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Chang SH, Chang YM, Chen HY, Shaw FZ, Shyu BC. Time-course analysis of frontal gene expression profiles in the rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder and a comparison with the conditioned fear model. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 27:100569. [PMID: 37771408 PMCID: PMC10522909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex disorder that involves physiological, emotional, and cognitive dysregulation that may occur after exposure to a life-threatening event. In contrast with the condition of learned fear with resilience to extinction, abnormal fear with impaired fear extinction and exaggeration are considered crucial factors for the pathological development of PTSD. The prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is considered a critical region of top-down control in fear regulation, which involves the modulation of fear expression and extinction. The pathological course of PTSD is usually chronic and persistent; a number of studies have indicated temporal progression in gene expression and phenotypes may be involved in PTSD pathology. In the current study, we use a well-established modified single-prolonged stress (SPS&FS) rat model to feature PTSD-like phenotypes and compared it with a footshock fear conditioning model (FS model); we collected the frontal tissue after extreme stress exposure or fear conditioning and extracted RNA for transcriptome-level gene sequencing. We compared the genetic profiling of the mPFC at early (<2 h after solely FS or SPS&FS exposure) and late (7 days after solely FS or SPS&FS exposure) stages in these two models. First, we identified temporal differences in the expressional patterns between these two models and found pathways such as protein synthesis factor eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (EIF2), transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-mediated oxidative stress response, and acute phase responding signaling enriched in the early stage in both models with significant p-values. Furthermore, in the late stage, the sirtuin signaling pathway was enriched in both models; other pathways such as STAT3, cAMP, lipid metabolism, Gα signaling, and increased fear were especially enriched in the late stage of the SPS&FS model. However, pathways such as VDR/RXR, GP6, and PPAR signaling were activated significantly in the FS model's late stage. Last, the network analysis revealed the temporal dynamics of psychological disorder, the endocrine system, and also genes related to increased fear in the two models. This study could help elucidate the genetic temporal alteration and stage-specific pathways in these two models, as well as a better understanding of the transcriptome-level differences between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Han Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Inflammation Core Facility, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Cheng Kung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ming Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Yuan Chen
- Inflammation Core Facility, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Zen Shaw
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bai-Chuang Shyu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chen PL, Xu GH, Li M, Zhang JY, Cheng J, Li CF, Yi LT. Yamogenin Exhibits Antidepressant-like Effects via Inhibition of ER Stress and Microglial Activation in LPS-Induced Mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3173-3182. [PMID: 37579249 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a multifaceted psychiatric disorder that affects a significant number of individuals worldwide, and its pathophysiology encompasses a variety of mechanisms, including the induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which has been correlated with depressive-like behaviors in animal models. Yamogenin, a bioactive compound derived from traditional Chinese medicine Dioscorea species, possesses diverse pharmacological properties. This investigation aimed to explore the antidepressant-like effects of yamogenin and the underlying mechanisms involved. By utilizing a murine model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depressive-like behavior, we demonstrated that yamogenin enhanced sucrose preference and reduced immobility time in the forced swimming test. These effects were observed alongside the attenuation of ER stress through modulation of the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP signaling pathway in the prefrontal cortex. Moreover, yamogenin augmented the expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 while diminishing the expression of the proapoptotic protein caspase-3. Additionally, yamogenin exhibited inhibitory effects on microglial activation but did not elicit the promotion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling. Collectively, our findings propose that yamogenin exerts antidepressant-like effects in LPS-induced mice by inhibiting ER stress and microglial activation. This study contributes novel insights into the potential utilization of yamogenin as a natural antidepressant agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Lu Chen
