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Vera M, Aparicio E, Heras S, Abras A, Casanova A, Roldán MI, García-Marin JL. Regional environmental and climatic concerns on preserving native gene pools of a least concern species: Brown trout lineages in Mediterranean streams. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160739. [PMID: 36502686 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The European brown trout, Salmo trutta, is a cold-adapted fish reported as a Least Concern species in the IUCN Red List. This species colonized new territories from southern refuges during the last glacial melting, but during the 20th century suffered from anthropic impacts on its habitats. The long-time survival of the species relies on the genetic diversity within and among populations. Brown trout is among the genetically most diverse vertebrate species; however, native populations in Mediterranean rivers have dramatically suffered of introgressive hybridization from extensive releases of evolutionary distant non-native Atlantic stocks. In addition, in Mediterranean rivers climate change will result in unsuitable conditions for the species during the 21st century. Using brown trout populations at the headstreams of a Pyrenean river as a model, this paper revised how hatchery releases have affected the native gene pools and how environmental and climatic variables controlled the amount of local introgression at intra-basin level. Introgressive hybridization was detected in all studied sites. Ten times larger divergence was observed among populations at tributaries than among populations along the main stem. A highly impacted population distributed in a long transect in the main stem suggested that hatchery fish move towards the main stem wherever released. From already highly impacted populations and despite the cessation of hatchery releases, warmer temperatures and lower precipitation expected from climate change will extend the introgressive hybridization along the basin, contributing to the extinction of the native gene pools. Based on available morphological distinction of native, hatchery and hybrid brown trout, we advocate the involvement of regional social groups (e.g. riverside dwellers, anglers, conservationists, hikers) in citizen science programs to detect the spread of non-native phenotypes along the rivers. These are cheap and fast methods to collaborate with fishery managers in the preservation and recovery of the regional native populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Vera
- Departamento de Zoología, Xenética e Antropología Física, Campus Lugo, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Enric Aparicio
- GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Sandra Heras
- Laboratori d'Ictiologia Genètica, Campus Montilivi, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Alba Abras
- Laboratori d'Ictiologia Genètica, Campus Montilivi, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Adrián Casanova
- Laboratori d'Ictiologia Genètica, Campus Montilivi, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Maria-Inés Roldán
- Laboratori d'Ictiologia Genètica, Campus Montilivi, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Jose-Luis García-Marin
- Laboratori d'Ictiologia Genètica, Campus Montilivi, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain.
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Polgar G, Iaia M, Sala P, Khang TF, Galafassi S, Zaupa S, Volta P. Size-age population structure of an endangered and anthropogenically introgressed northern Adriatic population of marble trout ( Salmo marmoratus Cuv.): insights for its conservation and sustainable exploitation. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14991. [PMID: 36949764 PMCID: PMC10026717 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonid species are main actors in the Italian socio-ecological landscape of inland fisheries. We present novel data on the size-age structure of one of the remnant Italian populations of the critically endangered marble trout Salmo marmoratus, which co-occurs with other stocked non-native salmonids in a large glacial river of the Lake Maggiore basin (Northern Italy-Southern Switzerland). Like other Italian native trout populations, the Toce River marble trout population is affected by anthropogenic introgression with the non-native brown trout S. trutta. Our sample includes 579 individuals, mainly collected in the Toce River main channel. We estimated the length-weight relationship, described the population size-age structure, estimated the age-specific growth trajectories, and fit an exponential mortality model. A subset of the sample was also used to measure numerical and biomass density. The estimated asymptotic maximum length is ~105 cm total length (TL). Mean length at first maturity is ~55 cm TL, and mean length at maximum yield per recruit is ~68 cm TL. Approximately 45-70% of the population are estimated to die annually, along with a fishing annual mortality of ~37%, with an exploitation ratio of ~0.5. The frequency distribution of length classes in a sample collected by angling shows that ~80% of the individuals that could be retained according to the current recreational fishing regulations likely never reproduced, and large fish disproportionally contributing to recruitment are fished and retained. We identify possible overfishing risks posed by present regulations, and propose updated harvest-slot length limits to mitigate such risks. More detailed and long-term datasets on this system are needed to more specifically inform the fishery management and monitor the effects of any change in the management strategy on the size-age structure of the marble trout population of the Toce River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Polgar
