Arabinan-Type Polysaccharides from Industrial Apple Pomace Waste

Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Released Exopolysaccharide from Potential Probiotic Leuconostoc mesenteroides LM187

A released exopolysaccharide (rEPS)-producing strain (LM187) with good acid resistance, bile salt resistance, and cholesterol-lowering properties was isolated from Sichuan paocai and identified as Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides. The purified rEPS, designated as rEPS414, had a uniform molecular weight of 7.757 × 10⁵ Da. Analysis of the monosaccharide composition revealed that the molecule was mainly composed of glucose. The Fourier transform-infrared spectrum showed that rEPS414 contained both α-type and β-type glycosidic bonds. ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra analysis showed that the purified rEPS contained arabinose, galactose, and rhamnose, but less uronic acid. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the exopolysaccharide displayed a large number of scattered, fluffy, porous cellular network flake structures. In addition, rEPS414 exhibited strong in vitro antioxidant activity. These results showed that strain LM187 and its rEPS are promising probiotics with broad prospects in industry.

Immunoactive polysaccharides produced by heterotrophic mutant of green microalga Parachlorella kessleri HY1 (Chlorellaceae)

Hot water extract from biomass of heterotrophic mutant green alga Parachlorella kessleri HY1 (Chlorellaceae) was deproteinised, and three polysaccharidic fractions were obtained by preparative chromatography. The low-molecular fraction (1.5 × 10⁴g mol^-1) was defined mainly as branched O-2-β-xylo-(1→3)-β-galactofuranan where xylose is partially methylated at O-4. Two high-molecular fractions (3.05 × 10⁵ and 9.84 × 10⁴g mol^-1) were complex polysaccharides containing α-l-rhamnan and xylogalactofuranan parts in different ratios. The polysaccharides were well soluble in hot water and, upon cooling, tended to self-segregate. Immunomodulatory activities of the obtained fractions were preliminary tested using ELISA, FACS and ImmunoSpot kits. The polysaccharides increased the TNF-α production in melanoma bearing mice with much higher intensity than in healthy mice. This was in agreement with the FACS results on T and B cells indicating their possibly secondary activation by innate immunity cells.

Trends in the extraction, purification, characterisation and biological activities of polysaccharides from tropical and sub-tropical fruits - A comprehensive review

Tropical and sub-tropical fruits are tremendous sources of polysaccharides (PSs), which are of great interest in the human welfare system as natural medicines, food and cosmetics. This review paper aims to highlight the recent trends in extraction (conventional and non-conventional), purification and analytic techniques of fruit polysaccharides (FPSs). The chemical structure and biological activities, such as immunomodulatory, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-coagulant and anti-diabetic effects, of PSs extracted from 53 various fruits were compared and discussed. With this wide coverage, a total of 172 scientific articles were reviewed and discussed. This comprehensive survey from previous studies suggests that the FPSs are non-toxic and highly biocompatible. In addition, this review highlights that FPSs might be excellent functional foods as well as effective therapeutic drugs. Finally, the future research advances of FPSs are also described. The content of this review will promote human wellness-based food product development in the future.

A novel polysaccharide from Malus halliana Koehne with coagulant activity

A novel polysaccharide in Malus halliana Koehne, named MHP-W, was isolated and purified by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 columns. Structural features were identified by high performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer, gas chromatography (GC) and (1D & 2D) NMR Spectroscopy. Structural characterization showed that the molecular weight of MHP-W was 353 kDa composed of arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose in a molar ratio of 2.59: 0.15: 0.23: 0.25: 9.70. The existence of β-glycosidic bond between the sugar units was confirmed by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy. The effects of MHP-W on active part thrombin time (APTT), protothrombin time (PT), thrombin time (TT), and fibrinogen (FIB) were screened by a cell-based coagulation activity model. MHP-W could significantly shorten TT (p < 0.001) and increase FIB (p < 0.05) as compared with the control group. The results showed that MHP-W promoted bloodclotting through endogenous and exogenous coagulation pathways as well as increasing fibrinogen content, which indicated that MHP-W had procoagulant activities in vitro.

Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2013-2014

This review is the eighth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2014. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly- saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:353-491, 2018.