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Atanasova KR, Perkins CM, Ratnayake R, Jiang J, Chen QY, Schmittgen TD, Luesch H. Epigenetic small-molecule screen for inhibition and reversal of acinar ductal metaplasia in mouse pancreatic organoids. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1335246. [PMID: 38510657 PMCID: PMC10953826 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1335246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Acinar ductal metaplasia (ADM) is among the earliest initiating events in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) development. Methods: We developed a novel morphology-based screen using organoids from wildtype and p48Cre/+ (Cre) mice to discover epigenetic modulators that inhibit or reverse pancreatic ADM more effectively than the broad-spectrum HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA). Results: Of the 144 compounds screened, nine hits and two additional natural product HDAC inhibitors were validated by dose-response analysis. The class I HDAC inhibitors apicidin and FK228, and the histone methyltransferase inhibitor chaetocin demonstrated pronounced ADM inhibition and reversal without inducing significant cytotoxicity at 1 µM. Thioester prodrug class I HDAC inhibitor largazole attenuated ADM while its disulfide homodimer was effective in both ADM inhibition and reversal. Prioritized compounds were validated for ADM reversal in p48Cre/+; LSL-KrasG12D/+ (KC) mouse organoids using both morphological and molecular endpoints. Molecular index analysis of ADM reversal in KC mouse organoids demonstrated improved activity compared to TSA. Improved prodrug stability translated into a stronger phenotypic and molecular response. RNA-sequencing indicated that angiotensinogen was the top inhibited pathway during ADM reversal. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate a unique epigenetic mechanism and suggest that the phenotypic screen developed here may be applied to discover potential treatments for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina R. Atanasova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Corey M. Perkins
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ranjala Ratnayake
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jinmai Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Qi-Yin Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Thomas D. Schmittgen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Hendrik Luesch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Xiong Y, Chen X, Yang X, Zhang H, Li X, Wang Z, Feng S, Wen W, Xiong X. miRNA transcriptomics analysis shows miR-483-5p and miR-503-5p targeted miRNA in extracellular vesicles from severe acute pancreatitis-associated lung injury patients. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111075. [PMID: 37864909 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study sought to identify potential biomarkers and miRNA-mRNA networks within extracellular vesicles (EVs) for detecting severe acute pancreatitis-associated lung injury (SAPALI). METHODS Blood-derived EVs were isolated, and their miRNA transcriptomic profiles were comprehensively analyzed using miRBase v.21 database along with miRDeep2 tool to predict novel miRNAs. DEGseq R package was deployed for the identification of differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs). Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were assembled using STRING and Cytoscape. A lung injury model was established using Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BEAS-2B cells, chosen for their respiratory epithelial origin and pertinent association with lung injury. The expression levels of targeted miRNA and associated proteins, TLR4, NF-κB mRNA were quantified via RT-PCR and Western Blot. Levels of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and ROS were measured using designated kits. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was conducted to examine the interaction between miRNA and proteins. RESULTS The comparisons between the SAPALI and the control group revealed 10 DEM, including miR-503-5p and miR-483-5p. The cytoHubba plugin in Cytoscape identified three principal miRNA-mRNA interactions: miR-483-5p with PTK2 and HDAC2; miR-28-5p with MAPK1, TP53BP1, SEMA3A; and miR-503-5p with PPP1CB, SEMA6D, EPHB2, UNC5B. The SAPALI model exhibited elevated miR-503-5p, HDAC2 and inflammatory markers, with a decline UNC5B, miR-483-5p and miR-28-5p. Transfection with miR-503-5p and miR-483-5p inhibitors increased the levels of their supposed binding proteins but not miR-28-5p inhibitor. The Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay identified the interaction of miR-503-5p with UNC5B, and miR-483-5p with HDAC2, but not miR-28-5p with TP53BP1. CONCLUSIONS Our study maps miRNA-mRNA interactions in SAPALI, identifying miR-503-5p and miR-483-5p as critical regulatory miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Xiong
