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Rosner M, Horer S, Feichtinger M, Hengstschläger M. Multipotent fetal stem cells in reproductive biology research. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:157. [PMID: 37287077 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03379-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the limited accessibility of the in vivo situation, the scarcity of the human tissue, legal constraints, and ethical considerations, the underlying molecular mechanisms of disorders, such as preeclampsia, the pathological consequences of fetomaternal microchimerism, or infertility, are still not fully understood. And although substantial progress has already been made, the therapeutic strategies for reproductive system diseases are still facing limitations. In the recent years, it became more and more evident that stem cells are powerful tools for basic research in human reproduction and stem cell-based approaches moved into the center of endeavors to establish new clinical concepts. Multipotent fetal stem cells derived from the amniotic fluid, amniotic membrane, chorion leave, Wharton´s jelly, or placenta came to the fore because they are easy to acquire, are not associated with ethical concerns or covered by strict legal restrictions, and can be banked for autologous utilization later in life. Compared to adult stem cells, they exhibit a significantly higher differentiation potential and are much easier to propagate in vitro. Compared to pluripotent stem cells, they harbor less mutations, are not tumorigenic, and exhibit low immunogenicity. Studies on multipotent fetal stem cells can be invaluable to gain knowledge on the development of dysfunctional fetal cell types, to characterize the fetal stem cells migrating into the body of a pregnant woman in the context of fetomaternal microchimerism, and to obtain a more comprehensive picture of germ cell development in the course of in vitro differentiation experiments. The in vivo transplantation of fetal stem cells or their paracrine factors can mediate therapeutic effects in preeclampsia and can restore reproductive organ functions. Together with the use of fetal stem cell-derived gametes, such strategies could once help individuals, who do not develop functional gametes, to conceive genetically related children. Although there is still a long way to go, these developments regarding the usage of multipotent fetal stem cells in the clinic should continuously be accompanied by a wide and detailed ethical discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Rosner
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefanie Horer
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Markus Hengstschläger
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Teoh PL, Mohd Akhir H, Abdul Ajak W, Hiew VV. Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Derived from Perinatal Tissues: Sources, Characteristics and Isolation Methods. Malays J Med Sci 2023; 30:55-68. [PMID: 37102047 PMCID: PMC10125235 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2023.30.2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) derived from perinatal tissues have become indispensable sources for clinical applications due to their superior properties, ease of accessibility and minimal ethical concerns. MSCs isolated from different placenta (PL) and umbilical cord (UC) compartments exhibit great potential for stem cell-based therapies. However, their biological activities could vary due to tissue origins and differences in differentiation potentials. This review provides an overview of MSCs derived from various compartments of perinatal tissues, their characteristics and current isolation methods. Factors affecting the yield and purity of MSCs are also discussed as they are important to ensure consistent and unlimited supply for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peik Lin Teoh
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia
| | | | - Warda Abdul Ajak
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Vun Vun Hiew
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia
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Wright A, Arthaud-Day ML, Weiss ML. Therapeutic Use of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: The Need for Inclusive Characterization Guidelines to Accommodate All Tissue Sources and Species. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:632717. [PMID: 33665190 PMCID: PMC7921162 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.632717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Following their discovery over 50 years ago, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have become one of the most studied cellular therapeutic products by both academia and industry due to their regenerative potential and immunomodulatory properties. The promise of MSCs as a therapeutic modality has been demonstrated by preclinical data yet has not translated to consistent, successful clinical trial results in humans. Despite the disparities across the field, MSC shareholders are unified under one common goal-to use MSCs as a therapeutic modality to improve the quality of life for those suffering from a malady in which the standard of care is suboptimal or no longer effective. Currently, there is no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved MSC therapy on the market in the United States although several MSC products have been granted regulatory approval in other countries. In this review, we intend to identify hurdles that are impeding therapeutic progress and discuss strategies that may aid in accomplishing this universal goal of widespread therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Wright
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Marne L Arthaud-Day
- Department of Management, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Mark L Weiss
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States.,Midwest Institute of Comparative Stem Cell Biotechnology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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de la Torre P, Flores AI. Current Status and Future Prospects of Perinatal Stem Cells. Genes (Basel) 2020; 12:genes12010006. [PMID: 33374593 PMCID: PMC7822425 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The placenta is a temporary organ that is discarded after birth and is one of the most promising sources of various cells and tissues for use in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, both in experimental and clinical settings. The placenta has unique, intrinsic features because it plays many roles during gestation: it is formed by cells from two individuals (mother and fetus), contributes to the development and growth of an allogeneic fetus, and has two independent and interacting circulatory systems. Different stem and progenitor cell types can be isolated from the different perinatal tissues making them particularly interesting candidates for use in cell therapy and regenerative medicine. The primary source of perinatal stem cells is cord blood. Cord blood has been a well-known source of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells since 1974. Biobanked cord blood has been used to treat different hematological and immunological disorders for over 30 years. Other perinatal tissues that are routinely discarded as medical waste contain non-hematopoietic cells with potential therapeutic value. Indeed, in advanced perinatal cell therapy trials, mesenchymal stromal cells are the most commonly used. Here, we review one by one the different perinatal tissues and the different perinatal stem cells isolated with their phenotypical characteristics and the preclinical uses of these cells in numerous pathologies. An overview of clinical applications of perinatal derived cells is also described with special emphasis on the clinical trials being carried out to treat COVID19 pneumonia. Furthermore, we describe the use of new technologies in the field of perinatal stem cells and the future directions and challenges of this fascinating and rapidly progressing field of perinatal cells and regenerative medicine.