- Xiamen Medicine Research Institute, Xiamen 361008, Fujian, P. R. China
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine College of Pharmacy, Fujian 361008, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Hui Xu
- Xiamen Medicine Research Institute, Xiamen 361008, Fujian, P. R. China
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine College of Pharmacy, Fujian 361008, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Xiamen Medicine Research Institute, Xiamen 361008, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Yuan Zhang
- Xiamen Medicine Research Institute, Xiamen 361008, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Fu Li
- Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen 361009, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Li-Tao Yi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, P. R. China
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Fulco BCW, Klann IP, Rodrigues RF, Marzari BN, Nogueira CW. Social-single prolonged stress as an ether-free candidate animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder: Female and male outcomings. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 154:224-232. [PMID: 35961178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single Prolonged Stress (SPS) is a valid animal model that reflects the core of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) phenotypes. Although SPS has been a pivotal tool, it can bring ethics approval difficulties due to the use of ether as a stressor. The present study evaluated if changing a chemical (ether) with a social stressor resembles the PTSD hallmark symptoms. METHODS Female and male young adult rats were distributed in Sham and Social-SPS groups. Rats in Social-SPS groups were subjected to stress, whereas those in Sham groups remained undisturbed. One set of animals performed the behavioral tests, elevated plus-maze (EPM) and Y-maze. Plasma corticosterone levels and cortical and hippocampal molecular protein contents were analyzed. Another set of animals performed the dexamethasone suppression test. RESULTS A significant decrease in the percentage of time spent and the number of entries in open arms and an increase in anxiety index in the EPM were observed in rats of the social-SPS groups. In the Social-SPS groups, rats reduced the spontaneous alternations in Y-maze. The Social-SPS exposure enhanced the HPA-axis feedback and increased glucocorticoid receptor contents in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats. A decrease in the content of synaptic integrity-related proteins, synaptophysin, and PSD-95, were found in the cortex and hippocampus of rats subjected to social-SPS. There were no statistical differences between males and females in any parameter analyzed. LIMITATIONS The absence of a task to recap criterion E 'arousal' and predictive validity experiments. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals that social-SPS recapitulated the main clusters required for a candidate animal model of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna C W Fulco
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Isabella P Klann
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Renata F Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bruna N Marzari
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristina W Nogueira
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Díaz-Hung ML, Hetz C. Proteostasis and resilience: on the interphase between individual's and intracellular stress. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:305-317. [PMID: 35337729 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A long proportion of the population is resilient to the negative consequences of stress. Glucocorticoids resulting from endocrine responses to stress are essential adaptive mediators, but also drive alterations to brain function, negatively impacting neuronal connectivity, synaptic plasticity, and memory-related processes. Recent evidence has indicated that organelle function and cellular stress responses are relevant determinant of vulnerability and resistance to environmental stress. At the molecular level, a fundamental mechanism of cellular stress adaptation is the maintenance of proteostasis, which also have key roles in sustaining basal neuronal function. Here, we discuss recent evidence suggesting that proteostasis unbalance at the level of the endoplasmic reticulum, the main site for protein folding in the cell, represents a possible mechanistic link between individuals and cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Li Díaz-Hung
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; FONDAP Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; FONDAP Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.