- Alberta Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xiangyang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xiaodan Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xinmiao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Zilu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Sizhe Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Wen Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xiangqing Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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Atanasova KR, Perkins CM, Ratnayake R, Jiang J, Chen QY, Schmittgen TD, Luesch H. Epigenetic Small-Molecule Screen for Inhibition and Reversal of Acinar Ductal Metaplasia in Mouse Pancreatic Organoids. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.27.567685. [PMID: 38077007 PMCID: PMC10705242 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.27.567685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Background Acinar ductal metaplasia (ADM) is among the earliest initiating events in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) development. Methods We developed a novel morphology-based screen using organoids from wildtype and p48 Cre/+ (Cre) mice to discover epigenetic modulators that inhibit or reverse pancreatic ADM more effectively than the broad-spectrum HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA). Results Of the 144 compounds screened, nine hits and two additional natural product HDAC inhibitors were validated by dose-response analysis. The class I HDAC inhibitors apicidin and FK228, and the histone methyltransferase inhibitor chaetocin demonstrated pronounced ADM inhibition and reversal without inducing significant cytotoxicity at 1 µM. Thioester prodrug class I HDAC inhibitor largazole attenuated ADM while its disulfide homodimer was effective in both ADM inhibition and reversal. Prioritized compounds were validated for ADM reversal in p48 Cre/+ ;LSL-Kras G12D/+ (KC) mouse organoids using both morphological and molecular endpoints. Molecular index analysis of ADM reversal in KC mouse organoids demonstrated improved activity compared to TSA. Improved prodrug stability translated into a stronger phenotypic and molecular response. RNA-sequencing indicated that angiotensinogen was the top inhibited pathway during ADM reversal. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate a unique epigenetic mechanism and suggest that the phenotypic screen developed here may be applied to discover potential treatments for PDAC.
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4
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Zhou X, Jin S, Pan J, Lin Q, Yang S, Ambe PC, Basharat Z, Zimmer V, Wang W, Hong W. Damage associated molecular patterns and neutrophil extracellular traps in acute pancreatitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:927193. [PMID: 36034701 PMCID: PMC9411527 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.927193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous researches have emphasized a trypsin-centered theory of acute pancreatitis (AP) for more than a century. With additional studies into the pathogenesis of AP, new mechanisms have been explored. Among them, the role of immune response bears great importance. Pro-inflammatory substances, especially damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), play an essential role in activating, signaling, and steering inflammation. Meanwhile, activated neutrophils attach great importance to the immune defense by forming neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which cause ductal obstruction, premature trypsinogen activation, and modulate inflammation. In this review, we discuss the latest advances in understanding the pathological role of DAMPs and NETs in AP and shed light on the flexible crosstalk between these vital inflammatory mediators. We, then highlight the potentially promising treatment for AP targeting DAMPs and NETs, with a focus on novel insights into the mechanism, diagnosis, and management of AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shengchun Jin
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Pan
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qingyi Lin
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shaopeng Yang
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Peter C. Ambe
- Department of General Surgery, Visceral Surgery and Coloproctology, Vinzenz-Pallotti-Hospital Bensberg, Bensberg, Germany
| | - Zarrin Basharat
- Jamil-ur-Rahman Center for Genome Research, Dr. Panjwani Centre for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Vincent Zimmer
- Department of Medicine, Marienhausklinik St. Josef Kohlhof, Neunkirchen, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wandong Hong, ; Wei Wang,
| | - Wandong Hong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wandong Hong, ; Wei Wang,
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Xiong Y, Ji L, Zhao Y, Liu A, Wu D, Qian J. Sodium Butyrate Attenuates Taurocholate-Induced Acute Pancreatitis by Maintaining Colonic Barrier and Regulating Gut Microorganisms in Mice. Front Physiol 2022; 13:813735. [PMID: 35370779 PMCID: PMC8969109 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.813735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAcute pancreatitis (AP) damages the intestinal barrier, which aggravates AP. Butyrate exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in AP, but it is unknown if such a protective effect is associated with the regulation of gut microorganisms. We aim to investigate the effects of sodium butyrate (SB) on pancreatic inflammation, colonic barrier, and gut microorganisms.MethodsC57BL/6 mice were divided into groups of sham operation (Sham), AP, 200 mg/kg SB intervention (SB-200), and 500 mg/kg SB intervention group (SB-500). Samples were harvested 24 h after the model was established. The gut microbiota was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing.ResultsPancreatic infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, and M2-type macrophages was significantly reduced in the SB-500 intervention group. Supplementation of SB-500 improved colon mucosal histology and the expression of ZO-1 and occluding. The relative abundance of Alloprevotella and Muribaculaceae was increased and that of Akkermansia was decreased in the SB-500 group compared with the AP group. Ruminococcaceae was the most significantly increased species and Prevotellaceae was the most significantly decreased species in the SB-500 group compared with the AP group.ConclusionHigh dose of SB inhibits pancreatic inflammation probably by maintaining the intestinal barrier and regulating gut microbiota in mice with AP.