- Water Research Institute (IRSA)—CNR, Verbania Pallanza, VB, Italy
| | - Mattia Iaia
- Water Research Institute (IRSA)—CNR, Verbania Pallanza, VB, Italy
| | - Paolo Sala
- Water Research Institute (IRSA)—CNR, Verbania Pallanza, VB, Italy
| | - Tsung Fei Khang
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Universiti Malaya Centre for Data Analytics, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Silvia Galafassi
- Water Research Institute (IRSA)—CNR, Verbania Pallanza, VB, Italy
| | - Silvia Zaupa
- Water Research Institute (IRSA)—CNR, Verbania Pallanza, VB, Italy
| | - Pietro Volta
- Water Research Institute (IRSA)—CNR, Verbania Pallanza, VB, Italy
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3
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Dysin AP, Shcherbakov YS, Nikolaeva OA, Terletskii VP, Tyshchenko VI, Dementieva NV. Salmonidae Genome: Features, Evolutionary and Phylogenetic Characteristics. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122221. [PMID: 36553488 PMCID: PMC9778375 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The salmon family is one of the most iconic and economically important fish families, primarily possessing meat of excellent taste as well as irreplaceable nutritional and biological value. One of the most common and, therefore, highly significant members of this family, the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), was not without reason one of the first fish species for which a high-quality reference genome assembly was produced and published. Genomic advancements are becoming increasingly essential in both the genetic enhancement of farmed salmon and the conservation of wild salmon stocks. The salmon genome has also played a significant role in influencing our comprehension of the evolutionary and functional ramifications of the ancestral whole-genome duplication event shared by all Salmonidae species. Here we provide an overview of the current state of research on the genomics and phylogeny of the various most studied subfamilies, genera, and individual salmonid species, focusing on those studies that aim to advance our understanding of salmonid ecology, physiology, and evolution, particularly for the purpose of improving aquaculture production. This review should make potential researchers pay attention to the current state of research on the salmonid genome, which should potentially attract interest in this important problem, and hence the application of new technologies (such as genome editing) in uncovering the genetic and evolutionary features of salmoniforms that underlie functional variation in traits of commercial and scientific importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem P. Dysin
- Russian Research Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Breeding-Branch of the L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Pushkin, 196601 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Yuri S. Shcherbakov
- Russian Research Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Breeding-Branch of the L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Pushkin, 196601 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga A. Nikolaeva
- Russian Research Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Breeding-Branch of the L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Pushkin, 196601 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Valerii P. Terletskii
- All-Russian Research Veterinary Institute of Poultry Science-Branch of the Federal Scientific Center, All-Russian Research and Technological Poultry Institute (ARRVIPS), Lomonosov, 198412 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Valentina I. Tyshchenko
- Russian Research Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Breeding-Branch of the L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Pushkin, 196601 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia V. Dementieva
- Russian Research Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Breeding-Branch of the L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Pushkin, 196601 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Coexistence with an invasive species in the context of global warming lead to behavioural changes via both hereditary and ontogenetic adjustments to minimise conflict. Acta Ethol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-022-00402-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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5
