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Mallet RT, Burtscher J, Pialoux V, Pasha Q, Ahmad Y, Millet GP, Burtscher M. Molecular Mechanisms of High-Altitude Acclimatization. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021698. [PMID: 36675214 PMCID: PMC9866500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
High-altitude illnesses (HAIs) result from acute exposure to high altitude/hypoxia. Numerous molecular mechanisms affect appropriate acclimatization to hypobaric and/or normobaric hypoxia and curtail the development of HAIs. The understanding of these mechanisms is essential to optimize hypoxic acclimatization for efficient prophylaxis and treatment of HAIs. This review aims to link outcomes of molecular mechanisms to either adverse effects of acute high-altitude/hypoxia exposure or the developing tolerance with acclimatization. After summarizing systemic physiological responses to acute high-altitude exposure, the associated acclimatization, and the epidemiology and pathophysiology of various HAIs, the article focuses on molecular adjustments and maladjustments during acute exposure and acclimatization to high altitude/hypoxia. Pivotal modifying mechanisms include molecular responses orchestrated by transcription factors, most notably hypoxia inducible factors, and reciprocal effects on mitochondrial functions and REDOX homeostasis. In addition, discussed are genetic factors and the resultant proteomic profiles determining these hypoxia-modifying mechanisms culminating in successful high-altitude acclimatization. Lastly, the article discusses practical considerations related to the molecular aspects of acclimatization and altitude training strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T. Mallet
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Johannes Burtscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Pialoux
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology EA7424, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, FR-69008 Lyon, France
| | - Qadar Pasha
- Institute of Hypoxia Research, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Yasmin Ahmad
- Defense Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defense Research & Development Organization(DRDO), New Delhi 110054, India
| | - Grégoire P. Millet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Austrian Society for Alpine and High-Altitude Medicine, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Correspondence:
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Lukyanova L, Germanova E, Khmil N, Pavlik L, Mikheeva I, Shigaeva M, Mironova G. Signaling Role of Mitochondrial Enzymes and Ultrastructure in the Formation of Molecular Mechanisms of Adaptation to Hypoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8636. [PMID: 34445340 PMCID: PMC8395493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was the first comprehensive investigation of the dependence of mitochondrial enzyme response (catalytic subunits of mitochondrial complexes (MC) I-V, including NDUFV2, SDHA, Cyt b, COX1 and ATP5A) and mitochondrial ultrastructure in the rat cerebral cortex (CC) on the severity and duration of in vivo hypoxic exposures. The role of individual animal's resistance to hypoxia was also studied. The respiratory chain (RC) was shown to respond to changes in environmental [O2] as follows: (a) differential reaction of mitochondrial enzymes, which depends on the severity of the hypoxic exposure and which indicates changes in the content and catalytic properties of mitochondrial enzymes, both during acute and multiple exposures; and (b) ultrastructural changes in mitochondria, which reflect various degrees of mitochondrial energization. Within a specific range of reduced O2 concentrations, activation of the MC II is a compensatory response supporting the RC electron transport function. In this process, MC I develops new kinetic properties, and its function recovers in hypoxia by reprograming the RC substrate site. Therefore, the mitochondrial RC performs as an in vivo molecular oxygen sensor. Substantial differences between responses of rats with high and low resistance to hypoxia were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Lukyanova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Baltijskaya Str. 8., 125315 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Elita Germanova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Baltijskaya Str. 8., 125315 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Natalya Khmil
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics RAS, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (N.K.); (L.P.); (I.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Lybov Pavlik
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics RAS, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (N.K.); (L.P.); (I.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Irina Mikheeva
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics RAS, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (N.K.); (L.P.); (I.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Maria Shigaeva
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics RAS, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (N.K.); (L.P.); (I.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Galina Mironova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics RAS, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (N.K.); (L.P.); (I.M.); (M.S.)
