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Yin X, Shen J, Jiang N, Sun J, Wang Y, Sun H. Relationship of explicit/implicit self-esteem discrepancies, suicide ideation, and suicide risk in patients with major depressive disorder. Psych J 2022; 11:936-944. [PMID: 35996046 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to explore the associations between explicit self-esteem (ESE), implicit self-esteem (ISE), ESE/ISE discrepancies, depression severity, suicidal ideation (SI), and suicide risk among patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). To this end, 36 MDD patients with SI, 35 MDD patients without SI, and 32 healthy controls were recruited. All participants were interviewed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), and they also completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation-Chinese Version (BSI-CV) and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) were used for the analysis. Further, the Implicit Association Test (IAT) was conducted to assess participants' ISE. The study revealed significant differences in ESE among the three groups, F(2, 90) = 44.88, p < .001. In particular, the group of MDD patients with SI had the lowest score. The interaction between the size and direction of ESE/ISE discrepancy was associated with depression severity, β = -.50, p = .004, and SI, β = -.39, p = .045. Among the four types of self-esteem, individuals with diminished self-esteem had the highest SI score whereas individuals with low congruent self-esteem had the highest suicide risk score. Based on these findings, the study suggested that diminished self-esteem could help in the early detection of depression and SI. Low-congruent self-esteem may also be considered a screening factor for suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunbao Yin
- Weifang University, Weifang, China.,School of Psychology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jianfei Shen
- School of Psychology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Nengzhi Jiang
- School of Psychology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jing Sun
- School of Psychology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yanyu Wang
- School of Psychology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Hongwei Sun
- School of Psychology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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2
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Jiang CG, Lu H, Zhang JZ, Gao XZ, Wang J, Zhou ZH. The Neural Correlates of the Abnormal Implicit Self-Esteem in Major Depressive Disorder: An Event-Related Potential Study. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:822677. [PMID: 35859606 PMCID: PMC9289153 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.822677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Implicit self-esteem (ISE) has been considered a critical factor in the development and maintenance of major depressive disorder (MDD). Further investigating the event-related potential (ERP) characteristics underlying abnormal ISE in MDD would be helpful for understanding the neural mechanism of MDD. For this purpose, 32 MDD patients and 31 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled in this study. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) was used to evaluate explicit self-esteem (ESE), and a self-esteem go/no-go association task (GNAT) was used to assess ISE. Electroencephalograms were synchronously recorded when performing the self-esteem GNAT. Behavioral data and ERP characteristics under different conditions were analyzed and compared within and across groups. The results showed that compared to HCs, MDD patients had significantly lower RSES scores and self-D scores of GNAT, which reflected lower levels of ESE and ISE, respectively. No significant correlation was found between RESE and self-D scores, and only RESE scores were significantly negatively correlated with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) score. The averaged centroparietal go-P3 amplitude under the self-positive condition was significantly smaller in MDD than in HCs. Moreover, HCs had a significantly larger average centroparietal go-P3 amplitude in self-positive than in self-negative conditions, while this pattern was opposite in the MDD group. The neural activity patterns for other conditions were similar between MDD and HCs. Our results suggested that patients with MDD have a decreased level of both ESE and ISE, and ISE might be more independent of clinical symptoms. Decreased neural processing that implicitly associate self with positive conditions (and relatively increased implicit association between self and negative conditions) might be important neural correlates for abnormal ISE in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Guang Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Heng Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jia-Zhao Zhang
- 3 Grade 2019 Class 6, Basic Medicine College of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xue-Zheng Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhen-He Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
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Measuring Cognitive Rigidity in Construing Self and Others with the Repertory Grid Technique: Further Test of the Cognitive Model for Depression. Int J Cogn Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41811-021-00122-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Göbel K, Niessen C. Thought control in daily working life: How the ability to stop thoughts protects self‐esteem. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyra Göbel
- Institute of Psychology Friedrich‐Alexander University of Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Cornelia Niessen
- Institute of Psychology Friedrich‐Alexander University of Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
