB potentiates tumor growth by suppressing a novel target LPTS. Cell Commun Signal 2017; 15:39. [PMID: 29017500 PMCID: PMC5634951 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-017-0196-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic inflammation is causally linked to the carcinogenesis and progression of most solid tumors. LPTS is a well-identified tumor suppressor by inhibiting telomerase activity and cancer cell growth. However, whether and how LPTS is regulated by inflammation signaling is still incompletely elucidated. Methods Real-time PCR and western blotting were used to determine the expression of p65 and LPTS. Reporter gene assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation were performed to decipher the regulatory mechanism between p65 and LPTS. Cell counting kit-8 assays and xenograt models were used to detect p65-LPTS-regulated cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Results Here we for the first time demonstrated that NF-κB could inhibit LPTS expression in the mRNA and protein levels in multiple cancer cells (e.g. cervical cancer and colon cancer cells). Mechanistically, NF-κB p65 could bind to two consensus response elements locating at −1143/−1136 and −888/−881 in the promoter region of human LPTS gene according to EMSA and ChIP assays. Mutation of those two binding sites rescued p65-suppressed LPTS promoter activity. Functionally, NF-κB regulated LPTS-dependent cell growth of cervical and colon cancers in vitro and in xenograft models. In translation studies, we verified that increased p65 expression was associated with decreased LPTS level in multiple solid cancers. Conclusions Taken together, we revealed that NF-κB p65 potentiated tumor growth via suppressing a novel target LPTS. Modulation of NF-κB-LPTS axis represented a potential strategy for treatment of those inflammation-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbo Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hongping Miao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yuanyin Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xia Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Shenglan Shang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Rongchen Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Along Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yingzhe Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Huan Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hongming Miao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Fengtian He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Memmert S, Gölz L, Pütz P, Jäger A, Deschner J, Appel T, Baumgarten G, Rath-Deschner B, Frede S, Götz W. Regulation of p53 under hypoxic and inflammatory conditions in periodontium. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 20:1781-9. [PMID: 26620730 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1679-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Different studies suggest that inflammation as well as hypoxia leads to an increase of p53 protein levels. However, the implication of p53 during oral inflammatory processes is still unknown. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the effect of hypoxia and inflammation on p53 regulation in human periodontium in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Under hypoxic and normoxic conditions, human primary periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts (n = 9) were stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.), a periodontal pathogenic bacterium. After different time points, cell viability was tested; p53 gene expression, protein synthesis, and activation were measured using quantitative RT-PCR, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence. Moreover, healthy and inflamed periodontal tissues were obtained from 12 donors to analyze p53 protein in oral inflammatory diseases by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS LPS-P.g. and hypoxia initially induced a significant upregulation of p53 mRNA expression and p53 protein levels. Nuclear translocation of p53 after inflammatory stimulation supported these findings. Hypoxia first enhanced p53 levels, but after 24 h of incubation, protein levels decreased, which was accompanied by an improvement of PDL cell viability. Immunohistochemistry revealed an elevation of p53 immunoreactivity in accordance to the progression of periodontal inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that p53 plays a pivotal role in PDL cell homeostasis and seems to be upregulated in oral inflammatory diseases. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Upregulation of p53 may promote the destruction of periodontal integrity. A possible relationship with carcinogenesis may be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Memmert
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstr 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany. .,Section of Experimental Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - L Gölz
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstr 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - P Pütz
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstr 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - A Jäger
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstr 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - J Deschner
- Section of Experimental Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - T Appel
- Clinic of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - G Baumgarten
- Clinic and Polyclinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - B Rath-Deschner
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstr 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - S Frede
- Clinic and Polyclinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - W Götz
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstr 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany