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Polopalli S, Yetukuri AR, Danduga RCSR, Kola PK. A prognostic study on the effect of post-traumatic stress disorder on cerebral ischaemia reperfusion-induced stroke. World J Biol Psychiatry 2022; 23:136-150. [PMID: 34165039 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2021.1935318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous studies have been established that persons who experienced a stroke are soon likely to develop several anxiety disorders. In which one of the major anxiety disorders is Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Yet, the likelihood of PTSD in conjunction with cerebral stroke has not been well described. Hence, we evaluated the impact of PTSD on cerebral stroke in rodents subjected to single prolonged stress (SPS) and bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAo), respectively. METHODS The relation between PTSD and cerebral stroke is evaluated by performing behavioural, biochemical, histopathological, and brain lesion area measurement studies. RESULTS Interestingly, SPS + BCCAo induction increased behavioural abnormalities like cognitive impairment and anxiety-like behaviour compared to SPS and BCCAo groups alone. Motor impairment was also observed in SPS + BCCAo rats compared to SPS rats, whereas no change with BCCAo rats. Furthermore, increased brain tissue MDA, acetylcholinesterase, and decreased SOD, catalase, and GSH were observed in SPS + BCCAo subjected rats compared to SPS and BCCAo rats alone. Additionally, SPS + BCCAo induction considerably increased the plasma corticosterone levels and caused severe neurotransmitter alterations. The SPS + BCCAo exposure significantly increased the brain lesion area in comparison with BCCAo rats. Moreover, severe histopathological alterations were observed in the hippocampus (CA1) of SPS + BCCAo rats compared to SPS and BCCAo rats alone. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our study results suggested that SPS-induced PTSD may aggravate the BCCAo induced cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanyam Polopalli
- Department of Pharmacology, Vishnu Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Narsapur, Medak, India.,Department of Pharmacology, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, India
| | - Amulya Rani Yetukuri
- Department of Pharmacology, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, India
| | | | - Phani Kumar Kola
- Department of Pharmacology, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, India
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Gundu C, Arruri VK, Sherkhane B, Khatri DK, Singh SB. GSK2606414 attenuates PERK/p-eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP axis and augments mitochondrial function to mitigate high glucose induced neurotoxicity in N2A cells. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 3:100087. [PMID: 35146419 PMCID: PMC8819026 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal dysfunction and subsequent apoptosis under high glucose conditions during diabetes contribute majorly to the manifestation of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). PERK (protein kinase RNA (PKR)-like ER kinase) one among the three canonical arms of unfolded protein response (UPR), is believed to play a crucial role in determining the cell fate during endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS/ER stress) conditions. We evaluated the role of PERK inhibitor GSK2606414 in high glucose (30 mM) treated neuroblastoma (N2A) cells. High glucose resulted in disruption of ER proteostasis by activation of UPR which is evident through increased (p < 0.001) expression of GRP78, p-PERK, p-eIF2α, ATF-4 and CHOP when compared to normal cells. It is accompanied with enhanced GRP78 localization in Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) lumen evident from ER labeling Immunofluorescence (IF) staining. PERK activation resulted in altered mitochondrial function evident by increased mitochondrial superoxide production and compromised mitochondrial homeostasis with decrease in Mfn-2 levels. Additionally, ER stress induced neuronal apoptosis was attenuated by GSK2606414 treatment via inhibiting the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP axis that not only curtailed the levels of apoptotic proteins like Bax and caspase 3 but also elevated the levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. Collectively, our findings revealed the neuroprotective potential of GSK2606414 against high glucose induced neurotoxicity in N2A cells. Unregulated ER stress drives neuronal (N2A) apoptosis following high glucose (HG) exposure (30 mM). Mitochondrial dysfunction aggravated by ER stress under hyperglycemic conditions. PERK/p-eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP axis underlies the apoptosis of N2A cells upon HG exposure. GSK2606414 attenuates PERK/p-eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP axis to mitigate HG induced neurotoxicity in N2A cells.