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Lou Y, Lei Y, Astikainen P, Peng W, Otieno S, Leppänen PHT. Brain responses of dysphoric and control participants during a self-esteem implicit association test. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13768. [PMID: 33538346 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported lowered implicit self-esteem at the behavioral level among depressed individuals. However, brain responses related to the lowered implicit self-esteem have not been investigated in people with depression. Here, event-related potentials were measured in 28 dysphoric participants (individuals with elevated amounts of depressive symptoms) and 30 control participants during performance of an implicit association task (IAT) suggested to reflect implicit self-esteem. Despite equivalent behavioral performance, differences in brain responses were observed between the dysphoric and the control groups in late positive component (LPC) within 400-1,000 ms poststimulus latency. For the dysphoric group, self-negativity mapping stimuli (me with negative word pairing and not-me with positive word pairing) induced significantly larger LPC amplitude as compared to self-positivity mapping stimuli (me with positive pairing and not-me with negative pairing), whereas the control group showed the opposite pattern. These results suggest a more efficient categorization toward implicit self-is-negative association, possibly reflecting lower implicit self-esteem among the dysphoric participants, in comparison to the controls. These results demonstrate the need for further investigation into the functional significance of LPC modulation during IAT and determination of whether LPC can be used as a neural marker of depressive-related implicit self-esteem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixue Lou
- Institute for Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Lei
- Institute for Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Piia Astikainen
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Weiwei Peng
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Suzanne Otieno
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Paavo H T Leppänen
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Lou Y, Lei Y, Mei Y, Leppänen PHT, Li H. Review of Abnormal Self-Knowledge in Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:130. [PMID: 30984035 PMCID: PMC6447699 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is an affective disorder that is harmful to both physical and mental health. Abnormal self-knowledge, which refers to abnormal judgments about oneself, is a core symptom of depression. However, little research has summarized how and why patients with MDD differ from healthy individuals in terms of self-knowledge. Objective: To gain a better understanding of MDD, we reviewed previous studies that focused on the behavioral and neurological changes of self-knowledge in this illness. Main Findings: On the behavioral level, depressed individuals exhibited negative self-knowledge in an explicit way, while more heterogeneous patterns were reported in implicit results. On the neurological level, depressed individuals, as compared with non-depressed controls, showed abnormal self-referential processing in both early perception and higher cognitive processing phases during the Self-Referential Encoding Task. Furthermore, fMRI studies have reported aberrant activity in the medial prefrontal cortex area for negative self-related items in depression. These results revealed several behavioral features and brain mechanisms underlying abnormal self-knowledge in depression. Future Studies: The neural mechanism of implicit self-knowledge in MDD remains unclear. Future research should examine the importance of others' attitudes on the self-concept of individuals with MDD, and whether abnormal self-views may be modified through cognitive or pharmacological approaches. In addition, differences in abnormal self-knowledge due to genetic variation between depressed and non-depressed populations remain unconfirmed. Importantly, it remains unknown whether abnormal self-knowledge could be used as a specific marker to distinguish healthy individuals from those with MDD. Conclusion: This review extends our understanding of the relationship between self-knowledge and depression by indicating several abnormalities among individuals with MDD and those who are at risk for this illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixue Lou
- College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Center for Neurogenetics, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Lei
- College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Center for Neurogenetics, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Mei
- College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Center for Neurogenetics, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China
| | - Paavo H T Leppänen
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Hong Li
- College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Center for Neurogenetics, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China
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Sova CC, Roberts JE. Testing the cognitive catalyst model of rumination with explicit and implicit cognitive content. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2018; 59:115-120. [PMID: 29346083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The cognitive catalyst model posits that rumination and negative cognitive content, such as negative schema, interact to predict depressive affect. Past research has found support for this model using explicit measures of negative cognitive content such as self-report measures of trait self-esteem and dysfunctional attitudes. The present study tested whether these findings would extend to implicit measures of negative cognitive content such as implicit self-esteem, and whether effects would depend on initial mood state and history of depression. METHOD Sixty-one undergraduate students selected on the basis of depression history (27 previously depressed; 34 never depressed) completed explicit and implicit measures of negative cognitive content prior to random assignment to a rumination induction followed by a distraction induction or vice versa. Dysphoric affect was measured both before and after these inductions. RESULTS Analyses revealed that explicit measures, but not implicit measures, interacted with rumination to predict change in dysphoric affect, and these interactions were further moderated by baseline levels of dysphoria. LIMITATIONS Limitations include the small nonclinical sample and use of a self-report measure of depression history. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that rumination amplifies the association between explicit negative cognitive content and depressive affect primarily among people who are already experiencing sad mood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John E Roberts
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York, United States.