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Karsdal MA, Manon-Jensen T, Genovese F, Kristensen JH, Nielsen MJ, Sand JMB, Hansen NUB, Bay-Jensen AC, Bager CL, Krag A, Blanchard A, Krarup H, Leeming DJ, Schuppan D. Novel insights into the function and dynamics of extracellular matrix in liver fibrosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G807-30. [PMID: 25767261 PMCID: PMC4437019 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00447.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that altered components and posttranslational modifications of proteins in the extracellular matrix (ECM) may both initiate and drive disease progression. The ECM is a complex grid consisting of multiple proteins, most of which play a vital role in containing the essential information needed for maintenance of a sophisticated structure anchoring the cells and sustaining normal function of tissues. Therefore, the matrix itself may be considered as a paracrine/endocrine entity, with more complex functions than previously appreciated. The aims of this review are to 1) explore key structural and functional components of the ECM as exemplified by monogenetic disorders leading to severe pathologies, 2) discuss selected pathological posttranslational modifications of ECM proteins resulting in altered functional (signaling) properties from the original structural proteins, and 3) discuss how these findings support the novel concept that an increasing number of components of the ECM harbor signaling functions that can modulate fibrotic liver disease. The ECM entails functions in addition to anchoring cells and modulating their migratory behavior. Key ECM components and their posttranslational modifications often harbor multiple domains with different signaling potential, in particular when modified during inflammation or wound healing. This signaling by the ECM should be considered a paracrine/endocrine function, as it affects cell phenotype, function, fate, and finally tissue homeostasis. These properties should be exploited to establish novel biochemical markers and antifibrotic treatment strategies for liver fibrosis as well as other fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten A. Karsdal
- 1Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev Hovedgade, Herlev, Denmark; ,2University of Southern Denmark, SDU, Odense, Denmark;
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Aleksander Krag
- 3Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark;
| | - Andy Blanchard
- 4GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom;
| | - Henrik Krarup
- 5Section of Molecular Biology, Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark;
| | | | - Detlef Schuppan
- 6Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University of Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; ,7Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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9
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Joo NE, Miao D, Bermúdez M, Stallcup WB, Kapila YL. Shedding of NG2 by MMP-13 attenuates anoikis. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 33:854-62. [PMID: 25166220 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2014.2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of cell-matrix interactions can lead to anoikis-apoptosis due to loss of matrix contacts. We previously showed that Nerve/glial antigen 2 (NG2) is a novel anoikis receptor. Specifically, overexpression of NG2 leads to anoikis propagation, whereas its suppression leads to anoikis attenuation. Interestingly, NG2 expression decreases in late anoikis, suggesting that NG2 reduction is also critical to this process. Thus, we hypothesized that NG2 undergoes cleavage to curtail anoikis propagation. Further, since matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) cleave cell surface receptors, play a major role in modulating apoptosis, and are associated with death receptor cleavage during apoptosis, we further hypothesized that cleavage of NG2 could be mediated by MMPs to regulate anoikis. Indeed, anoikis conditions triggered release of the NG2 extracellular domain into condition media during late apoptosis, and this coincided with increased MMP-13 expression. Treatment with an MMP-13 inhibitor and MMP-13 siRNA increased anoikis, since these treatments blocked NG2 release. Further, NG2-positive cells exhibited increased anoikis upon MMP-13 inhibition, whereas MMP-13 inhibition did not increase anoikis in NG2-null cells, corroborating that retention of NG2 on the cell membrane is critical for sustaining anoikis, and its cleavage for mediating anoikis attenuation. Similarly, NG2 suppression with siRNA inhibited NG2 release and anoikis. In contrast, MMP-13 overexpression or exogenous MMP-13 reduced anoikis by more effectively shedding NG2. In conclusion, maintenance of NG2 on the cell surface promotes anoikis propagation, whereas its shedding by MMP-13 actions attenuates anoikis. Given that these findings are derived in the context of periodontal ligament fibroblasts, these data have implications for periodontal inflammation and periodontal disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam E Joo
- 1 Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
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10