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Khalilov RA, Khizrieva SI, Dzhafarova AM, Abdullaev VR. Respiratory Characteristics of Rat Liver Mitochondria Depend on the Duration of Moderate Hypothermia. Bull Exp Biol Med 2020; 169:29-34. [PMID: 32495174 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-020-04817-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The development of pathological or compensatory-and-adaptive reactions in homoeothermic animals during various periods of hypothermia can be caused by shifts in the respiratory functions of the mitochondria. Short-term hypothermia promoted an increase in the rates of the glutamate- and succinate-dependent respiration of mitochondria. Phosphorylation rate increased as well, while oxidative phosphorylation coefficient (P/O), respiratory control, and 2,4-DNP sensitivity depended. Changes in respiratory characteristics in the dynamics of prolonged hypothermia depends on the type of substrate. Prolongation of hypothermia to 1 h was associated with further intensification of succinate-dependent respiration, decrease in P/O and respiratory control, while prolongation of hypothermia to 3 h led to their normalization. The majority of respiratory characteristics of glutamate-dependent respiration did not change under these conditions and their levels were the same as during short-term hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Khalilov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Dagestan Republic, Russia
| | - S I Khizrieva
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Dagestan Republic, Russia
| | - A M Dzhafarova
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Dagestan Republic, Russia.
| | - V R Abdullaev
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Dagestan Republic, Russia
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Serebrovska ZO, Serebrovska TV, Kholin VA, Tumanovska LV, Shysh AM, Pashevin DA, Goncharov SV, Stroy D, Grib ON, Shatylo VB, Bachinskaya NY, Egorov E, Xi L, Dosenko VE. Intermittent Hypoxia-Hyperoxia Training Improves Cognitive Function and Decreases Circulating Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5405. [PMID: 31671598 PMCID: PMC6862463 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects not only the central nervous system, but also peripheral blood cells including neutrophils and platelets, which actively participate in pathogenesis of AD through a vicious cycle between platelets aggregation and production of excessive amyloid beta (Aβ). Platelets adhesion on amyloid plaques also increases the risk of cerebral microcirculation disorders. Moreover, activated platelets release soluble adhesion molecules that cause migration, adhesion/activation of neutrophils and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which may damage blood brain barrier and destroy brain parenchyma. The present study examined the effects of intermittent hypoxic-hyperoxic training (IHHT) on elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a precursor of AD. Twenty-one participants (age 51-74 years) were divided into three groups: Healthy Control (n = 7), MCI+Sham (n = 6), and MCI+IHHT (n = 8). IHHT was carried out five times per week for three weeks (total 15 sessions). Each IHHT session consisted of four cycles of 5-min hypoxia (12% FIO2) and 3-min hyperoxia (33% FIO2). Cognitive parameters, Aβ and amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression, microRNA 29, and long non-coding RNA in isolated platelets as well as NETs in peripheral blood were investigated. We found an initial decline in cognitive function indices in both MCI+Sham and MCI+IHHT groups and significant correlations between cognitive test scores and the levels of circulating biomarkers of AD. Whereas sham training led to no change in these parameters, IHHT resulted in the improvement in cognitive test scores, along with significant increase in APP ratio and decrease in Aβ expression and NETs formation one day after the end of three-week IHHT. Such effects on Aβ expression and NETs formation remained more pronounced one month after IHHT. In conclusion, our results from this pilot study suggested a potential utility of IHHT as a new non-pharmacological therapy to improve cognitive function in pre-AD patients and slow down the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoya O Serebrovska
- Department of General and Molecular Pathophysiology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv 01024, Ukraine.
| | | | - Viktor A Kholin
- Department of Age Physiology and Pathology of Nervous System, Chebotarev Institute of Gerontology NAMS of Ukraine, Kyiv 04114, Ukraine.
| | - Lesya V Tumanovska
- Department of General and Molecular Pathophysiology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv 01024, Ukraine.
| | - Angela M Shysh
- Department of General and Molecular Pathophysiology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv 01024, Ukraine.
| | - Denis A Pashevin
- Department of General and Molecular Pathophysiology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv 01024, Ukraine.
| | - Sergii V Goncharov
- Department of General and Molecular Pathophysiology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv 01024, Ukraine.
| | - Dmytro Stroy
- Department of General and Molecular Pathophysiology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv 01024, Ukraine.
| | - Oksana N Grib
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Pathology of Internal Organs, Chebotarev Institute of Gerontology NAMS of Ukraine, Kyiv 04114, Ukraine.