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Zheng S, Wang H, Han F, Chu J, Zhang F, Zhang X, Shi Y, Zhang L. Detection of Microstructural Medial Prefrontal Cortex Changes Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging Texture Analysis in a Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Rat Model. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:805851. [PMID: 35530016 PMCID: PMC9068999 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.805851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiomics is characterized by high-throughput extraction of texture features from medical images and the mining of information that can potentially be used to define neuroimaging markers in many neurological or psychiatric diseases. However, there have been few studies concerning MRI radiomics in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The study's aims were to appraise changes in microstructure of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in a PTSD animal model, specifically single-prolonged stress (SPS) rats, by using MRI texture analysis. The feasibility of using a radiomics approach to classify PTSD rats was examined. METHODS Morris water maze and elevated plus maze were used to assess behavioral changes in the rats. Two hundred and sixty two texture features were extracted from each region of interest in T2-weighted images. Stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA) and LASSO regression were used to perform feature selection and radiomics signature building to identify mPFC radiomics signatures consisting of optimal features, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic curve plots were used to evaluate the classification performance. Immunofluorescence techniques were used to examine the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neuronal nuclei (NeuN) in the mPFC. Nuclear pycnosis was detected using 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. RESULTS Behavioral results indicated decreased learning and spatial memory performance and increased anxiety-like behavior after SPS stimulation. SDA analysis showed that the general non-cross-validated and cross-validated discrimination accuracies were 86.5% and 80.4%. After LASSO dimensionality reduction, 10 classification models were established. For classifying PTSD rats between the control and each SPS group, these models achieved AUCs of 0.944, 0.950, 0.959, and 0.936. Among four SPS groups, the AUCs were 0.927, 0.943, 0.967, 0.916, 0.932, and 0.893, respectively. The number of GFAP-positive cells and intensity of GFAP-IR within the mPFC increased 1 day after SPS treatment, and then decreased. The intensity of NeuN-IR and number of NeuN-positive cells significantly decreased from 1 to 14 days after SPS stimulation. The brightness levels of DAPI-stained nuclei increased in SPS groups. CONCLUSION Non-invasive MRI radiomics features present an efficient and sensitive way to detect microstructural changes in the mPFC after SPS stimulation, and they could potentially serve as a novel neuroimaging marker in PTSD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilei Zheng
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Han Wang
- Medical Imaging Center, Taian Central Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Fang Han
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical Sciences College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianyi Chu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xianglin Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yuxiu Shi
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical Sciences College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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Hu HJ, Wang XH, Liu Y, Zhang TQ, Chen ZR, Zhang C, Tang ZH, Qu SL, Tang HF, Jiang ZS. Hydrogen Sulfide Ameliorates Angiotensin II-Induced Atrial Fibrosis Progression to Atrial Fibrillation Through Inhibition of the Warburg Effect and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:690371. [PMID: 34950023 PMCID: PMC8689064 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.690371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrosis is the basis for the occurrence and development of atrial fibrillation (AF) and is closely related to the Warburg effect, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and mitochondrion dysfunctions-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous signalling molecule with cardioprotective, anti-myocardial fibrosis and improved energy metabolism effects. Nevertheless, the specific mechanism by which H2S improves the progression of atrial fibrosis to AF remains unclear. A case-control study of patients with and without AF was designed to assess changes in H2S, the Warburg effect, and ERS in AF. The results showed that AF can significantly reduce cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) and 3-mercaptopyruvate thiotransferase (3-MST) expression and the H2S level, induce cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) expression; increase the Warburg effect, ERS and atrial fibrosis; and promote left atrial dysfunction. In addition, AngII-treated SD rats had an increased Warburg effect and ERS levels and enhanced atrial fibrosis progression to AF compared to wild-type SD rats, and these conditions were reversed by sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), dichloroacetic acid (DCA) or 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) supplementation. Finally, low CSE levels in AngII-induced HL-1 cells were concentration- and time-dependent and associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, the Warburg effect and ERS, and these effects were reversed by NaHS, DCA or 4-PBA supplementation. Our research indicates that H2S can regulate the AngII-induced Warburg effect and ERS and might be a potential therapeutic drug to inhibit atrial fibrosis progression to AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Jing Hu
- Department of Cardiology Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Postdoctoral Research Station of Basic Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiu-Heng Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Lab, First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Cardiology Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Tian-Qing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zheng-Rong Chen
- Department of Cardiology Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhi-Han Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Shun-Lin Qu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hui-Fang Tang
- Department of Cardiology Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Jiang