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Miao D, Godovikova V, Qian X, Seshadrinathan S, Kapila YL, Fenno JC. Treponema denticola upregulates MMP-2 activation in periodontal ligament cells: interplay between epigenetics and periodontal infection. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:1056-64. [PMID: 24973519 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Periodontal pathogens initiate chronic dysregulation of inflammation and tissue homeostasis that characterize periodontal disease. To better understand oral microbe-host tissue interactions, we investigated expression and activation of MMP-2 in periodontal ligament cells following Treponema denticola challenge. DESIGN Cultured PDL cells were challenged with T. denticola, and bacterial adherence, internalization and survival were assayed by immunofluorescence microscopy and antibiotic protection assays, respectively. MMP-2 activation was detected by zymography. MMP-2, MT1/MMP and TIMP-2 expression following T. denticola challenge was determined by qRT-PCR. Promoter methylation of MMP-2 and MT1/MMP was screened by methylation-sensitive restriction analysis and by bisulfite DNA sequencing. RESULTS T. denticola adhered to and was internalized by PDL cells but did not survive intracellularly beyond 24h. Importantly, while dentilisin activity in PDL culture supernatants gradually decreased following T. denticola challenge, MMP-2 activation persisted for up to 5 days, suggesting involvement of other regulatory mechanisms. Transcription and expression of MT1/MMP and TIMP-2 increased in response to T. denticola challenge. However, consistent with previously reported constitutive pro-MMP-2 expression in PDL cells, the MMP-2 promoter was hypomethylated, independent of T. denticola challenge. CONCLUSIONS MMP-2 promoter hypomethylation is consistent with constitutive pro-MMP-2 expression in PDL cells. This, coupled with T. denticola-mediated upregulation of MMP-2-related genes and chronic activation of pro-MMP-2, mimics key in vivo mechanisms of periodontal disease chronicity, in particular MMP-2-dependent matrix degradation and bone resorption. Adherence and/or internalization of T. denticola may contribute to these processes by one or more regulatory mechanisms, including contact-dependent signal transduction or other epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Miao
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Valentina Godovikova
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Xu Qian
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Suchithra Seshadrinathan
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yvonne L Kapila
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - J Christopher Fenno
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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11
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Lin F, Zhu J, Tonnesen MG, Taira BR, McClain SA, Singer AJ, Clark RAF. Fibronectin peptides that bind PDGF-BB enhance survival of cells and tissue under stress. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:1119-1127. [PMID: 24126844 PMCID: PMC3961564 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stressors after injury from a multitude of factors can lead to cell death. We have identified four fibronectin (FN) peptides: two from the first FN type III repeat (FNIII1), one from the 13th FN type III repeat (FNIII13), and one from FN variable region (IIICS), which when tethered to a surface acted as platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) enhancers to promote cell survival. One of the FNIII1 peptides and its smallest (14-mer) bioactive form (P12) were also active in solution. Specifically, P12 bound PDGF-BB (KD=200 nM), enhanced adult human dermal fibroblast (AHDF) survival under serum starvation, oxidative or endoplasmic reticulum stressors, and limited burn-injury progression in a rat hot comb model. Furthermore, P12 inhibited endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. Although many growth factors have been found to bind FN directly or indirectly, here we identify peptide sequences of growth factor-binding sites in FN. The finding of these peptides further delineated how the extracellular matrix protein FN can support cell survival. As the peptide P12 is active in either soluble form or tethered to a substrate, it will have multifactorial uses as a bioactive peptide by itself or in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubao Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Jia Zhu
- Departments of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Marcia G Tonnesen
- Department of Dermatology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Department of Medicine, Northport VA Medical Center, Northport, New York, USA
| | | | - Steve A McClain
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Adam J Singer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Richard A F Clark
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Department of Dermatology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Oral Treponema species, most notably T. denticola, are implicated in the destructive effects of human periodontal disease. Progress in the molecular analysis of interactions between T. denticola and host proteins is reviewed here, with particular emphasis on the characterization of surface-expressed and secreted proteins of T. denticola involved in interactions with host cells, extracellular matrix components, and components of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Christopher Fenno
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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13
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Shi F, Sottile J. MT1-MMP regulates the turnover and endocytosis of extracellular matrix fibronectin. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:4039-50. [PMID: 22159414 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.087858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is dynamically remodeled by cells during development, normal tissue homeostasis and in a variety of disease processes. We previously showed that fibronectin is an important regulator of ECM remodeling. The deposition and/or polymerization of fibronectin into the ECM controls the deposition and stability of other ECM molecules. In addition, agents that inhibit fibronectin polymerization promote the turnover of fibronectin fibrils and enhance ECM fibronectin endocytosis and intracellular degradation. Endocytosis of ECM fibronectin is regulated by β1 integrins, including α5β1 integrin. We have examined the role of extracellular proteases in regulating ECM fibronectin turnover. Our data show that membrane type matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MT1-MMP; also