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Nalini A, Padmanabha H, Mahale R, Christopher R, Arunachal G, Bhat M, Mondal M, Anjanappa R, Mundlamuri R, Yadav R, Vengalil S, Mailankody P, Mathuranath P, Chandra S. Clinical, biochemical, radiological, and genetic profile of patients with homocysteine remethylation pathway defect and spastic paraplegia. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2021; 24:908-916. [PMID: 35359558 PMCID: PMC8965914 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_223_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The objective of this study is to describe the clinical, biochemical, radiological, and genetic profile of patients presenting with progressive spastic paraparesis due to homocysteine remethylation pathway defect. Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted by reviewing the medical records of patients with serum homocysteine levels >50 μmol/L between January 2015 and January 2019 at our hospital. We included patients presenting with progressive spastic paraparesis, having serum homocysteine >50 μmol/L with low or normal blood methionine suggesting disorders of homocysteine remethylation. Demographic details, clinical manifestations, biochemical abnormalities, neuroimaging findings, and genetic profile were analyzed. Results: A total of seven patients (M: F = 5:2) fulfilled the study eligibility criteria. The mean age at onset of the disease was 13.4 ± 2.4 years (range: 9–17 years). Spastic paraparesis was the presenting manifestation in 4/7 (57.1%) patients. Other manifestations included cognitive decline, poor scholastic performance, behavioral disturbances, seizures, and spastic bladder. Severe hyperhomocysteinemia (>100 μmol/L) was noted in 6/7 (85.7%) patients with median levels of serum homocysteine being 185.7 μmol/L (range: 85.78–338.5 μmol/L). Neuroimaging showed parieto-occipital predominant leukoencephalopathy in 5/7 (71.4%) and diffuse cerebral atrophy in 1/7 (14.2%). Genetic analysis in three patients revealed pathogenic missense variants c.459C >G (p.Ile153Met), c.973C >T (p.Arg325Cys), and c.1031G >T (p.Arg344Met) in MTHFR gene. All the patients received vitamin B12 (injection and oral), folic acid, and pyridoxine and two patients received betaine. At the last follow-up of a median duration of 12 months, there was a good clinical and biochemical response with reduction in the median value of serum homocysteine by 77.5 μmol/L. Conclusion: Evaluation of serum homocysteine and blood methionine in adolescents presenting with progressive spastic paraparesis gives clue to a treatable homocysteine remethylation disorders.
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Carrillo-Carrasco N, Venditti CP. Combined methylmalonic acidemia and homocystinuria, cblC type. II. Complications, pathophysiology, and outcomes. J Inherit Metab Dis 2012; 35:103-14. [PMID: 21748408 PMCID: PMC3529128 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-011-9365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Combined methylmalonic acidemia and homocystinuria, cblC type, is stated to be the most common inborn error of intracellular cobalamin metabolism. The disorder can display a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, spanning the prenatal period through late adulthood. While increased homocysteine concentrations and impaired methyl group metabolism may contribute to disease-related complications, the characteristic macular and retinal degeneration seen in many affected patients appears to be unique to cblC disease. The early detection of cblC disease by newborn screening mandates a careful assessment of therapeutic approaches and provides a new opportunity to improve the outcome of affected patients. The following article reviews the current knowledge on the complications, pathophysiology, and outcome of cblC disease in an effort to better guide clinical practice and future therapeutic trials.
