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Kulkarni MB, Rajagopal S, Prieto-Simón B, Pogue BW. Recent advances in smart wearable sensors for continuous human health monitoring. Talanta 2024; 272:125817. [PMID: 38402739 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the biochemical and biological research areas have shown great interest in a smart wearable sensor because of its increasing prevalence and high potential to monitor human health in a non-invasive manner by continuous screening of biomarkers dispersed throughout the biological analytes, as well as real-time diagnostic tools and time-sensitive information compared to conventional hospital-centered system. These smart wearable sensors offer an innovative option for evaluating and investigating human health by incorporating a portion of recent advances in technology and engineering that can enhance real-time point-of-care-testing capabilities. Smart wearable sensors have emerged progressively with a mixture of multiplexed biosensing, microfluidic sampling, and data acquisition systems incorporated with flexible substrate and bodily attachments for enhanced wearability, portability, and reliability. There is a good chance that smart wearable sensors will be relevant to the early detection and diagnosis of disease management and control. Therefore, pioneering smart wearable sensors into reality seems extremely promising despite possible challenges in this cutting-edge technology for a better future in the healthcare domain. This review presents critical viewpoints on recent developments in wearable sensors in the upcoming smart digital health monitoring in real-time scenarios. In addition, there have been proactive discussions in recent years on materials selection, design optimization, efficient fabrication tools, and data processing units, as well as their continuous monitoring and tracking strategy with system-level integration such as internet-of-things, cyber-physical systems, and machine learning algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudan B Kulkarni
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53705, WI, United States.
| | - Sivakumar Rajagopal
- School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore Campus, 632014, TN, India
| | - Beatriz Prieto-Simón
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53705, WI, United States
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Kulkarni MB, Ayachit NH, Aminabhavi TM. A Short Review on Miniaturized Biosensors for the Detection of Nucleic Acid Biomarkers. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:412. [PMID: 36979624 PMCID: PMC10046286 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Even today, most biomarker testing is executed in centralized, dedicated laboratories using bulky instruments, automated analyzers, and increased analysis time and expenses. The development of miniaturized, faster, low-cost microdevices is immensely anticipated for substituting for these conventional laboratory-oriented assays and transferring diagnostic results directly onto the patient's smartphone using a cloud server. Pioneering biosensor-based approaches might make it possible to test biomarkers with reliability in a decentralized setting, but there are still a number of issues and restrictions that must be resolved before the development and use of several biosensors for the proper understanding of the measured biomarkers of numerous bioanalytes such as DNA, RNA, urine, and blood. One of the most promising processes to address some of the issues relating to the growing demand for susceptible, quick, and affordable analysis techniques in medical diagnostics is the creation of biosensors. This article critically discusses a short review of biosensors used for detecting nucleic acid biomarkers, and their use in biomedical prognostics will be addressed while considering several essential characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudan B. Kulkarni
- School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, KLE Technological University, Vidyanagar, Hubballi 580023, Karnataka, India
- Medical Physics Department, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Narasimha H. Ayachit
- School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580031, Karnataka, India
| | - Tejraj M. Aminabhavi
- School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580031, Karnataka, India
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Apostolakis A, Barmpakos D, Pilatis A, Belessi V, Pagonis DN, Jaber F, Aidinis K, Kaltsas G. Study of Single and Multipass f-rGO Inkjet-Printed Structures with Various Concentrations: Electrical and Thermal Evaluation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2058. [PMID: 36850655 PMCID: PMC9959197 DOI: 10.3390/s23042058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is a derivative of graphene, which has been widely used as the conductive pigment of many water-based inks and is recognized as one of the most promising graphene-based materials for large-scale and low-cost production processes. In this work, we evaluate a custom functionalised reduced graphene oxide ink (f-rGO) via inkjet-printing technology. Test line structures were designed and fabricated by the inkjet printing process using the f-rGO ink on a pretreated polyimide substrate. For the electrical characterisation of these devices, two-point (2P) and four-point (4P) probe measurements were implemented. The results showed a major effect of the number of printed passes on the resulting resistance for all ink concentrations in both 2P and 4P cases. Interesting results can be extracted by comparing the obtained multipass resistance values that results to similar effective concentration with less passes. These measurements can provide the ground to grasp the variation in resistance values due to the different ink concentrations, and printing passes and can provide a useful guide in achieving specific resistance values with adequate precision. Accompanying topography measurements have been conducted with white-light interferometry. Furthermore, thermal characterisation was carried out to evaluate the operation of the devices as temperature sensors and heaters. It has been found that ink concentration and printing passes directly influence the performance of both the temperature sensors and heaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Apostolakis
- microSENSES Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Barmpakos
- microSENSES Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece
| | - Aggelos Pilatis
- microSENSES Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece
- Department of Naval Architecture, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Belessi
- Department of Graphic Design and Visual Communication, Graphic Arts Technology Study Direction, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Fadi Jaber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Konstantinos Aidinis
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Grigoris Kaltsas
- microSENSES Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece
