A meta-analytic comparison of echocardiographic stressors

Multiple Phenotypes of Chronic Coronary Syndromes Identified by ABCDE Stress Echocardiography

BACKGROUND

Regional wall motion abnormality is considered a sensitive and specific marker of ischemia during stress echocardiography (SE). However, ischemia is a multifaceted entity associated with either coronary artery disease (CAD) or angina with normal coronary arteries, a distinction difficult to make using a single sign. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic potential of the five-step ABCDE SE protocol for CAD detection.

METHODS

From the 2016-2022 Stress Echo 2030 study data bank, 3,229 patients were selected (mean age, 66 ± 12 years; 2,089 men [65%]) with known CAD (n = 1,792) or angina with normal coronary arteries (n = 1,437). All patients were studied using both the ABCDE SE protocol and coronary angiography, within 3 months. In step A, regional wall motion abnormality is assessed; in step B, B-lines and diastolic function; in step C, left ventricular contractile reserve; in step D, coronary flow velocity reserve in the left anterior descending coronary artery; and in step E, heart rate reserve.

RESULTS

SE response ranged from a score of 0 (all steps normal) to a score of 5 (all steps abnormal). For CAD, rates of abnormal results were 347 for step A (19.4%), 547 (30.5%) for step B, 720 (40.2%) for step C, 615 (34.3%) for step D, and 633 (35.3%) for step E. For angina with normal coronary arteries, rates of abnormal results were 81 (5.6%) for step A, 429 (29.9%) for step B, 432 (30.1%) for step C, 354 (24.6%) for step D, and 445 (31.0%) for step E. The dominant "solitary phenotype" was step B in 109 patients (9.1%).

CONCLUSIONS

Stress-induced ischemia presents with a wide range of diagnostic phenotypes, highlighting its complex nature. Using a comprehensive approach such as the advanced ABCDE score, which combines multiple markers, proves to be more valuable than relying on a single marker in isolation.

Stress echocardiography vs coronary oomputed tomography angiography for the detection of obstructive coronary artery disease in patients aged >70 years with suspected stable coronary artery disease

Aim. To compare stress echocardiography and coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) in the diagnosis of stable coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients aged >70 years.

Materials and methods. The study included 390 patients aged >70 years with suspected stable CAD, which underwent elective coronary artery angiography (CAG). Initially, patients for whom stress echocardiography and CCTA is appropriate was determined. After that diagnostic accuracy of both methods in the detection of obstructive CAD was evaluated in patients with atypical angina and non-anginal chest pain.

Results. Among 111 patients with atypical angina and non-anginal pain which underwent stress echocardiography and had unequivocal results, 69 (62 %) patients had obstructive CAD. Stress echocardiography has sensitivity of 89%, specificity of 95%, positive likelihood ratio (LR+) of 17,8, and negative likelihood ratio (LR-) of 0,1. Positive result increased probability of obstructive CAD from 62% to 95%, while negative result reduced probability to 16%. Among 82 patients with atypical angina and non-anginal pain which underwent CCTA, 48 (59 %) patients had obstructive CAD. CCTA has sensitivity of 100 %, specificity of 88%, LR+ of 8,3, and LR- of 0,3. Positive result increased post-test probability of obstructive CAD from 59% to 86%, while negative result reduced post-test probability to 0%.

Conclusion. Stress echocardiography and CCTA has comparable diagnostic accuracy in the detection of obstructive CAD in patients aged >70 years with atypical angina and non-anginal pain. Stress echocardiography has a greater diagnostic value of positive result; CCTA has a greater diagnostic value of negative result.

Noninvasive Testing for Diagnosis of Stable Coronary Artery Disease in the Elderly

Efficient diagnostic approaches to detect coronary artery disease (CAD) in elderly patients are necessary to ensure optimal and timely treatment. The population of suspected CAD patients older than 70 years is especially vulnerable and constantly growing. Finding the optimal diagnostic approach is challenging due to certain features of this population, such as high prevalence of comorbidities, existing contraindications to exercise tests or cognitive decline, which hinders correct assessment of the patient's situation. Moreover, some symptoms of CAD can have variable significance in the elderly compared to younger adult groups. In this review, we present current recommendations of the United States (US) and European cardiologists' associations and discuss their applicability for diagnostics in the elderly population. Exercise electrocardiogram (ECG) and exercise stress echocardiography (SE) tests are not feasible for a substantial proportion of elderly patients. Coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) appears to be an attractive alternative for such patients, but is not universally applicable; for instance, it is problematic in patients with significant calcification of the vessels. Moreover, more studies are needed to compare the results delivered by CTA to those of other diagnostic methods. Future efforts should be focused on comparative studies to better understand the limits and advantages of different diagnostic methods and their combinations. It is possible that some of the currently used diagnostic criteria could be improved to better accommodate the needs of the elderly population.