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Kahn E, Baarine M, Dauphin A, Ragot K, Tissot N, Seguin A, Ménétrier F, Kattan Z, Bachelet CM, Frouin F, Lizard G. Impact of 7-ketocholesterol and very long chain fatty acids on oligodendrocyte lipid membrane organization: Evaluation via LAURDAN and FAMIS spectral image analysis. Cytometry A 2011; 79:293-305. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.21017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Chrast R, Saher G, Nave KA, Verheijen MHG. Lipid metabolism in myelinating glial cells: lessons from human inherited disorders and mouse models. J Lipid Res 2010; 52:419-34. [PMID: 21062955 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r009761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity of central and peripheral nervous system myelin is affected in numerous lipid metabolism disorders. This vulnerability was so far mostly attributed to the extraordinarily high level of lipid synthesis that is required for the formation of myelin, and to the relative autonomy in lipid synthesis of myelinating glial cells because of blood barriers shielding the nervous system from circulating lipids. Recent insights from analysis of inherited lipid disorders, especially those with prevailing lipid depletion and from mouse models with glia-specific disruption of lipid metabolism, shed new light on this issue. The particular lipid composition of myelin, the transport of lipid-associated myelin proteins, and the necessity for timely assembly of the myelin sheath all contribute to the observed vulnerability of myelin to perturbed lipid metabolism. Furthermore, the uptake of external lipids may also play a role in the formation of myelin membranes. In addition to an improved understanding of basic myelin biology, these data provide a foundation for future therapeutic interventions aiming at preserving glial cell integrity in metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Chrast
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Knowledge of the metabolic and genetic basis of known and previously unknown leukodystrophies is constantly increasing, opening new treatment options such as enzyme replacement or cell-based therapies. This brief review highlights some recent work, particularly emphasizing results from studies in adulthood leukodystrophies. RECENT FINDINGS Evidence from recent studies suggests increasing importance of metabolic dysfunctions, for example, in peroxisomal lipid metabolism or energy homeostasis, influencing axonal integrity and oligodendrocyte function and leading to white matter demyelination. In addition, diagnostic and therapeutic progress in metachromatic leukodystrophy, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, Krabbe diseases and other rare leukodystrophies with late onset are summarized. SUMMARY Better understanding of leukodystrophies in neurological routine practice is of crucial importance for differentiating between other white matter diseases such as toxic, inflammatory or vascular leukoencephalopathies. Many leukodystrophies are particularly important to recognize because specific treatments already exist or are currently under investigation. The article also provides an overview of currently known leukodystrophies in adulthood.
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Baarine M, Ragot K, Genin EC, El Hajj H, Trompier D, Andreoletti P, Ghandour MS, Menetrier F, Cherkaoui-Malki M, Savary S, Lizard G. Peroxisomal and mitochondrial status of two murine oligodendrocytic cell lines (158N, 158JP): potential models for the study of peroxisomal disorders associated with dysmyelination processes. J Neurochem 2009; 111:119-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Baslow MH, Guilfoyle DN. Are Astrocytes the Missing Link Between Lack of Brain Aspartoacylase Activity and the Spongiform Leukodystrophy in Canavan Disease? Neurochem Res 2009; 34:1523-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-9958-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Williams CA, Dagli A, Battaglia A. Genetic disorders associated with macrocephaly. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 146A:2023-37. [PMID: 18629877 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Macrocephaly is associated with many genetic disorders and is a frequent cause of referral to the clinical geneticist. In this review we classify the commonly encountered macrocephaly disorders into useful categories and summarize recent genetic advances. Conditions where macrocephaly is a predominant aspect of the clinical presentation are discussed and a diagnostic approach to the common macrocephaly disorders is provided. Some emphasis is placed on familial macrocephaly (sometimes referred to as benign external hydrocephalus) and on the macrocephaly associated with autism spectrum disorders. The more recent conditions associated with the leukodystrophies and the organic acidurias are reviewed, but the well known conditions involving storage disorders and bone dysplasias are mentioned but not discussed. The genetic macrocephaly conditions cover a broad spectrum of gene disorders and their related proteins have diverse biological functions. As of yet it is not clear what precise biological pathways lead to generalized brain overgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Williams
- Raymond C. Philips Research and Education Unit, Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA.
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Sedel F, Tourbah A, Fontaine B, Lubetzki C, Baumann N, Saudubray JM, Lyon-Caen O. Leukoencephalopathies associated with inborn errors of metabolism in adults. J Inherit Metab Dis 2008; 31:295-307. [PMID: 18344012 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-008-0778-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a leukoencephalopathy is a frequent situation in neurological practice and the diagnostic approach is often difficult given the numerous possible aetiologies, which include multiple acquired causes and genetic diseases including inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs). It is now clear that IEMs can have their clinical onset from early infancy until late adulthood. These diseases are particularly important to recognize because specific treatments often exist. In this review, illustrated by personal observations, we give an overview of late-onset leukoencephalopathies caused by IEMs.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenoleukodystrophy/diagnosis
- Adrenoleukodystrophy/etiology
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/diagnosis
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/etiology
- Electron Transport
- Hereditary Central Nervous System Demyelinating Diseases/diagnosis
- Hereditary Central Nervous System Demyelinating Diseases/etiology
- Homocysteine/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukodystrophy, Globoid Cell/diagnosis
- Leukodystrophy, Globoid Cell/etiology
- Leukodystrophy, Metachromatic/diagnosis
- Leukodystrophy, Metachromatic/etiology
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Phenylketonurias/diagnosis
- Phenylketonurias/etiology
- Xanthomatosis, Cerebrotendinous/diagnosis
- Xanthomatosis, Cerebrotendinous/etiology
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sedel
- Federation of Nervous System Diseases, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière and Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
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Abstract
Dementia studies has primarily focused on disorders of the cerebral cortex and
subcortical gray matter, what originated the concepts of cortical and
subcortical dementias respectively. Dementia related mainly with cerebral white
matter have received less attention. We present five different cases, each one
illustrative of a dementia subtype that could be assigned under the category of
‘white matter dementia’: CADASIL, progressive subcortical gliosis, progressive
multifocal leucoencephalopathy, normopressure hydrocephalus and brain injury.