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Kulkarni MB, Ayachit NH, Aminabhavi TM. Recent Advances in Microfluidics-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Foodborne Pathogen Detection. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:246. [PMID: 36832012 PMCID: PMC9954504 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Using pathogen-infected food that can be unhygienic can result in severe diseases and an increase in mortality rate among humans. This may arise as a serious emergency problem if not appropriately restricted at this point of time. Thus, food science researchers are concerned with precaution, prevention, perception, and immunity to pathogenic bacteria. Expensive, elongated assessment time and the need for skilled personnel are some of the shortcomings of the existing conventional methods. Developing and investigating a rapid, low-cost, handy, miniature, and effective detection technology for pathogens is indispensable. In recent times, there has been a significant scope of interest for microfluidics-based three-electrode potentiostat sensing platforms, which have been extensively used for sustainable food safety exploration because of their progressively high selectivity and sensitivity. Meticulously, scholars have made noteworthy revolutions in signal enrichment tactics, measurable devices, and portable tools, which can be used as an allusion to food safety investigation. Additionally, a device for this purpose must incorporate simplistic working conditions, automation, and miniaturization. In order to meet the critical needs of food safety for on-site detection of pathogens, point-of-care testing (POCT) has to be introduced and integrated with microfluidic technology and electrochemical biosensors. This review critically discusses the recent literature, classification, difficulties, applications, and future directions of microfluidics-based electrochemical sensors for screening and detecting foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudan B. Kulkarni
- Renalyx Healthcare Systems (P) Limited, Bengaluru 560004, Karnataka, India
- School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580031, Karnataka, India
| | - Narasimha H. Ayachit
- School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580031, Karnataka, India
| | - Tejraj M. Aminabhavi
- School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580031, Karnataka, India
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Fande S, Amreen K, Sriram D, Goel S. Microfluidic electrochemical device for real-time culturing and interference-free detection of Escherichia coli. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1237:340591. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kulkarni MB, Ayachit NH, Aminabhavi TM. Recent Advancements in Nanobiosensors: Current Trends, Challenges, Applications, and Future Scope. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12100892. [PMID: 36291028 PMCID: PMC9599941 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been immense advancement in the development of nanobiosensors as these are a fundamental need of the hour that act as a potential candidate integrated with point-of-care-testing for several applications, such as healthcare, the environment, energy harvesting, electronics, and the food industry. Nanomaterials have an important part in efficiently sensing bioreceptors such as cells, enzymes, and antibodies to develop biosensors with high selectivity, peculiarity, and sensibility. It is virtually impossible in science and technology to perform any application without nanomaterials. Nanomaterials are distinguished from fine particles used for numerous applications as a result of being unique in properties such as electrical, thermal, chemical, optical, mechanical, and physical. The combination of nanostructured materials and biosensors is generally known as nanobiosensor technology. These miniaturized nanobiosensors are revolutionizing the healthcare domain for sensing, monitoring, and diagnosing pathogens, viruses, and bacteria. However, the conventional approach is time-consuming, expensive, laborious, and requires sophisticated instruments with skilled operators. Further, automating and integrating is quite a challenging process. Thus, there is a considerable demand for the development of nanobiosensors that can be used along with the POCT module for testing real samples. Additionally, with the advent of nano/biotechnology and the impact on designing portable ultrasensitive devices, it can be stated that it is probably one of the most capable ways of overcoming the aforementioned problems concerning the cumulative requirement for the development of a rapid, economical, and highly sensible device for analyzing applications within biomedical diagnostics, energy harvesting, the environment, food and water, agriculture, and the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudan B. Kulkarni
- Department of Research & Development, Renalyx Health Systems (P) Limited, Bengaluru 560004, Karnataka, India
| | - Narasimha H. Ayachit
- Department of Physics, Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU), Belagavi 590018, Karnataka, India
| | - Tejraj M. Aminabhavi
- School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580031, Karnataka, India
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Biosensors and Microfluidic Biosensors: From Fabrication to Application. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12070543. [PMID: 35884346 PMCID: PMC9313327 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors are ubiquitous in a variety of disciplines, such as biochemical, electrochemical, agricultural, and biomedical areas. They can integrate various point-of-care applications, such as in the food, healthcare, environmental monitoring, water quality, forensics, drug development, and biological domains. Multiple strategies have been employed to develop and fabricate miniaturized biosensors, including design, optimization, characterization, and testing. In view of their interactions with high-affinity biomolecules, they find application in the sensitive detection of analytes, even in small sample volumes. Among the many developed techniques, microfluidics have been widely explored; these use fluid mechanics to operate miniaturized biosensors. The currently used commercial devices are bulky, slow in operation, expensive, and require human intervention; thus, it is difficult to automate, integrate, and miniaturize the existing conventional devices for multi-faceted applications. Microfluidic biosensors have the advantages of mobility, operational transparency, controllability, and stability with a small reaction volume for sensing. This review addresses biosensor technologies, including the design, classification, advances, and challenges in microfluidic-based biosensors. The value chain for developing miniaturized microfluidic-based biosensor devices is critically discussed, including fabrication and other associated protocols for application in various point-of-care testing applications.
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