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Jardim de Queiroz L, Doenz CJ, Altermatt F, Alther R, Borko Š, Brodersen J, Gossner MM, Graham C, Matthews B, McFadden IR, Pellissier L, Schmitt T, Selz OM, Villalba S, Rüber L, Zimmermann NE, Seehausen O. Climate, immigration and speciation shape terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity in the European Alps. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221020. [PMID: 35946161 PMCID: PMC9363983 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Quaternary climate fluctuations can affect speciation in regional biodiversity assembly in two non-mutually exclusive ways: a glacial species pump, where isolation in glacial refugia accelerates allopatric speciation, and adaptive radiation in underused adaptive zones during ice-free periods. We detected biogeographic and genetic signatures associated with both mechanisms in the assembly of the biota of the European Alps. Age distributions of endemic and widespread species within aquatic and terrestrial taxa (amphipods, fishes, amphibians, butterflies and flowering plants) revealed that endemic fish evolved only in lakes, are highly sympatric, and mainly of Holocene age, consistent with adaptive radiation. Endemic amphipods are ancient, suggesting preglacial radiation with limited range expansion and local Pleistocene survival, perhaps facilitated by a groundwater-dwelling lifestyle. Terrestrial endemics are mostly of Pleistocene age and are thus more consistent with the glacial species pump. The lack of evidence for Holocene adaptive radiation in the terrestrial biome is consistent with faster recolonization through range expansion of these taxa after glacial retreats. More stable and less seasonal ecological conditions in lakes during the Holocene may also have contributed to Holocene speciation in lakes. The high proportion of young, endemic species makes the Alpine biota vulnerable to climate change, but the mechanisms and consequences of species loss will likely differ between biomes because of their distinct evolutionary histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Jardim de Queiroz
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum/8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carmela J Doenz
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum/8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Florian Altermatt
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum/8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roman Alther
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum/8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Špela Borko
- SubBio Lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jakob Brodersen
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum/8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin M Gossner
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Graham
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Blake Matthews
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum/8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ian R McFadden
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Schmitt
- Senckenberg German Entomological Institute, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Oliver M Selz
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum/8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Soraya Villalba
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum/8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Rüber
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.,Naturhistorisches Museum Bern, 3005 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Niklaus E Zimmermann
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ole Seehausen
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum/8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Mor JR, Ciampittiello M, Brignone S, Jeppesen E, Volta P. Fish communities in Italian sub-alpine lakes: Non-native species and anthropogenic pressures increase community dissimilarities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 832:154959. [PMID: 35390392 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In European lakes, anthropogenic pressures have increased significantly since the 1950s, facilitating colonisation by non-native species and increasing the potential for further invasions. Here, we determined the effects of anthropogenic pressures (i.e., habitat alterations and introduction of non-native species) on the fish communities of Italian sub-alpine lakes. We hypothesised that established non-native species would have more competitive traits against anthropogenic stressors, such as habitat alteration, than native species. Thus, we expected that non-native species would dominate lake communities and reduce native species occurrence and abundance depending on the degree of anthropogenic alterations. Overall, we predicted that the increase in anthropogenic pressures after the 1950s had led to homogenisation of the fish communities of the lakes in the region. We tested these hypotheses using data on 15 sub-alpine lakes, covering a broad geographical and morphological gradient, and compared the 2007-2014 fish community composition (sampled according to the CEN protocol plus point-abundance electrofishing) with variables of lake habitat and anthropogenic pressures (based on the Lake Habitat Survey, a method to evaluate the hydromorphological conditions of lakes according to the European Water Framework Directive) and fish communities before 1950, the latter based on bibliographic information. Following our hypothesis, non-native species showed higher prevalence of traits that increase their competitiveness against anthropogenic alterations (e.g., tolerance to pollution). In addition to lake morphology, the community composition of non-native fish determined as abundance (NPUE) and biomass (BPUE) was positively related to anthropogenic pressures. Since the 1950s, 19 non-native species have colonised the Italian sub-alpine lakes, and the occurrence of native species has decreased by ~27%. However, contrary to our expectation, these changes have increased the β-diversity of the fish communities in the lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi-René Mor
- Water Research Institute (IRSA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pallanza, Italy.