Besides that, recent clinical and scientific literature on white matter dementia
was reviewed. The composition of exuberant psychiatric symptoms and personality
changes (mainly apathy, but also desinhibition) with neurological signs
(pyramidal alone or associated with extrapyramidal signs, ataxia and urinary
incontinence) and with specific cognitive impairment (mentioned above), should
rise strongly the possibility of a white-matter dementia, instead of a cortical
or subcortical form of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Caixeta
- MD, PhD, Adjunct Professor of Neuroscience, Federal University of Goiás (UFG). Coordinator, Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Hospital das Clínicas - UFG
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Morland C, Henjum S, Iversen EG, Skrede KK, Hassel B. Evidence for a higher glycolytic than oxidative metabolic activity in white matter of rat brain. Neurochem Int 2007; 50:703-9. [PMID: 17316901 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Revised: 12/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Different values exist for glucose metabolism in white matter; it appears higher when measured as accumulation of 2-deoxyglucose than when measured as formation of glutamate from isotopically labeled glucose, possibly because the two methods reflect glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activities, respectively. We compared glycolytic and TCA cycle activity in rat white structures (corpus callosum, fimbria, and optic nerve) to activities in parietal cortex, which has a tight glycolytic-oxidative coupling. White structures had an uptake of [(3)H]2-deoxyglucose in vivo and activities of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, and lactate dehydrogenase that were 40-50% of values in parietal cortex. In contrast, formation of aspartate from [U-(14)C]glucose in awake rats (which reflects the passage of (14)C through the whole TCA cycle) and activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and fumarase in white structures were 10-23% of cortical values, optic nerve showing the lowest values. The data suggest a higher glycolytic than oxidative metabolism in white matter, possibly leading to surplus formation of pyruvate or lactate. Phosphoglucomutase activity, which interconverts glucose-6-phosphate and glucose-1-phosphate, was similar in white structures and parietal cortex ( approximately 3 nmol/mg tissue/min), in spite of the lower glucose uptake in the former, suggesting that a larger fraction of glucose is converted into glucose-1-phosphate in white than in gray matter. However, the white matter glycogen synthase level was only 20-40% of that in cortex, suggesting that not all glucose-1-phosphate is destined for glycogen formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Morland
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, P.O. Box 25, N-2007 Kjeller, Norway
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Smith SE, Kinney HC, Swoboda KJ, Levy HL. Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord in cblC disorder despite treatment with B12. Mol Genet Metab 2006; 88:138-45. [PMID: 16574454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2006.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Revised: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Subacute combined degeneration (SCD) of the spinal cord is a characteristic complication of vitamin B12 deficiency, but it has never been neuropathologically demonstrated in a B12-inborn error of metabolism. In this report SCD is documented in a 15-year-old boy with early-onset cobalamin C (cblC) disorder. The neuropathologic findings included multifocal demyelination and vacuolation with predilection for the dorsal and lateral columns at the mid-thoracic level of the spinal cord, confirming the similarity of SCD in cblC disorder to the classic adult SCD due to vitamin B12 deficiency. SCD developed in this boy despite treatment for cblC disorder that began at 3 months of age. There is clinical and experimental evidence to suggest that a deficiency in remethylation with concomitant reduction in brain methionine may be the cause of SCD. In this patient plasma methionine levels were low without betaine and/or l-methionine supplementation and in the normal range for only a 2-year period during compliance with therapy. In cblC disorder, a consistent increase in blood methionine to high normal or above normal levels by the use of betaine and l-methionine supplementation may be helpful in preventing SCD. This is especially important now that the presymptomatic detection of cblC disorder is possible through the expansion of newborn screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E Smith
- Division of Genetics, Children's Hospital Boston, MA 02115, USA
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