known as MMP14) is a crucial regulator of fibronectin turnover. Cells lacking MT1-MMP show reduced turnover and endocytosis of ECM fibronectin. MT1-MMP regulates ECM fibronectin remodeling by promoting extracellular cleavage of fibronectin and by regulating α5β1-integrin endocytosis. Our data also show that fibronectin polymerization stabilizes fibronectin fibrils and inhibits ECM fibronectin endocytosis by inhibiting α5β1-integrin endocytosis. These data are the first to show that an ECM protein and its modifying enzyme can regulate integrin endocytosis. These data also show that integrin trafficking plays a major role in modulating ECM fibronectin remodeling. The dual dependence of ECM fibronectin turnover on extracellular proteolysis and endocytosis highlights the complex regulatory mechanisms that control ECM remodeling to ensure maintenance of proper tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shi
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box CVRI, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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14
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Beaufort N, Corvazier E, Hervieu A, Choqueux C, Dussiot M, Louedec L, Cady A, de Bentzmann S, Michel JB, Pidard D. The thermolysin-like metalloproteinase and virulence factor LasB from pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa induces anoikis of human vascular cells. Cell Microbiol 2011; 13:1149-67. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Miao D, Fenno JC, Timm JC, Joo NE, Kapila YL. The Treponema denticola chymotrypsin-like protease dentilisin induces matrix metalloproteinase-2-dependent fibronectin fragmentation in periodontal ligament cells. Infect Immun 2011; 79:806-11. [PMID: 21115719 PMCID: PMC3028863 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01001-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a bacterially mediated chronic inflammatory disease that results in destruction of the periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone that surround and support the dentition. While their precise roles are not well understood, periodontal pathogens, including Treponema denticola, are believed to initiate the destructive inflammatory responses and dysregulation of tissue homeostasis that characterize the disease. These responses are believed to result from both proinflammatory effects of acylated bacterial membrane components (lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins) and degradative effects of secreted bacterial proteases. Host-derived matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are key enzymes both in tissue homeostasis and tissue destruction. MMP expression is modulated in part by specific proteolytic fragments of fibronectin (FN), which are associated with periodontal disease. FN is a predominant extracellular matrix component in the periodontium. We examined the ability of Treponema denticola and its acylated outer membrane PrtP protease complex to induce both activation of MMP-2 and generation of FN fragments in human PDL cell culture supernatants. T. denticola parent and isogenic mutant strains, as well as MMP-2 small interfering RNA and specific inhibitors of MMP-2 and PrtP activity, were used to examine protein expression, gelatinolytic activity, and FN fragmentation in culture supernatants. T. denticola and its purified protease induced both MMP-2 activation and FN fragmentation. Here, we demonstrate that PrtP proteolytic activity induces the activation of MMP-2 and that active MMP-2 is required for FN fragmentation. These results suggest a specific mechanism by which the T. denticola protease may disrupt homeostatic processes required for the maintenance of periodontal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Miao
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China 610041
| | - J. Christopher Fenno
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China 610041
| | - John C. Timm
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China 610041
| | - Nam Eok Joo
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China 610041
| | - Yvonne L. Kapila
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China 610041
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16
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Abstract
Anoikis - apoptotic cell death triggered by loss of extracellular matrix (ECM) contacts - is dysregulated in many chronic debilitating and fatal diseases. Mechanisms rendering tumor cells resistant to anoikis, although not completely understood, possess significant therapeutic promise. In death receptor-mediated anoikis mechanisms, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and receptor-interacting protein (RIP) dissociate, leading to association of RIP with Fas, formation of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), activation of caspase-3, and propagation of anoikis. In contrast, anoikis resistance is accomplished through constitutive activation of survival pathways that include integrin-dependent activation of FAK and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK). In addition, FAK and RIP association confers anoikis resistance by inhibiting the association of RIP with Fas and formation of the death signaling complex, which allows cells to escape anoikis. Up-regulation of CD44 also contributes to survival signals and promotes anoikis resistance. This review will focus on the roles of death receptors, prosurvival pathways, and the molecular players involved in anoikis escalation and resistance in oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bunek
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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17