| | - Marzia Ciampittiello
- Water Research Institute (IRSA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pallanza, Italy
| | - Stefano Brignone
- Water Research Institute (IRSA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pallanza, Italy
| | - Erik Jeppesen
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Silkeborg 8600, Denmark; Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, Beijing 100049, China; Limnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Ecosystem Research and Implementation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Pietro Volta
- Water Research Institute (IRSA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pallanza, Italy
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Identification of Ancestry Informative Markers in Mediterranean Trout Populations of Molise (Italy): A Multi-Methodological Approach with Machine Learning. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081351. [PMID: 36011262 PMCID: PMC9407066 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown trout (Salmo trutta), like many other freshwater species, is threated by the release in its natural environment of alien species and the restocking with allochthonous conspecific stocks. Many conservation projects are ongoing and several morphological and genetic tools have been proposed to support activities aimed to restore genetic integrity status of native populations. Nevertheless, due to the complexity of degree of introgression reached up after many generations of crossing, the use of dichotomous key and molecular markers, such as mtDNA, LDH-C1* and microsatellites, are often not sufficient to discriminate native and admixed specimens at individual level. Here we propose a reduced panel of ancestry-informative SNP markers (AIMs) to support on field activities for Mediterranean trout management and conservation purpose. Starting from the genotypes data obtained on specimens sampled in the main two Molise’s rivers (Central-Southern Italy), a 47 AIMs panel was identified and validated on simulated and real hybrid population datasets, mainly through a Machine Learning approach based on Random Forest classifier. The AIMs panel proposed may represent an interesting and cost-effective tool for monitoring the level of introgression between native and allochthonous trout population for conservation purpose and this methodology could be also applied in other species.
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Polgar G, Iaia M, Righi T, Volta P. The Italian Alpine and Subalpine trouts: Taxonomy, Evolution, and Conservation. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040576. [PMID: 35453775 PMCID: PMC9026872 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In a great part of the world, trout fishing has long inspired human spiritual ideals of immersion into nature and recreation, far removed from the fast-encroaching urbanization. Concurrently, these values and emotions fueled a white-hot business, establishing a florid market of outdoor recreation. Since the 20th century, the trout-culture industry strived to provide anglers with fishing entertainment by stocking massive amounts of non-native trouts in dozens of countries, irrespective of the lakes’ and rivers’ carrying capacity. This had dire consequences on the structural and functional diversity of these ecosystems. “Trout wars” sparked throughout the world between the promoters of stocking activities and the promoters of “wild trout management” and ethics. The “Italian trout war” has been fought on the harsh battleground of trout taxonomy, ecology, distribution, and native vs. non-native interfertile species. Northern Italy, home to the Italian Alpine and subalpine trouts and economic center of the national trout-culture and stocking industry, was particularly affected by this clash. We review here the state of art of this ongoing debate, outlining our scientific view of the taxonomy, evolution, distribution, and sustainable management of the native Italian trouts of northern Italy. Abstract During the last 150 years, the trout-culture industry focused on enhancing trout populations by stocking, in response to the growing anglers’ demand and the habitat degradation associated to the rapid urbanization and hydropower development. The industrialized north of Italy, home to the Italian Alpine and subalpine trout populations, is the source of most of the revenues of the national trout-culture industry. Its rapid growth, and the massive introduction of non-native interfertile trouts eroded the genetic diversity of native lineages, leading to harsh confrontations between scientists, institutions, and sportfishing associations. We review here the state of the art of the taxonomy and distribution of the northern Italian native trouts, presenting both scientific results and historical documentation. We think the only native trouts in this region are Salmo marmoratus, widespread in this region, plus small and fragmented populations of S. ghigii, present only in the South-western Alps. We strongly recommend the interruption of stocking of domesticated interfertile non-native trouts in this area, and recommend the adoption of Evolutionary Significant Units for salmonid fishery management. We further propose future research directions for a sustainable approach to the conservation and ecosystem management of the fishery resources and inland waters of northern Italy.