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Tong J, Zhou J, Fang M, Wang G, Fu S, Sun B, Lv J. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of SAHA in acute pancreatitis through HDAC5/SLIT2/Akt/β-catenin axis. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:2023-2034. [PMID: 35022732 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is widely recognized to be an inflammation-related disease, in which HDAC was upregulated. The anti-inflammatory role of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a HDAC inhibitor, has been documented. In this context, this research was implemented to figure out whether SAHA manipulated inflammation in AP. Subsequent to induction of AP mouse model, HDAC5 expression was detected. The binding of HDAC5 and SLIT2 was detected by Co-Immunoprecipitation and ChIP assays. SAHA treatment and gain- and loss-of-function approaches were used in AP mice and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pancreatic acinar cells. In mice, biochemical methods were implemented to measure activities of pancreatic lipase, trypsin, MPO and pancreatic edema, TUNEL staining to determine pancreatic cell apoptosis, and flow cytometry to assess the total number of leukocytes and neutrophils in pancreas. In pancreatic acinar cells, CCK-8 was performed to evaluate cell viability. HDAC5 exhibited overexpression in AP mice. Mechanical analysis showed that HDAC5 facilitated SLIT2 deacetylation to downregulate SLIT2, thus activating Akt/β-catenin pathway in pancreatic acinar cells. SAHA treatment, HDAC5 silencing, or SLIT2 overexpression diminished inflammation in AP in vivo and in vitro. SAHA treatment, HDAC5 silencing, or SLIT2 overexpression reduced activities of pancreatic lipase, trypsin, MPO, pancreatic edema, and cell apoptosis in AP mice as well as elevated viability of LPS-induced pancreatic acinar cells. SAHA might exert anti-inflammatory effects in AP mice via HDAC5/SLIT2/Akt/β-catenin axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxue Tong
- Second Colorectal Surgery Department, Harbin Medical University Tumor Hospital, Harbin 150081, P.R. China
| | - Jiandang Zhou
- Second Colorectal Surgery Department, Harbin Medical University Tumor Hospital, Harbin 150081, P.R. China
| | - Min Fang
- Second Colorectal Surgery Department, Harbin Medical University Tumor Hospital, Harbin 150081, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
| | - Songbin Fu
- Genetic Laboratory, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, P.R. China
| | - Bei Sun
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
| | - Jiachen Lv
- Second Colorectal Surgery Department, Harbin Medical University Tumor Hospital, Harbin 150081, P.R. China
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Pan X, Fang X, Wang F, Li H, Niu W, Liang W, Wu C, Li J, Tu X, Pan LL, Sun J. Butyrate ameliorates caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis and associated intestinal injury by tissue-specific mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:4446-4461. [PMID: 31347703 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common acute abdominal condition, frequently associated with intestinal barrier dysfunction, which aggravates AP retroactively. Butyrate exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in a variety of inflammatory diseases. However, its potential beneficial effect on AP and the underlying mechanisms have not been investigated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Experimental AP was induced by caerulein hyperstimulation in wild-type and GPR109A-/- mice. Sodium butyrate was administered intragastrically for 7 days prior to caerulein hyperstimulation. Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of butyrate were further investigated in peritoneal macrophages. KEY RESULTS Butyrate prophylaxis attenuated AP as shown by reduced serum amylase and lipase levels, pancreatic oedema, myeloperoxidase activity, and improved pancreatic morphology. Amelioration of pancreatic damage by butyrate was associated with reduced levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and CCL2 and suppressed activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in both pancreas and colon. Further, butyrate ameliorated pancreatic inflammation by suppressing interactions between histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and AP1 and STAT1 with increased histone acetylation at H3K9, H3K14, H3K18, and H3K27 loci, resulting in suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and modulation of immune cell infiltration in pancreas. Additionally, butyrate mediated STAT1/AP1-NLRP3 inflammasome suppression via HDAC1 inhibition was demonstrated in peritoneal macrophage. In colon, butyrate inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation via GPR109A. Accordingly, the modulatory effects of butyrate on AP, AP-associated gut dysfunction, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation were diminished in GPR109A-/- mice. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our study dissected tissue-specific anti-inflammatory mechanisms of butyrate during AP, suggesting that increased colonic levels of butyrate may be a strategy to protect against AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenying Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenjie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chengfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jiahong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xing Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Li-Long Pan