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Ghosh A, Chen TC, Kapila YL. Anoikis triggers Mdm2-dependent p53 degradation. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 343:201-9. [PMID: 20577896 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0514-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a key role in cell-cell communication and signaling, and the signals it propagates are important for tissue remodeling and survival. However, signals from disease-altered ECM may lead to anoikis-apoptotic cell death triggered by loss of ECM contacts. Previously, we found that an altered fibronectin matrix triggers anoikis in human primary ligament cells via a pathway that requires p53 transcriptional downregulation. Here we show that this p53 reduction is suppressed by transfecting cells with Mdm2 antisense oligonucleotides or small interfering RNA. Similar results were found in cells treated to prevent p53 and Mdm2 interactions. When p53 was overexpressed in cells lacking Mdm2 and p53, p53 levels were unaffected by anoikis conditions. However, cells cotransfected with p53 and wild type Mdm2, but not a mutant Mdm2, exhibited decreased p53 levels in response to anoikis conditions. Thus, cells under anoikis conditions undergo p53 degradation that is mediated by Mdm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Ghosh
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
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18
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Ghosh A, Joo NE, Chen TC, Kapila YL. Proapoptotic fibronectin fragment induces the degradation of ubiquitinated p53 via proteasomes in periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontal Res 2010; 45:481-7. [PMID: 20337881 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a key role in signaling necessary for tissue remodeling and cell survival. However, signals from the ECM altered by disease, e.g. inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis and arthritis, may lead to apoptosis or programmed cell death of resident cells. Previously, we found that a disease-associated fibronectin fragment triggers apoptosis of primary human periodontal ligament cells via a novel apoptotic pathway in which the tumor suppressor, p53, is transcriptionally downregulated. MATERIAL AND METHODS We used immunofluorescence, transfection assays, western blotting and ELISAs to show that p53 is degraded by a proteasomal pathway in response to a proapoptotic disease-associated fibronectin fragment. RESULTS We found that in these apoptotic conditions, p53 is further downregulated by post-translational ubiquitination and subsequent targeting to proteasomes for degradation. Pretreatment of cells with the proteasomal inhibitors MG132 and lactacystin rescued the cells from apoptosis. The p53 levels in cells transfected with ubiquitin small interfering RNA were resistant to degradation induced by the proapoptotic fibronectin fragment, showing that ubiquitination is important for the proapoptotic fibronectin fragment-induced degradation of p53. CONCLUSION These data show that a proapoptotic fibronectin matrix induces ubiquitination and degradation of p53 in the proteasome as part of a novel mechanism of apoptosis associated with inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ghosh
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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19
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Komboli MG, Kodovazenitis GJ, Katsorhis TA. Comparative Immunohistochemical Study of the Distribution of Fibronectin in Healthy and Diseased Root Surfaces. J Periodontol 2009; 80:824-32. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.080549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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20
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Porphyromonas gingivalis, gamma interferon, and a proapoptotic fibronectin matrix form a synergistic trio that induces c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1-mediated nitric oxide generation and cell death. Infect Immun 2008; 76:5514-23. [PMID: 18838522 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00625-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During infection and inflammation, bacterial and inflammatory proteases break down extracellular matrices into macromolecular fragments. Fibronectin fragments are associated with disease severity in arthritis and periodontitis. The mechanisms by which these fragments contribute to disease pathogenesis are unclear. One likely mechanism is that fibronectin fragments induce apoptosis of resident cells, which can be further modulated by nitric oxide. Nitric oxide levels are increased at inflammatory sites in periodontitis patients. The aim of this study was to examine whether a proapoptotic fibronectin matrix (AFn) exerts its action by inducing nitric oxide and whether priming by bacterial and inflammatory components exacerbates this mechanism. Our data demonstrate that AFn increased the levels of nitric oxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) dose and time dependently in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. These effects and apoptosis were inhibited by iNOS suppression and enhanced by iNOS overexpression. Nitric oxide and iNOS induction were paralleled by increased c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK-1) phosphorylation. JNK-1 overexpression enhanced the expression of nitric oxide and iNOS, whereas inhibiting JNK-1 by small interfering RNA or a kinase mutant reversed these findings. Priming PDL cells with Porphyromonas gingivalis, its lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) further increased nitric oxide levels and apoptosis. Escherichia coli and Streptococcus mutans induced lesser effects. Gingival fibroblasts and neutrophils responded to a lesser degree to these stimuli, whereas keratinocytes were resistant to apoptosis. Thus, proapoptotic matrices trigger nitric oxide release via JNK-1, promoting further apoptosis in host cells. LPS and IFN-gamma accentuate this mechanism, suggesting that during inflammation, the affected matrices and bacterial and inflammatory components combined exert a greater pathogenic effect on host cells.