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Genetic and Phenotypic Characteristics of the Salmo trutta Complex in Italy. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12073219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Salmonid fish have become ecological and research models of study in the field of conservation genetics and genomics. Over the last decade, brown trout have received a high level of interest in research and publications. The term Salmo trutta complex is used to indicate the large number of geographic forms present in the species Salmo trutta. In Europe, the S. trutta complex consists (based on mitochondrial DNA control region analysis) of seven major evolutionary lineages: Atlantic (AT), Mediterranean (ME), Adriatic (AD), Danubian (DA), Marmoratus (MA), Duero (DU) and Tigris (TI). In several nations, the difficulty of identifying some lineages derives from their wide phenotypic and geographic plasticity and the presence of mixed lineages (due to introgressive hybridization with domestic AT populations). In Italy, the S. trutta complex populations living in the Tyrrhenian area and on the main islands (Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica) showed high genetic diversity. Currently, on the Italian Red List, the protected (near threatened) populations are the AD and ME lineages. Recent studies based on traditional (mitochondrial and nuclear markers) and NGS (next-generation sequencing) analyses have clarified some genetic differences between the populations of the Tyrrhenian region, Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. Native populations in Sardinia belong to the AD lineage, while those living in Corsica are mainly characterized by the AD, MA and ME haplotypes. In Sicily, in the area of the Iblei mountains, an AT lineage (North African) exists. According to some authors, the term Salmo macrostigma should only be used for populations in North Africa. The use of genotyping methods based on mtDNA and nuclear markers and the latest generation sequencing techniques can improve the study of populations and evolutionary lineages in areas where there are overlaps and hybridization phenomena.
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Conservation Genetics of Mediterranean Brown Trout in Central Italy (Latium): A Multi-Marker Approach. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14060937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brown trout is considered a complex of incipient species, including several phylogenetic lineages, whose natural distribution in the Mediterranean area has been altered, since the beginning of the 1900s, by massive introductions of domestic strains of Atlantic origin to support fisheries. Introduced trout naturalize in new suitable environments and extensively hybridize with native populations. Here, we characterized putatively neutral and adaptive genetic variability and population structure of Mediterranean brown trout from six river catchments in central peninsular Italy, as revealed by both mitochondrial (Control Region) and nuclear (microsatellites, LDH-C1, major histocompatibility complex) markers. We quantified the admixture of wild populations with hatchery strains and evaluated the effects of domestic trout introductions on shaping population genetics. Our analyses indicated: (1) a composite picture of genetic variability in the area, with the presence of all native Mediterranean trout mitochondrial lineages (“Adriatic”, “Mediterranean”, “marmoratus”), various frequencies of allochthonous genotypes and different rates of introgression among sampling sites; (2) asymmetric mito-nuclear introgression; (3) increasing nuclear marker diversity with increasing levels of admixture across populations; (4) strong population structure coupled with relatively low effective population size. Data allowed the identification of five management units and we propose specific actions to support ongoing and future conservation strategies within the examined area.
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Genomic Hatchery Introgression in Brown Trout (Salmo trutta L.): Development of a Diagnostic SNP Panel for Monitoring the Impacted Mediterranean Rivers. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020255. [PMID: 35205298 PMCID: PMC8872556 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) populations have been restocked during recent decades to satisfy angling demand and counterbalance the decline of wild populations. Millions of fertile brown trout individuals were released into Mediterranean and Atlantic rivers from hatcheries with homogeneous central European stocks. Consequently, many native gene pools have become endangered by introgressive hybridization with those hatchery stocks. Different genetic tools have been used to identify and evaluate the degree of introgression starting from pure native and restocking reference populations (e.g., LDH-C* locus, microsatellites). However, due to the high genetic structuring of brown trout, the definition of the "native pool" is hard to achieve. Additionally, although the LDH-C* locus is useful for determining the introgression degree at the population level, its consistency at individual level is far from being accurate, especially after several generations were since releases. Accordingly, the development of a more powerful and cost-effective tool is essential for an appropriate monitoring to recover brown-trout-native gene pools. Here, we used the 2b restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (2b-RADseq) and Stacks 2 with a reference genome to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) diagnostic for hatchery-native fish discrimination in the Atlantic and Mediterranean drainages of the Iberian Peninsula. A final set of 20 SNPs was validated in a MassARRAY® System genotyping by contrasting data with the whole SNP dataset using samples with different degree of introgression from those previously recorded. Heterogeneous introgression impact was confirmed among and within river basins, and was the highest in the Mediterranean Slope. The SNP tool reported here should be assessed in a broader sample scenario in Southern Europe considering its potential for monitoring recovery plans.