- Department of Cardiology Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Postdoctoral Research Station of Basic Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Han D, Shi Y, Han F. The effects of orexin-A and orexin receptors on anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in a male rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder. J Comp Neurol 2021; 530:592-606. [PMID: 34387361 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Orexin neurons play an important role in stress-related mental disorders including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Anxiety- and depression-related symptoms commonly occur in combination with PTSD. However, the role of the orexin system in mediating alterations in these affective symptoms remains unclear. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is implicated in both cognitive and emotional processing. In the present study, we investigated anxiety- and depression-related behavioral changes using the elevated plus maze, the sucrose preference test, and the open field test in male rats with single prolonged stress (SPS) induced-PTSD. The expression of orexin-A in the hypothalamus and orexin receptors (OX1R and OX2R) in the mPFC was detected and quantified by immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and real-time polymerase chain reaction. We found that the SPS rats exhibited enhanced levels of anxiety, reduced exploratory activities, and anhedonia. Furthermore, SPS resulted in reductions in the expression of orexin-A in the hypothalamus and the increased the expression of OX1R in the mPFC. The intracerebroventricular administration of orexin-A alleviated behavioral changes in SPS rats and partly restored the increased levels of OX1R in the mPFC. These results suggest that the orexin system plays a role in the anxiety- and depression-related symptoms observed in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Han
- PTSD Laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical Sciences College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Neonatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuxiu Shi
- PTSD Laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical Sciences College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fang Han
- PTSD Laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical Sciences College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Lee B, Choi GM, Shim I, Lee H. Genistein Prevents Single Prolonged Stress-Induced Cognitive Impairment in a Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Rat Model via Activation of the Serotonergic System. J Med Food 2020; 23:476-484. [PMID: 32267780 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.4519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a stress-associated mental disorder characterized by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in response to traumatic events or fear. Genistein (GEN), a natural isoflavone, has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective effects. Here, we used the Morris water maze (MWM) and object recognition task (ORT) tests to examine the effects of GEN on cognitive impairment in rats after exposure to single prolonged stress (SPS), and its interaction with the serotonergic system. After exposure to SPS, male rats received GEN (2, 4, and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) for 14 days. Daily GEN administration significantly improved cognitive function in the ORT and MWM tests. GEN treatment also inhibited SPS-induced decreases in serotonin (5-HT) levels in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. These increased 5-HT concentrations in response to GEN treatment could be partially attributed to the ratio of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid/5-HT in the hippocampus. Our findings suggest that GEN significantly attenuates SPS-induced memory deficits in rats and may represent an effective therapeutic option for the treatment of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bombi Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.,Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gwang Muk Choi
- The Graduate School of Basic Science of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Insop Shim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyejung Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Han D, Han F, Shi Y, Zheng S, Wen L. Mechanisms of Memory Impairment Induced by Orexin-A via Orexin 1 and Orexin 2 Receptors in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Rats. Neuroscience 2020; 432:126-136. [PMID: 32112915 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients exhibit abnormal learning and memory. Axons from orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus innervate the hippocampus, modulating learning and memory via the orexin 1 and 2 receptors (OX1R and OX2R). However, the role of the orexin system in the learning and memory dysfunction observed in PTSD is unknown. This was investigated in the present study using PTSD animal model-single prolonged stress (SPS) rats. Spatial learning and memory in the rats were evaluated with the Morris water maze (MWM) test; changes in body weight and food intake were recorded to assess changes in appetite; and the expression of orexin-A and its receptors in the hypothalamus and hippocampus was examined and quantified by immunohistochemistry, western blotting and real-time PCR. The results showed that spatial memory was impaired and food intake was decreased in SPS rats; this was accompanied by downregulation of orexin-A in the hypothalamus and upregulation of OX1R and OX2R in the hippocampus and of OX1R in the hypothalamus. Intracerebroventricular administration of orexin-A improved spatial memory and enhanced appetite in SPS rats and partly reversed the increases in OX1R and OX2R levels in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. These results suggest that the orexin system plays a critical role in the memory and appetite dysfunction observed in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Han
- PTSD Laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical Sciences College, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, PR China; Department of Neonatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping Area, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Fang Han
- PTSD Laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical Sciences College, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Yuxiu Shi
- PTSD Laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical Sciences College, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, PR China.