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Salehinejad P, Moshrefi M, Eslaminejad T. An Overview on Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Extraembryonic Tissues: Supplement Sources and Isolation Methods. STEM CELLS AND CLONING-ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 13:57-65. [PMID: 32753904 PMCID: PMC7354009 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s248519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The main aim of this review was to provide an updated comprehensive report regarding isolation methods of MSCs from human extra embryonic tissues, including cord blood, amniotic fluid, and different parts of the placenta and umbilical cord, with respect to the efficacy of these methods. Results Extra embryonic tissues are the most available source for harvesting of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). They make a large number of cells accessible using non-invasive methods of isolation and the least immune-rejection reactions. A successful culture of primary cells requires obtaining a maximum yield of functional and viable cells from the tissues. In addition, there are many reports associated with their differentiation into various kinds of cells, and there are some clinical trials regarding their utilization for patients. Conclusion Currently, cord blood-MSCs have been tested for cartilage and lung diseases. Umbilical cord-MSCs were tested for liver and neural disorders. However, these MSCs can be isolated, expanded, and cryopreserved in a cell bank for patients in need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Salehinejad
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mojgan Moshrefi
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Science Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Science Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Touba Eslaminejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Lim R. Concise Review: Fetal Membranes in Regenerative Medicine: New Tricks from an Old Dog? Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 6:1767-1776. [PMID: 28834402 PMCID: PMC5689753 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.16-0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical application of the fetal membranes dates back to nearly a century. Their use has ranged from superficial skin dressings to surgical wound closure. The applications of the fetal membranes are constantly evolving, and key to this is the uncovering of multiple populations of stem and stem-like cells, each with unique properties that can be exploited for regenerative medicine. In addition to pro-angiogenic and immunomodulatory properties of the stem and stem-like cells arising from the fetal membranes, the dehydrated and/or decellularized forms of the fetal membranes have been used to support the growth and function of other cells and tissues, including adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. This concise review explores the biological origin of the fetal membranes, a history of their use in medicine, and recent developments in the use of fetal membranes and their derived stem and stem-like cells in regenerative medicine. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:1767-1776.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lim
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Virant-Klun I, Omejec S, Stimpfel M, Skerl P, Novakovic S, Jancar N, Vrtacnik-Bokal E. Female Age Affects the Mesenchymal Stem Cell Characteristics of Aspirated Follicular Cells in the In Vitro Fertilization Programme. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2019; 15:543-557. [PMID: 31055736 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09889-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aspirated follicular cells (AFCs) from the in vitro fertilization program can express various stem cell markers and are even able to differentiate into different types of cells in vitro. The female reproductive potential decreases with increasing age due to lowered ovarian reserve and oocyte quality, but data on the effect of female age on stem cell characteristics of AFCs are scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate whether female age affects the mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) characteristics of AFCs. Follicular aspirates were collected from 12 patients included in the in vitro fertilization programme with a normal ovarian reserve. Patients were divided into four age groups: Group A ≤ 30 years, Group B 31-35 years, Group C 36-39 years and Group D ≥ 40 years. After removal of the oocytes, AFCs were collected from follicular aspirates using hypo-osmotic technique and cultured in vitro, and their stemness was compared according to female age. The cultured AFCs were analysed for gene expression using the Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell RT2 Profiler™ PCR Array, for their potential for differentiation into adipogenic and osteogenic lineage, and for their expression of MSC-related markers using immunocytochemistry. We found that female age can significantly influence their stemness: expression of pluripotency and MSC-related genes, and their differentiation potential. Despite the relatively high expression of MSC-related genes, the AFCs of the oldest patients had the lowest potential to differentiate into osteogenic and adipogenic lineages in vitro, which may be related to their age and the changed ovarian function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Virant-Klun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - S Omejec
- Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Slajmerjeva 6, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Stimpfel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - P Skerl
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - S Novakovic
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - N Jancar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - E Vrtacnik-Bokal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Wei Q, Jin J, Wang X, Shen Q, Zhou M, Bu S, Zhu Y. The growth and pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cell on the biodegradable polyurethane synthesized with ferric catalyst. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2018; 29:1095-1108. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2018.1426424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wei
- The Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiachang Jin
- The Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xinyuan Wang
- The Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qijun Shen
- The Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- The Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shizhong Bu
- The Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yabin Zhu
- The Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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