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Marić S, Stanković D, Sušnik Bajec S, Vukić J, Šanda R, Stefanov T, Nikolić D, Snoj A. Perils of brown trout (Salmo spp.) mitigation-driven translocations: a case study from the Vlasina Plateau, Southeast Serbia. Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02688-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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13
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Splendiani A, Berrebi P, Tougard C, Righi T, Reynaud N, Fioravanti T, Lo Conte P, Delmastro GB, Baltieri M, Ciuffardi L, Candiotto A, Sabatini A, Caputo Barucchi V. The role of the south-western Alps as a unidirectional corridor for Mediterranean brown trout (Salmo truttacomplex) lineages. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe role of the south-western Alps as a corridor for Mediterranean trout (Salmo trutta complex Linnaeus, 1758) was evaluated in order to understand the influence of the last glacial events in shaping the spatial distribution of the genetic diversity of this salmonid. For this, the allochthonous hypothesis of a man-mediated French origin (19th century) of the Mediterranean trout inhabiting the Po tributaries in the Italian side of the south-western Alps was tested. A total of 412 individuals were analysed at the mitochondrial control region. The phylogenetic classification was carried out by using a Median-Joining Network analysis. Mismatch pair-wise analysis, molecular dating and Kernel density distribution analysis of the main mitochondrial lineages were evaluated to compare past demographic dynamics with the current spatial distribution of genetic diversity. The main outcomes resulted strongly in agreement with a biogeographic scenario where the south-western Alps acted as a unidirectional corridor that permitted the colonization of the upper Durance (Rhône River basin) by trout from the Po River basin. Therefore, the Mediterranean trout should be considered as native also along the Italian side of the south-western Alps and the allochthonous hypothesis should be rejected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Splendiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Patrick Berrebi
- Genome - R&D, Saint-Just, France
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Tommaso Righi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Nathalie Reynaud
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Tatiana Fioravanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Paolo Lo Conte
- Funzione Specializzata Tutela Fauna e Flora, Città Metropolitana di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanni B Delmastro
- Laboratorio di Ittiologia e Biol. Acque, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Carmagnola, Italy
| | - Marco Baltieri
- ATAAI-Associazione Tutela Ambienti Acquatici e Ittiofauna, Luserna San Giovanni, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Sabatini
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Caputo Barucchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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14
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Carosi A, Ghetti L, Padula R, Lorenzoni M. Population status and ecology of the Salmo trutta complex in an Italian river basin under multiple anthropogenic pressures. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:7320-7333. [PMID: 32760531 PMCID: PMC7391546 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonids inhabiting Mediterranean rivers are of particular concern for biodiversity conservation, as they are threatened by various stressors, including habitat alterations, overfishing, climate change, and introgressive hybridization with alien species. In the Tiber River basin (Central Italy), genetic introgression phenomena of the native Salmo cettii with the non-native Salmo trutta hinder the separate analysis of the two species, which are both included in the S. trutta complex. Little is known about the factors currently limiting the trout populations in this area, particularly with respect to climate change. With the intention of filling this gap, the aims of the current study were to (a) quantify changes in the climate and (b) analyze the distribution, status, and ecology of trout populations, in the context of changing abiotic conditions over the last decades. Fish stock assessments were carried out by electrofishing during three census periods (1998-2004, 2005-2011, and 2012-2018) at 129 sites. The trend over time of meteorological parameters provided evidence for increased air temperature and decreased rainfall. Multivariate analysis of trout densities and environmental data highlighted the close direct correlation of trout abundance with water quality, altitude, and current speed. Climate-induced effects observed over time in the sites where trout were sampled have not yet led to local extinctions or distribution shifts, indicating a marked resilience of trout, probably due to the buffering effect of intrinsic population dynamics. Decreasing body conditions over time and unbalanced age structures support the hypothesis that variations in hydraulic regime and water temperature could overcome these compensatory effects, which may lead to a severe decline in trout populations in the near future. In a climate change context, habitat availability plays a key role in the distribution of cold-water species, which often do not have the possibility to move upstream to reach their thermal optimum because of water scarcity in the upper river stretches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Carosi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and BiotechnologiesUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Lucia Ghetti
- Forest, Economics, and Mountain Territory ServicePerugiaItaly
| | - Rosalba Padula
- Centre for Climate Change and Biodiversity in Lakes and Wetlands of Arpa UmbriaPerugiaItaly