| | - Shilei Zheng
- PTSD Laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical Sciences College, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Lili Wen
- PTSD Laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical Sciences College, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, PR China
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12
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Gao ZW, Ju RL, Luo M, Wu SL, Zhang WT. The anxiolytic-like effects of ginsenoside Rg2 on an animal model of PTSD. Psychiatry Res 2019; 279:130-137. [PMID: 31103345 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the mental illness. The antidepressant-like properties of ginsenoside Rg2 (GRg2) have been shown, while little is known about its anti-PTSD-like effects. In the present study, the PTSD-associated behavioral deficits in rats were induced following exposure to single prolonged stress (SPS). The results showed that the decreased time and entries in the open arms in elevated plus maze test (EPMT) and increased freezing duration in contextual fear paradigm (CFP) were reversed by GRg2 (10 and 20 mg/kg) without affecting the locomotor activity. In addition, GRg2 (10 and 20 mg/kg) could block the decreased levels of progesterone, allopregnanolone, serotonin (5-HT), 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), corticosterone (Cort) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the brain or serum. In summary, GRg2 alleviated the PTSD-associated behavioral deficits with biosynthesis of neurosteroids, normalization of serotonergic system and HPA axis dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Wei Gao
- Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, 528308, P.R. China; Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P.R. China; Shunde Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528333,P.R. China
| | - Rong-Le Ju
- Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, 528308, P.R. China
| | - Min Luo
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P.R. China.
| | - Shu-Lian Wu
- Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, 528308, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Tong Zhang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P.R. China
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13
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Schoenfeld TJ, Rhee D, Martin L, Smith JA, Sonti AN, Padmanaban V, Cameron HA. New neurons restore structural and behavioral abnormalities in a rat model of PTSD. Hippocampus 2019; 29:848-861. [PMID: 30865372 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with anxiety, memory impairments, enhanced fear, and hippocampal volume loss, although the relationship between these changes remain unknown. Single-prolonged stress (SPS) is a model for PTSD combining three forms of stress (restraint, swim, and anesthesia) in a single session that results in prolonged behavioral effects. Using pharmacogenetic ablation of adult neurogenesis in rats, we investigated the role of new neurons in the hippocampus in the long-lasting structural and behavioral effects of SPS. Two weeks after SPS, stressed rats displayed increased anxiety-like behavior and decreased preference for objects in novel locations regardless of the presence or absence of new neurons. Chronic stress produced by daily restraint for 2 or 6 hr produced similar behavioral effects that were also independent of ongoing neurogenesis. At a longer recovery time point, 1 month after SPS, rats with intact neurogenesis had normalized, showing control levels of anxiety-like behavior. However, GFAP-TK rats, which lacked new neurons, continued to show elevated anxiety-like behavior and enhanced serum corticosterone response to anxiogenic experience. Volume loss in ventral CA1 region of the hippocampus paralleled increases in anxiety-like behavior, occurring in all rats exposed to SPS at the early time point and only rats lacking adult neurogenesis at the later time point. In chronic stress experiments, volume loss occurred broadly throughout the dentate gyrus and CA1 after 6-hr daily stress but was not apparent in any hippocampal subregion after 2-hr daily stress. No effect of SPS was seen on cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus, but the survival of young neurons born a week after stress was decreased. Together, these data suggest that new neurons are important for recovery of normal behavior and hippocampal structure following a strong acute stress and point to the ventral CA1 region as a potential key mediator of stress-induced anxiety-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Schoenfeld
- Section on Neuroplasticity, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Diane Rhee
- Section on Neuroplasticity, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Laura Martin
- Section on Neuroplasticity, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jesse A Smith
- Section on Neuroplasticity, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anup N Sonti
- Section on Neuroplasticity, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Varun Padmanaban
- Section on Neuroplasticity, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Heather A Cameron
- Section on Neuroplasticity, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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14