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21
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NG2, a novel proapoptotic receptor, opposes integrin alpha4 to mediate anoikis through PKCalpha-dependent suppression of FAK phosphorylation. Cell Death Differ 2008; 15:899-907. [PMID: 18292781 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2008.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of cell-matrix interactions can lead to anoikis - apoptosis due to loss of matrix contacts. Altered fibronectin (FN) induces anoikis of primary human fibroblasts by a novel signaling pathway characterized by reduced phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). However, the receptors involved are unknown. FAK phosphorylation is regulated by nerve/glial antigen 2 (NG2) receptor signaling through PKCalpha a point at which signals from integrins and proteoglycans may converge. We found that an altered FN matrix induced anoikis in fibroblasts by upregulating NG2 and downregulating integrin alpha4. Suppressing NG2 expression or overexpressing alpha4 rescued cells from anoikis. NG2 overexpression alone induced apoptosis and, by reducing FAK phosphorylation, increased anoikis induced by an altered matrix. NG2 overexpression or an altered matrix also suppressed PKCalpha expression, but overexpressing integrin alpha4 enhanced FAK phosphorylation independently of PKCalpha. Cotransfection with NG2 cDNA and integrin alpha4 siRNA did not lower PKCalpha and pFAK levels more than transfection with either alone. PKCalpha was upstream of FAK phosphorylation, as silencing PKCalpha decreased FAK phosphorylation. PKCalpha overexpression reversed this behavior and rescued cells from anoikis. Thus, NG2 is a novel proapoptotic receptor, and NG2 and integrin alpha4 oppositely regulate anoikis in fibroblasts. NG2 and integrin alpha4 regulate FAK phosphorylation by PKCalpha-dependent and -independent pathways, respectively.
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22
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Kamarajan P, Kapila YL. An altered fibronectin matrix induces anoikis of human squamous cell carcinoma cells by suppressing integrin alpha v levels and phosphorylation of FAK and ERK. Apoptosis 2008; 12:2221-31. [PMID: 17879163 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-007-0138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Fibronectin regulates many cellular processes, including migration, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Previously, we showed that squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell aggregates escape suspension-induced, p53-mediated anoikis by engaging in fibronectin-mediated survival signals through focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Here we report that an altered matrix, consisting of a mutated, nonfunctional high-affinity heparin-binding domain and the V region of fibronectin (V+H-), induced anoikis in human SCC cells; this response was blocked by inhibitors of caspase-8 and caspase-3. Anoikis was mediated by downregulation of integrin alpha v in a panel of SCC cells and was shown to be proteasome-dependent. Overexpression of integrin alpha v or FAK inhibited the increase in caspase-3 activation and apoptosis, whereas suppression of alpha v or FAK triggered a further significant increase in apoptosis, indicating that the apoptosis was mediated by suppression of integrin alpha v levels and dephosphorylation of FAK. Treatment with V+H- decreased the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1 and 2, and direct activation of ERK by constitutively active MEK1, an ERK kinase, increased ERK1 and ERK2 phosphorylation and inhibited the increase in apoptosis induced by V+H-. ERK acted downstream from alpha v and FAK signals, since alpha v and FAK overexpression inhibited both the decrease in ERK phosphorylation and the increase in anoikis triggered by V+H-. These findings provide evidence that mutations in the high-affinity heparin-binding domain in association with the V region of fibronectin, or altered fibronectin matrices, induce anoikis in human SCC cells by modulating integrin alpha v-mediated phosphorylation of FAK and ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pachiyappan Kamarajan
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, 1011 N. University Ave, Room 5223, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
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23