| | - Massimo Lorenzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and BiotechnologiesUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
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15
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Li C, Wang J, Chen J, Schneider K, Veettil RK, Elmer KR, Zhao J. Native bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix populations in the Pearl River are threatened by Yangtze River introductions as revealed by mitochondrial DNA. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 96:651-662. [PMID: 31919843 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix have been two economically important aquaculture species in China for centuries. In the past decades, bighead and silver carp have been introduced from the Yangtze River to many river systems in China, including the Pearl River, in annual, large-scale, stocking activities to enhance wild fisheries. Nonetheless, few studies have assessed the ecological or genetic impacts of such introductions on native conspecific fish populations. An mtDNA D-loop segment of 978 bp from 213 bighead carp samples from 9 populations and a 975 bp segment from 204 silver carp samples from 10 populations were obtained to evaluate genetic diversity and population integrity. Results from a haplotype network analysis revealed that most haplotypes of the Pearl River clustered with those of Yangtze River origin and only a small proportion were distinct, suggesting that both the native Pearl River bighead and silver carp populations are currently dominated by genetic material from the Yangtze River. The genetic diversity of Pearl River populations is high in both species because of this inter-population gene flow, but the diversity of native Pearl River populations is low. To preserve the native genetic diversity, stocking of non-native fingerlings should cease immediately and native Pearl River bighead and silver carp fish farms should be established. This research demonstrates the danger to native biodiversity across China because of the substantial, ongoing stock-enhancement activities without prior genetic assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally Friendly Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Junjie Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally Friendly Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally Friendly Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kevin Schneider
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | | | - Kathryn R Elmer
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Jun Zhao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally Friendly Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Splendiani A, Palmas F, Sabatini A, Caputo Barucchi V. The name of the trout: considerations on the taxonomic status of the Salmo trutta L., 1758 complex (Osteichthyes: Salmonidae) in Italy. EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2019.1686544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Splendiani
- DiSVA, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - F. Palmas
- DiSVA, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - A. Sabatini
- DiSVA, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - V. Caputo Barucchi
- DiSVA, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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17
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Rossi AR, Petrosino G, Milana V, Martinoli M, Rakaj A, Tancioni L. Genetic identification of native populations of Mediterranean brown trout Salmo trutta L. complex (Osteichthyes: Salmonidae) in central Italy. THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2019.1686077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. R. Rossi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology C. Darwin, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - G. Petrosino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology C. Darwin, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - V. Milana
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology C. Darwin, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - M. Martinoli
- Experimental Ecology and Aquaculture Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - A. Rakaj
- Experimental Ecology and Aquaculture Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - L. Tancioni
- Experimental Ecology and Aquaculture Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
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18
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Saint-Pé K, Leitwein M, Tissot L, Poulet N, Guinand B, Berrebi P, Marselli G, Lascaux JM, Gagnaire PA, Blanchet S. Development of a large SNPs resource and a low-density SNP array for brown trout (Salmo trutta) population genetics. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:582. [PMID: 31307373 PMCID: PMC6631668 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5958-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The brown trout (Salmo trutta) is an economically and ecologically important species for which population genetic monitoring is frequently performed. The most commonly used genetic markers for this species are microsatellites and mitochondrial markers that lack replicability among laboratories, and a large genome coverage. An alternative that may be particularly efficient and universal is the development of small to large panels of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism markers (SNPs). Here, we used Restriction site Associated DNA sequences (RADs) markers to identify a set of 12,204 informative SNPs positioned on the brown trout linkage map and suitable for population genetics studies. Then, we used this novel resource to develop a cost-effective array of 192 SNPs (96 × 2) evenly spread on this map. This array was tested for genotyping success in five