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De Raedt R, Remue J, Loeys T, Hooley JM, Baeken C. The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefrontal cortex on implicit self-esteem is mediated by rumination after criticism. Behav Res Ther 2017; 99:138-146. [PMID: 29101842 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that a crucial link between cognitive (i.e., self-schemas) and biological vulnerability is prefrontal control. This is because decreased control leads to impaired ability to inhibit ruminative thinking after the activation of negative self-schemas. However, current evidence is mainly correlational. In the current experimental study we tested whether the effect of neurostimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on self-esteem is mediated by momentary ruminative self-referential thinking (MRST) after the induction of negative self-schemas by criticism. We used a single, sham-controlled crossover session of anodal transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) applied to the left DLPFC (cathode over the right supraorbital region) in healthy female individuals. After receiving tDCS/sham stimulation, we measured MRST and exposed the participants to critical audio scripts, followed by another MRST measurement. Subsequently, all participants completed two Implicit Relational Assessment Procedures to implicitly measure actual and ideal self-esteem. Our behavioral data indicated a significant decrease in MRST after real but not sham tDCS. Moreover, although there was no immediate effect of tDCS on implicit self-esteem, an indirect effect was found through double mediation, with the difference in MRST from baseline to after stimulation and from baseline to after criticism as our two mediators. The larger the decrease of criticism induced MRST after real tDCS, the higher the level of actual self-esteem. Our results show that tDCS can influence cognitive processes such as rumination, and subsequently self-esteem, but only after the activation of negative self-schemas. Rumination and negative self-esteem characterize different forms of psychopathology, and these data expand our knowledge of the role of the prefrontal cortex in controlling these self-referential processes, and the mechanisms of action of tDCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi De Raedt
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Jonathan Remue
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Tom Loeys
- Department of Data Analysis, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Jill M Hooley
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, United States
| | - Chris Baeken
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, University Hospital Ghent University, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium; Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, Belgium
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Smeijers D, Vrijsen JN, van Oostrom I, Isaac L, Speckens A, Becker ES, Rinck M. Implicit and explicit self-esteem in remitted depressed patients. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2017; 54:301-306. [PMID: 27821349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Low self-esteem is a symptom of depression and depression vulnerability. Prior research on self-esteem has largely focused on implicit (ISE) and explicit self-esteem (ESE) as two separate constructs, missing their interaction. Therefore, the current study investigated the interaction between ISE and ESE in a depression-vulnerable group (remitted depressed patients; RDs), compared to never-depressed controls (ND). METHODS Seventy-five RDs and 75 NDs participated in the study. To measure ESE, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) was used. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) and the Name Letter Preference Task (NLPT) were used to assess ISE. RESULTS RDs reported lower ESE than NDs. However, the two groups did not differ on ISE. RDs exhibited a damaged self-esteem or a low-congruent self-esteem, similar to what has been found in currently depressed patients. Moreover, damaged self-esteem was associated with residual depressive symptoms. LIMITATIONS The results need to be interpreted with care because the IAT and NLPT did not reveal the same associations with the clinical measures. CONCLUSIONS Implicit and explicit self-esteem may be different constructs in depression and studying the combination is important. The present study provides evidence indicating that damaged self-esteem may be more detrimental than low congruent self-esteem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danique Smeijers
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Janna N Vrijsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Iris van Oostrom
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Isaac
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Speckens
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Eni S Becker
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mike Rinck
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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