[The Diagnostic Accuracy of Exercise Treadmill Testing and Stress Echocardiography for the Detection of Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease in Patients Aged ≥ 70 Years]

AIM

to compare diagnostic accuracy of exercise treadmill testing and stress echocardiography in the diagnosis of stable coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients aged >70 years.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study included 390 patients aged >70 years with suspected stable ischemic heart disease, who underwent elective coronary artery angiography (CAG). Exercise treadmill testing (ETT) according to the modified Bruce protocol was carried out in 189 patients (48 %), bicycle stress echocardiography - in 179 patients (46 %). Initially we determined the prevalence of angiographically significant CAD according to the gender and chest pain character, and identified persons in whom stress testing was appropriate. After that diagnostic accuracy of both tests was evaluated in patients with atypical angina and non-anginal chest pain.

RESULTS

Among 72 patients with atypical angina and non-anginal pain who underwent ETT and had unequivocal results, 38 (53 %) had obstructive CAD. ETT for detection of obstructive CAD had sensitivity 79 %, specificity 82 %, positive likelihood ratio (LR+) 4.4, and negative likelihood ratio (LR-) 0.3. Positive result increased probability of obstructive CAD from 53 % to 83 %, negative result reduced probability of obstructive CAD to 25 %. Among 111 patients with atypical angina and non-anginal pain who underwent stress echocardiography and had unequivocal results, 69 (62 %) had obstructive CAD. Sensitivity, specificity, LR+, and LR- of stress echocardiography were equal to 89 %, 95 %, 17.8, and 0.1, respectively. Positive result increased probability of obstructive CAD from 62 % to 95 %, negative result reduced probability of obstructive CAD to 16 %.

CONCLUSION

bicycle stress echocardiography was found to be more accurate than ETT to rule in or rule out obstructive CAD in patients aged ≥ 70 years with atypical angina and non-anginal pain.

Integrated quadruple stress echocardiography

Stress echocardiography (SE) is an established diagnostic technique. For 40 years, the cornerstone of the technique has been the detection of regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMA), due to the underlying physiologically-relevant epicardial coronary artery stenosis. In the last decade, three new parameters (more objective than RWMA) have shown the potential to integrate and complement RWMA: 1) B-lines, also known as ultrasound lung comets, as a marker of extravascular lung water, measured using lung ultrasound with the 4-site simplified scan symmetrically of the antero-lateral thorax on the third intercostal space, from mid-axillary to anterior axillary and mid-clavicular line; 2) left ventricular contractile reserve (LVCR), assessed as the peak stress/rest ratio of left ventricular force, also known as elastance (systolic arterial pressure by cuff sphygmomanometer/end-systolic volume from 2D echocardiography); 3) coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) on left anterior descending coronary artery, calculated as peak stress/rest ratio of diastolic peak flow velocity assessed using pulsed-wave Doppler. The 4 parameters (RWMA, B-lines, LVCR and CFVR) now converge conceptually, logistically, and methodologically in the Integrated Quadruple (IQ)-SE. IQ-SE optimizes the versatility of SE to include in a one-stop shop the core "ABCD" (asynergy+B-lines+contractile reserve+Doppler flowmetry) protocol. It allows a synoptic assessment of parameters mirroring the epicardial artery stenosis (RWMA), interstitial lung water (B-lines), myocardial function (LVCR) and small coronary vessels (CFVR). Each variable has a clear clinical correlate, different and complementary to all others: RWMA identify an ischemic vs. non-ischemic heart; B-lines a wet vs. dry lung; LVCR a strong vs. weak heart; CFVR a warm vs. cold heart. IQ-SE is highly feasible, with minimal increase in the imaging and analysis time, and obvious diagnostic and prognostic impact also beyond coronary artery disease - especially in heart failure. Large scale effectiveness studies with IQ-SE are now under way with the Stress Echo 2020 Study, and will provide the necessary evidence base prior to large scale acceptance of the technique.

Assessment of left anterior descending artery stenosis of intermediate severity by fractional flow reserve, instantaneous wave-free ratio, and non-invasive coronary flow reserve