| | - Valeriy B Shatylo
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Pathology of Internal Organs, Chebotarev Institute of Gerontology NAMS of Ukraine, Kyiv 04114, Ukraine.
| | - Natalia Yu Bachinskaya
- Department of Age Physiology and Pathology of Nervous System, Chebotarev Institute of Gerontology NAMS of Ukraine, Kyiv 04114, Ukraine.
| | - Egor Egorov
- CellAir Constructions GmbH, Schorndorf 73614, Germany.
| | - Lei Xi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0204, USA.
| | - Victor E Dosenko
- Department of General and Molecular Pathophysiology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv 01024, Ukraine.
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Luk'yanova LD, Kirova YI, Germanova EL. Peculiarities of Immediate Response of Respiratory Chain Enzymes in Rat Cerebral Cortex to Hypoxia. Bull Exp Biol Med 2019; 166:426-431. [PMID: 30788743 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-019-04365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We performed a complex study of the dependence of immediate reaction of catalytic subunits in mitochondrial enzymes (NDUFV2, SDHA, Cyt b, COX1, and ATP5A) in rat cerebral cortex (the most hypoxia-sensitive tissue) on the severity and duration of hypoxia in vivo and the role of individual resistance of rats to oxygen deficiency in this process. Three types of responses to hypoxia were revealed. The immediate response of mitochondria to oxygen deficiency appeared after its drop by 30-33% relatively to normal atmosphere level. It manifested in up-regulation of NAD-dependent oxidation, i.e., activation of respiratory chain complex I. Further decrease in oxygen concentration by 50% reprogrammed the work of respiratory chain via activation of respiratory chain complex II in parallel with down-regulation of the electron transport function of the respiratory chain complex I. This response was optimal for the expression of adaptation genes and for the formation of immediate tolerance of rats to hypoxia. The greatest drop of oxygen concentration by 60-62% reversed the Krebs cycle promoting recovery of the electron transport function of respiratory chain complex I. Despite this, the energy efficiency of the respiratory chain and the potency to mobilize the rapid adaptation mechanisms degraded due to abnormalities in cytochrome segment of the respiratory chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Luk'yanova
- Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Yu I Kirova
- Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - E L Germanova
- Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
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Lukyanova LD, Kirova YI. Mitochondria-controlled signaling mechanisms of brain protection in hypoxia. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:320. [PMID: 26483619 PMCID: PMC4589588 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The article is focused on the role of the cell bioenergetic apparatus, mitochondria, involved in development of immediate and delayed molecular mechanisms for adaptation to hypoxic stress in brain cortex. Hypoxia induces reprogramming of respiratory chain function and switching from oxidation of NAD-related substrates (complex I) to succinate oxidation (complex II). Transient, reversible, compensatory activation of respiratory chain complex II is a major mechanism of immediate adaptation to hypoxia necessary for (1) succinate-related energy synthesis in the conditions of oxygen deficiency and formation of urgent resistance in the body; (2) succinate-related stabilization of HIF-1α and initiation of its transcriptional activity related with formation of long-term adaptation; (3) succinate-related activation of the succinate-specific receptor, GPR91. This mechanism participates in at least four critical regulatory functions: (1) sensor function related with changes in kinetic properties of complex I and complex II in response to a gradual decrease in ambient oxygen concentration; this function is designed for selection of the most efficient pathway for energy substrate oxidation in hypoxia; (2) compensatory function focused on formation of immediate adaptive responses to hypoxia and hypoxic resistance of the body; (3) transcriptional function focused on activated synthesis of HIF-1 and the genes providing long-term adaptation to low pO2; (4) receptor function, which reflects participation of mitochondria in the intercellular signaling system via the succinate-dependent receptor, GPR91. In all cases, the desired result is achieved by activation of the succinate-dependent oxidation pathway, which allows considering succinate as a signaling molecule. Patterns of mitochondria-controlled activation of GPR-91- and HIF-1-dependent reaction were considered, and a possibility of their participation in cellular-intercellular-systemic interactions in hypoxia and adaptation was proved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila D. Lukyanova
- Laboratory for Bioenergetics and Hypoxia, Institute of General Pathology and PathophysiologyMoscow, Russia
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