- School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Ling L, Li Y, Li H, Li W, Zhang HB. MMP-2 and MMP-9 gene polymorphisms act as biological indicators for ulinastatin efficacy in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e15831. [PMID: 31192912 PMCID: PMC6587626 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000015831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a severe form of inflammatory disease with a high mortality rate. Ulinastatin, as a urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI), is a glycoprotein playing a critical role in SAP. Consequently, we identified the hypothesis that both matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) gene polymorphisms might promote the efficacy of ulinastatin in SAP. METHODS A total of 235 patients with SAP were treated by intravenous drip of ulinastatin for the duration of 10 days. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was performed for testing the distribution of genotypes and alleles frequency of MMP-2 and MMP-9 gene polymorphisms, and analyzing association of MMP-2 rs243865, MMP-2 rs2285053, MMP-9 rs3918242, or MMP-9 rs17576 with efficacy of ulinastatin in patients with SAP. Shesis software was adopted for analyzing single genotypes of MMP-2 and MMP-9 gene polymorphisms site A Generalized Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction (GMDR) model and a logistic regression analysis were used for analyzing effect of MMP-2 and MMP-9 gene polymorphisms on the efficacy of ulinastatin in treating patients with SAP. RESULTS CC genotype of MMP-2 gene rs243865 C>T was observed to have a better positive effect in promoting the efficacy of ulinastatin in comparison with CT and TT genotypes. Haplotype CCTG, CCTA, CTTG, and CTTA were combined by MMP-2 and MMP-9 gene polymorphisms which have the ability to increase the efficacy of ulinastatin in treating patients with SAP. MMP-2 gene rs243865 C>T site polymorphism was served as a favorable factor while the MMP-9 gene rs3918242 C>T site polymorphism was noticed as an unfavorable factor for the efficacy of ulinastatin in treating patients with SAP. CONCLUSION The key findings clearly demonstrated that both the MMP-2 rs243865 and MMP-9 rs3918242 gene polymorphisms served as biological indicators for the efficacy of ulinastatin in treating patients with SAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Ling
- Emergency Department, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing
| | - Yan Li
- Emergency Department, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Wen Li
- Emergency Department, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing
| | - Hong-Bo Zhang
- Emergency Department, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing
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9
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Hu Y, Dai J, Zong G, Xiao J, Guo X, Dai Y, Lu Z, Wan R. Restoration of p53 acetylation by HDAC inhibition permits the necrosis/apoptosis switch of pancreatic ainar cell during experimental pancreatitis in mice. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:21988-21998. [PMID: 31058328 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Juanjuan Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Guanzhao Zong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Jingbo Xiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Xingya Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Yiqi Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Zhanjun Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Rong Wan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
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Calycosin alleviates cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis by inhibiting the inflammatory response and oxidative stress via the p38 MAPK and NF-κB signal pathways in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:599-605. [PMID: 29890468 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common acute abdominal disease accompanied by systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and could even be complicated by multiple-organ damage. This study aimed to examine whether calycosin, an isoflavone isolated from Radix astragali with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, could protect against AP induced by cerulein. To this end, Balb/C mice were injected with cerulein (50 μg/kg) to establish the animal model of AP. Calycosin (25 and 50 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered 1 h prior to the first cerulein injection. After the last injection of cerulein, the mice were sacrificed and blood was obtained for cytokine analysis. The pancreas was removed for morphological examination, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) analyses, immunohistochemistry, and western blot analysis. Calycosin treatment reversed the increased serum levels of amylase and lipase, alleviated the pathological damage in the pancreas, and decreased the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β in mice with AP. Additionally, calycosin significantly reduced cerulein-induced pancreatic edema, inhibited MPO activity and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and inhibited the expression of NF-κB/p65 and phosphorylation of the inhibitor of NF-κB (IκBα) and p38 MAPK. These results suggested that calycosin protects against AP by exerting anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress effects via the p38 MAPK and NF-κB signal pathways. Calycosin's benefits for AP patients need to be explored further.