To test the usefulness of non-invasive coronary flow reserve (CFR) by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography by comparison to invasive fractional flow reserve (FFR) and instantaneous wave-free ratio (IFR), a new vasodilator-free index of coronary stenosis severity, in patients with left anterior descending artery (LAD) stenosis of intermediate severity (IS) and stable coronary artery disease. 94 consecutive patients (mean age 68 ± 10 years) with angiographic LAD stenosis of IS (50-70 % diameter stenosis), were prospectively studied. IFR was calculated as a trans-lesion pressure ratio during the wave-free period in diastole; FFR as distal pressure divided by mean aortic pressure during maximal hyperemia (using 180 μg intracoronary adenosine); and CFR as hyperemic peak LAD flow velocity divided by baseline flow velocity using intravenous adenosine (140 μg/kg/min over 2 min). The mean values of IFR, FFR, and CFR were 0.88 ± 0.07, 0.81 ± 0.09, and 2.4 ± 0.6 respectively. A significant correlation was found between CFR and FFR (r = 0. 68), FFR and IFR (r = 0.6), and between CFR and IFR (r = 0.5) (all, p < 0.01). Using a ROC curve analysis, the best cut-off to detect a significant lesion based on FFR assessment (FFR ≤ 0.8, n = 31) was IFR ≤ 0.88 with a sensitivity (Se) of 74 %, specificity (Sp) of 73 %, AUC 0.81 ± 0.04, accuracy 72 %; and CFR ≤ 2 with a Se = 77 %, Sp = 89 %, AUC 0.88 ± 0.04, accuracy 85 % (all, p < 0.001). In stable patients with LAD stenosis of IS, non-invasive CFR is a useful tool to detect a significant lesion based on FFR. Furthermore, there was a better correlation between CFR and FFR than between CFR and IFR, and a trend to a better diagnostic performance for CFR versus IFR.

Cardiovascular risk assessment of the diabetic patient undergoing major noncardiac surgery

Noncardiac surgery is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. It is important to stratify the risk of these patients for perioperative cardiac events. Diabetes, a presently rapidly expanding disease, is a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Importantly, silent ischemia is more common in diabetic patients than in the general population. When preoperative risk assessment identifies an increased risk, further cardiac testing is warranted. The most commonly used stress tests for detecting cardiac ischemia is treadmill or bicycle ergometry. However, patients undergoing noncardiac surgery frequently have limited exercise capacity due to co-morbidities. Pharmacologic testing, such as dobutamine stress echocardiography and dipyridamole myocardial perfusion scintigraphy can be performed in patients with limited exercise capacity. Non-invasive stress testing should be considered, especially in diabetic patients, to detect asymptomatic coronary artery disease. Furthermore, when an increased cardiac risk is assessed, two strategies could be used to reduce the incidence of perioperative cardiac events: 1) prophylactic coronary revascularization from which the value is still controversial, and 2) pharmacological treatment (with beta-blockers, statins and aspirin), associated with improved post-operative outcome.

The diagnostic accuracy of pharmacological stress echocardiography for the assessment of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Recent American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology guidelines state that "dobutamine stress echo has substantially higher sensitivity than vasodilator stress echo for detection of coronary artery stenosis" while the European Society of Cardiology guidelines and the European Association of Echocardiography recommendations conclude that "the two tests have very similar applications". Who is right?

AIM

To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of dobutamine versus dipyridamole stress echocardiography through an evidence-based approach.

METHODS

From PubMed search, we identified all papers with coronary angiographic verification and head-to-head comparison of dobutamine stress echo (40 mcg/kg/min +/- atropine) versus dipyridamole stress echo performed with state-of-the art protocols (either 0.84 mg/kg in 10' plus atropine, or 0.84 mg/kg in 6' without atropine). A total of 5 papers have been found. Pooled weight meta-analysis was performed.

RESULTS

the 5 analyzed papers recruited 435 patients, 299 with and 136 without angiographically assessed coronary artery disease (quantitatively assessed stenosis > 50%). Dipyridamole and dobutamine showed similar accuracy (87%, 95% confidence intervals, CI, 83-90, vs. 84%, CI, 80-88, p = 0.48), sensitivity (85%, CI 80-89, vs. 86%, CI 78-91, p = 0.81) and specificity (89%, CI 82-94 vs. 86%, CI 75-89, p = 0.15).

CONCLUSION

When state-of-the art protocols are considered, dipyridamole and dobutamine stress echo have similar accuracy, specificity and - most importantly - sensitivity for detection of CAD. European recommendations concluding that "dobutamine and vasodilators (at appropriately high doses) are equally potent ischemic stressors for inducing wall motion abnormalities in presence of a critical coronary artery stenosis" are evidence-based.

Stress echocardiography, stress single-photon-emission computed tomography and electron beam computed tomography for the assessment of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of diagnostic performance

BACKGROUND

Many studies have been published on the diagnostic performance of noninvasive tests for the assessment of coronary artery disease. The objective of the present study was to compare the published literature on the diagnostic performance of stress echocardiography, stress single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT), and electron beam computed tomography (EBCT).

METHODS

Meta-analytic studies on the diagnostic performance of imaging tests for coronary artery disease were searched in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, and bibliographies of selected articles. Sensitivities, specificities, and diagnostic odds ratios of the source studies were calculated per modality. Taking into account differences between studies, a random effects summary receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed.