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Jia Y, Han Y, Wang X, Han F. Role of apoptosis in the Post-traumatic stress disorder model-single prolonged stressed rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 95:97-105. [PMID: 29843020 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a stress-related mental disorder which occurs following exposure to traumatic events. A number of brain neuroimaging studies have revealed that PTSD patients have reduced volume and abnormal functions in the hippocampus and the amygdala. However, the pathogenesis of abnormalities in certain brain regions, as induced by PTSD, remains unclear. Recent studies, using the single prolonged stress (SPS) model, an animal model of PTSD, have found that abnormal apoptosis in certain brain regions, including the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC); these areas are closely associated with emotion and cognition. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of apoptosis in SPS rats, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondria pathways. For the ER pathway, three individual pathways: PERK, IRE1, and ATF6 showed different roles on apoptosis and neuroprotection. Three key factors are thought to be involved in the mitochondrial pathway and PTSD-induced apoptosis: corticosteroid receptors, apoptosis-related factors, and anti-apoptosis factors. We have investigated the role of these factors and have attempted to identify which factors of the pathways are more focused towards neuronal protection, and which are more direct towards apoptosis. We also discussed the role of autophagy and the specific differences between autophagy and apoptosis in SPS rats. Finally, we discussed emerging researches related to anti-apoptosis treatment, including PERK inhibitors, IRE1 inhibitors, and metformin; collectively, these were exciting, but limited, This review provides a summary of the current understanding of apoptosis in SPS rats and the potential anti-apoptosis treatment strategies for PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbo Jia
- PTSD laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yunhe Han
- PTSD laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- PTSD laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Fang Han
- PTSD laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
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15
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Qiu ZK, He JL, Liu X, Zeng J, Xiao W, Fan QH, Chai XM, Ye WH, Chen JS. Anxiolytic-like effects of paeoniflorin in an animal model of post traumatic stress disorder. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1175-1185. [PMID: 29633071 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the serious psychiatric disorder. Paeoniflorin (PF) produces the antidepressant-like properties. However, few studies are concerned about its anti-PTSD-like effects and mechanisms. To investigate these, the single prolonged stress (SPS) model was utilized. PTSD-like behavioral deficits in rats after exposure to SPS were improved by PF (10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.), evidenced by blocking increased freezing time in contextual fear paradigm (CFP) and increased time and entries in open arms in elevated plus maze (EPM) test without affecting the locomotor activity in open field (OF) test. We also found that increased levels of corticosterone (Cort), corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) after exposure to SPS were reversed by PF (10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.) in serum, respectively. Moreover, the decreased levels of serotonin (5-HT) and 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were reversed by PF (10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.), respectively. In summary, the anti-PTSD-like activities of PF were associated with the modulation of HPA axis and 5-HT system activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Kun Qiu
- Pharmaceutical Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Li He
- Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Liu
- Pharmacy Department, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Zeng
- Pharmaceutical Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Hong Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Meng Chai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Hai Ye
- The Affiliated Chencun Hospital of Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, 528313, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ji-Sheng Chen
- Pharmaceutical Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
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16
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ER Proteostasis Control of Neuronal Physiology and Synaptic Function. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:610-624. [PMID: 29945734 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal proteostasis is maintained by the dynamic integration of different processes that regulate the synthesis, folding, quality control, and localization of proteins. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves as a fundamental pillar of the proteostasis network, and is emerging as a key compartment to sustain normal brain function. The unfolded protein response (UPR), the main mechanism that copes with ER stress, plays a central role in the quality control of many ion channels and receptors, in addition to crosstalk with signaling pathways that regulate connectivity, synapse formation, and neuronal plasticity. We provide here an overview of recent advances in the involvement of the UPR in maintaining neuronal proteostasis, and discuss its emerging role in brain development, neuronal physiology, and behavior, as well as the implications for neurodegenerative diseases involving cognitive decline.