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Bombardo M, Saponara E, Malagola E, Chen R, Seleznik GM, Haumaitre C, Quilichini E, Zabel A, Reding T, Graf R, Sonda S. Class I histone deacetylase inhibition improves pancreatitis outcome by limiting leukocyte recruitment and acinar-to-ductal metaplasia. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3865-3880. [PMID: 28832971 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pancreatitis is a common inflammation of the pancreas with rising incidence in many countries. Despite improvements in diagnostic techniques, the disease is associated with high risk of severe morbidity and mortality and there is an urgent need for new therapeutic interventions. In this study, we evaluated whether histone deacetylases (HDACs), key epigenetic regulators of gene transcription, are involved in the development of the disease. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We analysed HDAC regulation during cerulein-induced acute, chronic and autoimmune pancreatitis using different transgenic mouse models. The functional relevance of class I HDACs was tested with the selective inhibitor MS-275 in vivo upon pancreatitis induction and in vitro in activated macrophages and primary acinar cell explants. KEY RESULTS HDAC expression and activity were up-regulated in a time-dependent manner following induction of pancreatitis, with the highest abundance observed for class I HDACs. Class I HDAC inhibition did not prevent the initial acinar cell damage. However, it effectively reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells, including macrophages and T cells, in both acute and chronic phases of the disease, and directly disrupted macrophage activation. In addition, MS-275 treatment reduced DNA damage in acinar cells and limited acinar de-differentiation into acinar-to-ductal metaplasia in a cell-autonomous manner by impeding the EGF receptor signalling axis. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results demonstrate that class I HDACs are critically involved in the development of acute and chronic forms of pancreatitis and suggest that blockade of class I HDAC isoforms is a promising target to improve the outcome of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bombardo
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Enrica Saponara
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ermanno Malagola
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rong Chen
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gitta M Seleznik
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cecile Haumaitre
- CNRS, UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR7622-IBPS, France INSERM U969, Paris, France
| | - Evans Quilichini
- CNRS, UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR7622-IBPS, France INSERM U969, Paris, France
| | - Anja Zabel
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Theresia Reding
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Graf
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Sonda
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Block T, El-Osta A. Epigenetic programming, early life nutrition and the risk of metabolic disease. Atherosclerosis 2017; 266:31-40. [PMID: 28950165 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Time separates the past from the present, during this period memory are formed - written in code and decoded to be read while other memories are erased - but when it comes to the epigenome some memories are harder to forget than others. Recent studies show chemical information is written in the context of the epigenome and codified on histone and non-histone proteins to regulate nuclear processes such as gene transcription. The genome is also subject to modification in the form of 5-methylcytosine, which has been implicated in metabolic memory. In this review, we examine some of the chemical modifications that signal early life events and explore epigenetic changes that underlie the diabetic vasculature. The fine balance between past and present is discussed, as it pertains to gestational diabetes and obesity in context to the Barker hypothesis. We also examine emerging experimental evidence suggesting the hypothalamus as a central regulator of obesity risk and explore current genomic medicine. As for how cells recall specific chemical information, we examine the experimental evidence implicating chemical cues on the epigenome, providing examples of diet during pregnancy and the increased risk of disease in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Block
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Assam El-Osta
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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13
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Associations of MMP-2 and MMP-9 gene polymorphism with ulinastatin efficacy in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20160612. [PMID: 28779012 PMCID: PMC5569160 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We aim to explore the associations between matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) MMP-2/MMP-9 gene polymorphism with ulinastatin (UTI) efficacy in treating severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). A total of 276 SAP patients were assigned into the control (n=135) and observation (n=141) groups. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used for genotype and allele frequency distribution. Relevance of MMP-2/MMP-9 genotypes with UTI efficacy was analyzed. The observation group showed lowered duration in symptoms (abdominal distension, abdominal pain, tenderness, and rebound tenderness) than the control group. Laboratory analysis (serum calcium, white blood cells, serum amylase, urine amylase, APACHE-II, and Balthazar CTIS scores) were decreased, while serum albumin levels increased after 7th day of therapy. The total effective rate of UTI for patients with MMP-2 C-1306T C/C genotype was higher than those with C/T and T/T genotypes after the 7th day of therapy, which was lower in patients with MMP-9 C-1562T C/C and C/T genotypes than those with T/T genotype. The duration for symptoms in patients with MMP-9 C-1562T T/T genotype was shorter than those with C/C and C/T genotypes, which was less in patients with MMP-2 C-1306T C/C genotype than those with C/T and T/T genotypes. The improvement values of APACHE-II and Balthazar CTIS scores for patients with MMP-2 C-1306T C/C genotype were higher than those with C/T and T/T genotypes, which for patients with MMP-9 C-1562T C/C and C/T genotypes were lower than those with T/T genotype. These results demonstrated that MMP-2/MMP-9 gene polymorphism was associated with UTI efficacy for SAP.