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Heikkilä HM, Lätti S, Leskinen MJ, Hakala JK, Kovanen PT, Lindstedt KA. Activated mast cells induce endothelial cell apoptosis by a combined action of chymase and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 28:309-14. [PMID: 18079408 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.151340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Activated mast cells (MCs) induce endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis in vitro and are present at sites of plaque erosions in vivo. To further elucidate the role of MCs in endothelial apoptosis and consequently in plaque erosion, we have studied the molecular mechanisms involved in MC-induced EC apoptosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Primary cultures of rat cardiac microvascular ECs (RCMECs) and human coronary artery ECs (HCAECs) were treated either with rat MC releasate (ie, mediators released on MC activation), rat chymase and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), or with human chymase and TNF-alpha, respectively. MC releasate induced RCMEC apoptosis by inactivating the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Akt-dependent survival signaling pathway, and apoptosis was partially inhibited by chymase and TNF-alpha inhibitors. Chymase avidly degraded both vitronectin (VN) and fibronectin (FN) produced by the cultured RCMECs. In addition, MC releasate inhibited the activation of NF-kappaB (p65) and activated caspase-8 and -9. Moreover, in HCAECs, human chymase and TNF-alpha induced additive levels of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Activated MCs induce EC apoptosis by multiple mechanisms: chymase inactivates the FAK-mediated cell survival signaling, and TNF-alpha triggers apoptosis. Thus, by inducing EC apoptosis, MCs may contribute to plaque erosion and complications of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna M Heikkilä
- Wihuri Research Institute, Kalliolinnantie 4, 00140 Helsinki, Finland
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24
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Han SW, Roman J. Fibronectin induces cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis in human bronchial epithelial cells: pro-oncogenic effects mediated by PI3-kinase and NF-κB. Oncogene 2006; 25:4341-9. [PMID: 16518410 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix glycoprotein, fibronectin, influences a variety of cellular functions including adhesion, migration, survival, differentiation, and growth. Fibronectin has also been shown to increase the migration and proliferation of human lung carcinoma cells. However, the role of fibronectin in controlling lung airway epithelial cell phenotype remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that fibronectin stimulates the proliferation of human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B and 16-HBE). Of note, fibronectin induced the mRNA and protein expression of c-Myc and cyclin D1, while it decreased the expressions of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 (WAF-1/CIP1/MDA-6) (p21) and the tumor suppressor gene phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN). Fibronectin also stimulated the phosphorylation of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3-K) downstream signal Akt. The inhibitor of PI3-K, Wortmannin, and anti-alpha5beta1 integrin antibodies abrogated the effect of fibronectin on c-Myc, cyclin D1, p21, and PTEN expression. The stimulatory effect of fibronectin was mediated by nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) since fibronectin induced the expression of the p65 component of NF-kappaB and enhanced NF-kappaB DNA binding. Furthermore, we found that p65 small interfering RNA inhibited the effect of fibronectin on c-Myc, cyclin D1, p21, PTEN expression, and on fibronectin-induced cell proliferation. Finally, we found that fibronectin inhibits apoptosis by reducing DNA fragmentation and inhibiting the activities of caspases 3/7. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that fibronectin stimulates human bronchial epithelial cell growth and inhibits apoptosis through activation of NF-kappaB, which, in turn, increases the expression of c-Myc and cyclin D1 and decreases p21 and PTEN via alpha5beta1 integrin-dependent signals that include PI3-K/Akt. Therefore, alternations in the extracellular matrix composition of the lung, with increased fibronectin, might promote epithelial cell growth and thereby contribute to oncogenesis in certain settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Han
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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