RESULTS

We analyzed the data of 351 patient series, which were reported in 11 meta-analyses. The sensitivity of EBCT was significantly higher than that of stress SPECT, which had a significantly higher sensitivity than stress echocardiography (respectively, 93.1% [95% confidence interval, 90.7-95.6], 88.1 [95% confidence interval, 86.6-89.6], and 79.1% [95% confidence interval, 77.6-80.5]). The specificity of stress echocardiography was significantly higher than that of stress SPECT, which had a significantly higher specificity than EBCT (respectively, 87.1% [95% confidence interval, 85.7-88.5], 73.0% [95% confidence interval, 69.1-76.9], and 54.5% [95% confidence interval, 45.3-63.8]). The diagnostic odds ratios did not differ significantly between the 3 modalities, which resulted in one underlying summary receiver operating characteristic curve.

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggests that there are no significant differences in the overall diagnostic performance between stress echocardiography, stress SPECT, and EBCT for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. However, differences exist in sensitivity and specificity estimates, which may make each modality useful in different settings.

Contrast-enhanced adenosine-stress magnetic resonance imaging--feasibility and practicability of a protocol for detection or exclusion of ischemic heart disease in an outpatient setting

BACKGROUND

Evaluating myocardial function, assessing ischemic myocardial areas and detecting myocardial viability are necessary diagnostic information for guiding further therapy in patients with angina. The aim of this study was to show feasibility and safety of a compiled contrast- enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (ceMRI) protocol providing the above mentioned diagnostic possibilities and to demonstrate its applicability in daily routine.

METHODS

Consecutive patients with angina were screened on a 1.5 Tesla system. Functional images in short and long axis orientation were acquired for each patient. First-pass kinetics of a gadolinium-based contrast agent (0.1 mmol/kg) were measured after three minutes of stress with adenosine infusion (140 microg/kg/min). 10 min after a second bolus injection of contrast agent "late enhancement" (MLE) sequences were acquired for the detection of myocardial necrosis.

RESULTS

We enrolled 3174 patients referred for ceMRI for detection or exclusion of ischemic heart disease. One patient experienced a major complication due to hyperventilation followed by grand mal seizure. In 1121 (35.3%) patients minor complications, such as mild chest pain or dyspnea (30%), temporarily and asymptomatic AV block (3%) or nausea (2%) could be observed under adenosine infusion. Hypoperfusion in more than one myocardial segment and affecting more than 1/3 of the myocardial wall diameter could be detected in 1972 (62%) patients. Subendocardial hypoperfusion with limited duration could be shown in 897 (28%) patients. In 305 (10%) patients hypoperfusion could be excluded. MLE could be seen in 532 (17%) patients.

CONCLUSION

This compiled ceMRI protocol is suitable for detection or exclusion of ischemic heart disease in an outpatient routine. We showed feasibility, applicability and safety of our protocol. CeMRI may serve as a useful surrogate for non-invasive diagnostics prior to invasive coronary angiography in many outpatients.

Comparison of exercise, dobutamine-atropine and dipyridamole-atropine stress echocardiography in detecting coronary artery disease

BACKGROUND

Dipyridamole and dobutamine stress echocardiography testing are most widely utilized, but their sensitivity remained suboptimal in comparison to routine exercise stress echocardiography. The aim of our study is to compare, head-to-head, exercise, dobutamine and dipyridamole stress echocardiography tests, performed with state-of-the-art protocols in a large scale prospective group of patients.

METHODS

Dipyridamole-atropine (Dipatro: 0.84 mg/kg over 10 min i.v. dipyridamole with addition of up to 1 mg of atropine), dobutamine-atropine (Dobatro: up to 40 mcg/kg/min i.v. dobutamine with addition of up to 1 mg of atropine) and exercise (Ex, Bruce) were performed in 166 pts. Of them, 117 pts without resting wall motion abnormalities were enrolled in study (91 male; mean age 54 +/- 10 years; previous non-transmural myocardial infarction in 32 pts, angina pectoris in 69 pts and atypical chest pain in 16 pts). Tests were performed in random sequence, in 3 different days, within 5 day period under identical therapy. All patients underwent coronary angiography.

RESULTS

Significant coronary artery disease (CAD; > or =50% diameter stenosis) was present in 69 pts (57 pts 1-vessel CAD, 12 multivessel CAD) and absent in 48 pts. Sensitivity (Sn) was 96%, 93% and 90%, whereas specificity (Sp) was 92%, 92% and 87% for Dobatro, Dipatro and Ex, respectively (p = ns). Concomitant beta blocker therapy did not influence peak rate-pressure product and Sn of Dobatro and Dipatro (p = ns).

CONCLUSION

When state-of-the-art protocols are used, dipyridamole and dobutamine stress echocardiography have comparable and high diagnostic accuracy, similar to maximal post-exercise treadmill stress echocardiography.