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Xie Q, Fei M, Fa Z, Wang L, Wang J, Zhang Y, Wang J, Deng X. Methane-rich saline alleviates cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis by inhibiting inflammatory response, oxidative stress and pancreatic apoptosis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 51:17-24. [PMID: 28759809 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a potentially life-threatening gastrointestinal disease involving intracellular activation of digestive enzymes and pancreatic acinar cell injury. The present study was performed to investigate whether methane-rich saline (MS) was involved in the regulation of AP. METHODS MS (16ml/kg) was administered at different dosing frequencies on mice with cerulein-induced AP. Serum amylase, lipase and histopathological changes in the pancreas tissue were measured. Serum cytokine TNFα, IL-6, IFNγ and IL-10 were detected by ELISA. The mRNA levels of these inflammatory cytokines in the pancreas were detected by real time-PCR. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined using commercial kits. Apoptosis was assessed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. RESULTS MS treatment reversed the increased serum level of amylase and lipase, alleviated the pathological damage in the pancreas, and decreased the expression of TNFα, IL-6, IFNγ and IL-10 in cerulean-induced AP mice. In addition, MPO was down-regulated and SOD was up-regulated in the MS treated pancreas, indicating that MS had an anti-oxidant effect against AP. Furthermore, MS protected pancreatic cells against cerulean-induced apoptosis and abolished cleaved caspase-3. CONCLUSION MS exerted anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic effects on cerulein-induced AP in mice and may proved to be a promising therapeutic agent for the clinical treatment of pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Miaomiao Fei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhenzong Fa
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Mycology, Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region, Fuzhou 350025, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiafeng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xiaoming Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Hu L, Yu Y, Huang H, Fan H, Hu L, Yin C, Li K, Fulton DJR, Chen F. Epigenetic Regulation of Interleukin 6 by Histone Acetylation in Macrophages and Its Role in Paraquat-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2017; 7:696. [PMID: 28194150 PMCID: PMC5276821 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of interleukin 6 (IL-6) has been proposed to contribute to pulmonary fibrosis and other fibrotic diseases. However, the regulatory mechanisms and the role of IL-6 in fibrosis remain poorly understood. Epigenetics refers to alterations of gene expression without changes in the DNA sequence. Alternation of chromatin accessibility by histone acetylation acts as a critical epigenetic mechanism to regulate various gene transcriptions. The goal of this study was to determine the impact of IL-6 in paraquat (PQ)-induced pulmonary fibrosis and to explore whether the epigenetic regulations may play a role in transcriptional regulation of IL-6. In PQ-treated lungs and macrophages, we found that the mRNA and protein expression of IL-6 was robustly increased in a time-dependent and a dose-dependent manner. Our data demonstrated that PQ-induced IL-6 expression in macrophages plays a central role in pulmonary fibrosis through enhanced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). IL-6 expression and its role to enhance PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis were increased by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition and prevented by histone acetyltransferase (HAT) inhibition. In addition, the ability of CRISPR-ON transcription activation system (CRISPR-ON) to promote transcription of IL-6 was enhanced by HDAC inhibitor and blocked by HAT inhibitor. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that HDAC inhibitor increased histones activation marks H3K4me3 and H3K9ac at IL-6 promoter regions. In conclusion, IL-6 functioning through EMT in PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis was regulated dynamically by HDAC and HAT both in vitro and in vivo via epigenetically regulating chromatin accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Hu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yanfang Yu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Huijie Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Hanting Fan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Li Hu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Caiyong Yin
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - David J R Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Liu W, Yuan Q, Guo S, Fu Z. Emodin in Severe Acute Pancreatitis Treatment. Chin Med 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/cm.2017.84008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Meng GG, Ren DY, Zhang YX. P38 pathway regulates iNOS and PGE2 expression in hippocampal neurons in rats with severe acute pancreatitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:5620-5627. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i35.5620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38MAPK) pathway on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in hippocampal neurons of rats with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP).