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17
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Lisieski MJ, Eagle AL, Conti AC, Liberzon I, Perrine SA. Single-Prolonged Stress: A Review of Two Decades of Progress in a Rodent Model of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:196. [PMID: 29867615 PMCID: PMC5962709 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common, costly, and often debilitating psychiatric condition. However, the biological mechanisms underlying this disease are still largely unknown or poorly understood. Considerable evidence indicates that PTSD results from dysfunction in highly-conserved brain systems involved in stress, anxiety, fear, and reward. Pre-clinical models of traumatic stress exposure are critical in defining the neurobiological mechanisms of PTSD, which will ultimately aid in the development of new treatments for PTSD. Single prolonged stress (SPS) is a pre-clinical model that displays behavioral, molecular, and physiological alterations that recapitulate many of the same alterations observed in PTSD, illustrating its validity and giving it utility as a model for investigating post-traumatic adaptations and pre-trauma risk and protective factors. In this manuscript, we review the present state of research using the SPS model, with the goals of (1) describing the utility of the SPS model as a tool for investigating post-trauma adaptations, (2) relating findings using the SPS model to findings in patients with PTSD, and (3) indicating research gaps and strategies to address them in order to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lisieski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Andrew L Eagle
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Alana C Conti
- Research and Development Service, John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Mental Health Service, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Shane A Perrine
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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18
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Souza RR, Noble LJ, McIntyre CK. Using the Single Prolonged Stress Model to Examine the Pathophysiology of PTSD. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:615. [PMID: 28955225 PMCID: PMC5600994 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The endurance of memories of emotionally arousing events serves the adaptive role of minimizing future exposure to danger and reinforcing rewarding behaviors. However, following a traumatic event, a subset of individuals suffers from persistent pathological symptoms such as those seen in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite the availability of pharmacological treatments and evidence-based cognitive behavioral therapy, a considerable number of PTSD patients do not respond to the treatment, or show partial remission and relapse of the symptoms. In controlled laboratory studies, PTSD patients show deficient ability to extinguish conditioned fear. Failure to extinguish learned fear could be responsible for the persistence of PTSD symptoms such as elevated anxiety, arousal, and avoidance. It may also explain the high non-response and dropout rates seen during treatment. Animal models are useful for understanding the pathophysiology of the disorder and the development of new treatments. This review examines studies in a rodent model of PTSD with the goal of identifying behavioral and physiological factors that predispose individuals to PTSD symptoms. Single prolonged stress (SPS) is a frequently used rat model of PTSD that involves exposure to several successive stressors. SPS rats show PTSD-like symptoms, including impaired extinction of conditioned fear. Since its development by the Liberzon lab in 1997, the SPS model has been referred to by more than 200 published papers. Here we consider the findings of these studies and unresolved questions that may be investigated using the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimenez R Souza
- Texas Biomedical Device Center, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, RichardsonTX, United States
| | - Lindsey J Noble
- Texas Biomedical Device Center, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, RichardsonTX, United States.,Cognition and Neuroscience Program, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, RichardsonTX, United States
| | - Christa K McIntyre
- Cognition and Neuroscience Program, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, RichardsonTX, United States
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PERK as a hub of multiple pathogenic pathways leading to memory deficits and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res Bull 2017; 141:72-78. [PMID: 28804008 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell signaling in response to an array of diverse stress stimuli converges on the phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor-2α (eIF2α). In the brain, eIF2α is a hub for controlling learning and memory function and for maintaining neuronal integrity in health and disease. Among four eIF2α kinases, PERK is emerging as a key regulator for memory impairments and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Genetic and pharmacological manipulations of PERK-eIF2α signaling have revealed that the overactivation of this pathway is not a mere consequence of the neurodegenerative process but play critical roles in AD pathogenesis and the occurrence of memory deficits. This review provides an overview of recent progress in animal model studies, which demonstrate that dysregulated PERK accounts for memory deficits and neurodegeneration not only as a detrimental mediator downstream of β-amyloidosis and tauopathy but also as an important determinant upstream of both pathogenic mechanisms in AD. A therapeutic perspective is also discussed, in which interventions targeting the PERK-eIF2α pathway are expected to provide multiple beneficial outcomes in AD, including enhanced mnemonic function, neuroprotection and disease modification.
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