independent rivers occupied by two main brown trout evolutionary lineages (Atlantic -AT- and Mediterranean -ME-) on a total of 1862 individuals. Moreover, inference of admixture rate with domestic strains and population differentiation were assessed for a small river system (the Taurion River, 190 individuals) and results were compared to a panel of 13 microsatellites. Results A high genotyping success was observed for all rivers (< 1% of non-genotyped loci per individual), although some initially used SNP failed to be amplified, probably because of mutations in primers, and were replaced. These SNPs permitted to identify patterns of isolation-by-distance for some rivers. Finally, we found that microsatellite and SNP markers yielded very similar patterns for population differentiation and admixture assessments, with SNPs having better ability to detect introgression and differentiation. Conclusions The novel resources provided here opens new perspectives for universality and genome-wide studies in brown trout populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5958-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keoni Saint-Pé
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, SETE, UMR 5321, 2 route du CNRS, 09200, Moulis, France.
| | - Maeva Leitwein
- Département de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,ISEM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurence Tissot
- EDF R and D LNHE - Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement, 6 quai Watier, 78401, Chatou Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Poulet
- Pôle écohydraulique AFB-IMT, allée du Pr Camille Soula, 31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Guinand
- ISEM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Berrebi
- ISEM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France.,Present address: Genome - Research and Diagnostic, 697 avenue de Lunel, 34400, Saint-Just, France
| | - Geoffrey Marselli
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, SETE, UMR 5321, 2 route du CNRS, 09200, Moulis, France
| | | | | | - Simon Blanchet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, SETE, UMR 5321, 2 route du CNRS, 09200, Moulis, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5174 (EDB), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062, Toulouse cedex 4, France
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19
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Splendiani A, Giovannotti M, Righi T, Fioravanti T, Cerioni PN, Lorenzoni M, Carosi A, La Porta G, Barucchi VC. Introgression despite protection: the case of native brown trout in Natura 2000 network in Italy. CONSERV GENET 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-018-1135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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20
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Tiberti R. Why adopt double standards for alien fish and homoeothermic vertebrates? A reply to Fenoglio, Delmastro, and Boano (2018). EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2018.1546911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Tiberti
- DSTA, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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21
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Sabatini A, Podda C, Frau G, Cani MV, Musu A, Serra M, Palmas F. Restoration of native Mediterranean brown trout Salmo cettii Rafinesque, 1810 (Actinopterygii: Salmonidae) populations using an electric barrier as a mitigation tool. EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2018.1453554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Sabatini
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - C. Podda
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - G. Frau
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - M. V. Cani
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - A. Musu
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - M. Serra
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - F. Palmas
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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22
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Splendiani A, Fioravanti T, Giovannotti M, Olivieri L, Ruggeri P, Nisi Cerioni P, Vanni S, Enrichetti F, Caputo Barucchi V. Museum samples could help to reconstruct the original distribution of Salmo trutta complex in Italy. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2017; 90:2443-2451. [PMID: 28382757 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Partial D-loop sequences of museum specimens of brown trout and marble trout (Salmo trutta species complex) collected from Mediterranean rivers in the late 19th century were analysed to help to describe the native distribution of these species. All the individuals studied carried native haplotypes, the geographic distribution of which is consistent with published data. These results indicate that museum specimens from the 19th century could represent an opportunity to get a picture of the original genetic diversity distribution of this species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Splendiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - T Fioravanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - M Giovannotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - L Olivieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - P Ruggeri
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - P Nisi Cerioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - S Vanni
- Zoological Section, "La Specola" of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Florence, Via Romana 17, I-50125, Firenze, Italy
| | - F Enrichetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - V Caputo Barucchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
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