METHODS: Healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: a control group, a model group, and an SB203580 (an inhibitor of P38MAPK pathway) group. The pathological changes in brain tissue were observed. By immunohistochemistry and Western blot, expression of iNOS and PGE2 and phosphorylation of P38MAPK were detected to observe the changes of positive cell numbers and the expression levels in the hippocampus.
RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the numbers of p-P38 (20.4 ± 2.2 vs 2.1 ± 1.3), iNOS (33.6 ± 4.4 vs 3.7 ± 0.4), and PGE2 (34.7 ± 4.0 vs 2.4 ± 1.0) immunoreactive cells increased markedly in the hippocampal CA1 region (P < 0.05). After treatment with SB203580, the numbers of p-P38 (12.8 ± 0.7), iNOS (14.4 ± 4.9), and PGE2 (18.3 ± 0.5) immunoreactive cells were reduced significantly as compared with the model group (P < 0.05). The inhibitor group had significantly improved pancreatic cell pathology compared to the SAP group, which had ultrastructural changes such as rough endoplasmic network degranulation and mitochondrial swelling expansion.
CONCLUSION: P38MAPK pathway regulates the expression of iNOS and PGE2 in the hippocampus, and inhibition of the pathway has a neuroprotective effect in rats with SAP.
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Klieser E, Swierczynski S, Mayr C, Schmidt J, Neureiter D, Kiesslich T, Illig R. Role of histone deacetylases in pancreas: Implications for pathogenesis and therapy. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2015; 7:473-483. [PMID: 26691388 PMCID: PMC4678394 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v7.i12.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last years, our knowledge of the pathogenesis in acute and chronic pancreatitis (AP/CP) as well as in pancreatic cancerogenesis has significantly diversified. Nevertheless, the medicinal therapeutic options are still limited and therapeutic success and patient outcome are poor. Epigenetic deregulation of gene expression is known to contribute to development and progression of AP and CP as well as of pancreatic cancer. Therefore, the selective inhibition of aberrantly active epigenetic regulators can be an effective option for future therapies. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes that remove an acetyl group from histone tails, thereby causing chromatin compaction and repression of transcription. In this review we present an overview of the currently available literature addressing the role of HDACs in the pancreas and in pancreatic diseases. In pancreatic cancerogenesis, HDACs play a role in the important process of epithelial-mesenchymal-transition, ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and, hypoxia-inducible-factor-1-angiogenesis. Finally, we focus on HDACs as potential therapeutic targets by summarizing currently available histone deacetylase inhibitors.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE We describe the first mouse model of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) lesions induced by alcohol in the presence and absence of chronic pancreatitis. METHODS Pdx1-Cre;LSL-K-ras mice were exposed to Lieber-DeCarli alcohol diet for 6 weeks with cerulein injections. The PanIN lesions and markers of fibrosis, inflammation, histone deacetylation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cancer stemness were measured by immunohistochemistry and Western. RESULTS Exposure of Pdx1-Cre;LSL-K-ras mice to an alcohol diet significantly stimulated fibrosis and slightly but not significantly increased the level of PanIN lesions associated with an increase in tumor-promoting M2 macrophages. Importantly, the alcohol diet did not increase activation of stellate cells. Alcohol diet and cerulein injections resulted in synergistic and additive effects on PanIN lesion and M2 macrophage phenotype induction, respectively. Cerulein pancreatitis caused stellate cell activation, EMT, and cancer stemness in the pancreas. Pancreatitis caused histone deacetylation, which was promoted by the alcohol diet. Pancreatitis increased EMT and cancer stemness markers, which were not further affected by the alcohol diet. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that alcohol has independent effects on promotion of PDAC associated with fibrosis formed through a stellate cell-independent mechanism and that it further promotes early PDAC and M2 macrophage induction in the context of chronic pancreatitis.
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