1
|
Cytotoxicity of Particulate Matter PM10 Samples from Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. J Toxicol 2022; 2022:1786810. [PMID: 36310640 PMCID: PMC9616664 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1786810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is one of the main air pollutants with 257,000 deaths per year in Africa. Studying their toxic mechanisms of action could provide a better understanding of their effects on the population health. The objective of this study was to describe the PM10 toxic mechanism of action collected in 3 districts of Ouagadougou. Once per month and per site between November 2015 and February 2016, PM10 was sampled for 24 hours using the MiniVol TAS (AirMetrics, Eugene, USA). The collected filters were then stored in Petri dishes at room temperature for in vitro toxicological studies using human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAEC) at the Bordeaux INSERM-U1045 Cardio-thoracic Research Center. The three study districts were classified based on PM10 level (high, intermediate, and low, respectively, for districts 2, 3, and 4). PM10 induced a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability. A significant decrease in cell viability was observed at 1 µg/cm2, 10 µg/cm2, and 25 µg/cm2 for, respectively, districts 2, 3, and 4. A significant increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed at 10 µg/cm2 for district 2 versus 5 µg/cm2 and 1 µg/cm2 for districts 3 and 4, respectively. Finally, a significant production of IL-6 was recorded from 5 µg/cm2 for district 4 versus 10 µg/cm2 for districts 2 and 3. Consequently, Ouagadougou is subjected to PM10 pollution, which can induce a significant production of ROS and IL-6 to cause adverse effects on the health of the population.
Collapse
|
2
|
Onyeuwaoma N, Okoh D, Okere B. A neural network-based method for modeling PM 2.5 measurements obtained from the surface particulate matter network. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:261. [PMID: 33846862 PMCID: PMC8041022 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a global problem; hence, many countries devoted lots of resources towards its study and possible eradication. The major parameter indicator for air quality is the particulate matter (PM). These particles, especially PM2.5, are injurious to health either under high concentration levels or after a long-term exposure. PM2.5 particles are known to cause lung and respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and even cancer. In this research, artificial neural networks were used to train PM 2.5 measurements obtained from the Surface Particulate Matter Network (SPARTAN). The training was done using inputs that indicate time series of the measurements and the prevailing atmospheric conditions. The developed models were used to estimate PM 2.5 over a sub-Saharan site in Ilorin. Our study considered meteorological parameters and aerosol optical depth (AOD) as inputs for the neural networks. The targets are PM 2.5 measurements obtained from SPARTAN. Our models showed very high correlation with measured data. Apart from the data generated using model p which has a correlation of 0.0009, the correlation R2 for other models ranges from 0.59 to 0.95) which has a good performance. The model PRB estimated both low and high PM better while others either under or over predict emission scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nnaemeka Onyeuwaoma
- NASRDA-Center for Basic Space Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
| | - Daniel Okoh
- NASRDA-Center for Atmospheric Research, Anyigba, Nigeria
| | - Bonaventure Okere
- NASRDA-Center for Basic Space Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Naidja L, Ali-Khodja H, Khardi S. Sources and levels of particulate matter in North African and Sub-Saharan cities: a literature review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:12303-12328. [PMID: 29557037 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1715-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to assess the significance of PM in ambient air, it is necessary to evaluate their physical and chemical characteristics as well as identify their major emission sources. On a global scale, particulate matter in the atmosphere arises mainly from the combustion process of motorized vehicles, but natural sources are still considered as the major contributors. In Africa, PM emissions differ from those in developed countries; human activities such as biomass burning in households, poor household waste management, and the high number of diesel-powered vehicles are the predominant anthropogenic sources. Natural contributions are also observed. Saharan dust and savanna fires are the most common atmospheric natural sources of particulate matter. The present literature review gives an overview of the status of air quality in African cities and highlights the various sources of particulate matter emissions and local human activities specific to each African region. This could likely serve as a reference to evaluate the current air quality in this region and will be a useful tool in the future to develop pollution mitigation strategies at the source. Recommendations are proposed in the conclusion in order to reduce emissions from their sources, taking into account the low-income African countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lamri Naidja
- Laboratoire de Pollution et Traitement des Eaux, Université Frères Mentouri, Route de Aïn El Bey, 25017, Constantine, Algeria.
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques, BP 384, Siège ex-Pasna Zone Industrielle, CP 42004, Bou-Ismail, Tipaza, Algeria.
| | - Hocine Ali-Khodja
- Laboratoire de Pollution et Traitement des Eaux, Université Frères Mentouri, Route de Aïn El Bey, 25017, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Salah Khardi
- Claude Bernard University- IFSTTAR LTE, 25, avenue François Mitterrand, Case 24 Cité des mobilités, F-69675, Bron Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sylla FK, Faye A, Fall M, TAL-DIA A. Air Pollution Related to Traffic and Chronic Respiratory Diseases (Asthma and COPD) in Africa. Health (London) 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2017.910101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
5
|
Ngo NS, Gatari M, Yan B, Chillrud SN, Bouhamam K, Kinneym PL. Occupational exposure to roadway emissions and inside informal settlements in sub-Saharan Africa: A pilot study in Nairobi, Kenya. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2015; 111:179-184. [PMID: 26034383 PMCID: PMC4449273 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Few studies examine urban air pollution in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), yet urbanization rates there are among the highest in the world. In this study, we measured 8-hr average occupational exposure levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), black carbon (BC), ultra violet active-particulate matter (UV-PM), and trace elements for individuals who worked along roadways in Nairobi, specifically bus drivers, garage workers, street vendors, and women who worked inside informal settlements. We found BC and re-suspended dust were important contributors to PM2.5 levels for all study populations, particularly among bus drivers, while PM2.5 exposure levels for garage workers, street vendors, and informal settlement residents were not statistically different from each other. We also found a strong signal for biomass emissions and trash burning, which is common in Nairobi's low-income areas and open-air garages. These results suggest that the large portion of urban residents in SSA who walk along roadways would benefit from air quality regulations targeting roadway emissions from diesel vehicles, dust, and trash burning. This is the first study to measure occupational exposure to urban air pollution in SSA and results imply that roadway emissions are a serious public health concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S Ngo
- Dept. of Planning, Public Policy, and Management, 1209 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1209, USA,
| | - Michael Gatari
- Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, College of Architecture and Engineering, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, G.P.O., Nairobi, Kenya,
| | - Beizhan Yan
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Rt 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA, (Chilrud) and (Yan)
| | - Steven N Chillrud
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Rt 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA, (Chilrud) and (Yan)
| | | | - Patrick L Kinneym
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA, (Kinney)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Garrison VH, Majewski MS, Konde L, Wolf RE, Otto RD, Tsuneoka Y. Inhalable desert dust, urban emissions, and potentially biotoxic metals in urban Saharan-Sahelian air. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 500-501:383-394. [PMID: 25243921 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Saharan dust incursions and particulates emitted from human activities degrade air quality throughout West Africa, especially in the rapidly expanding urban centers in the region. Particulate matter (PM) that can be inhaled is strongly associated with increased incidence of and mortality from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and cancer. Air samples collected in the capital of a Saharan-Sahelian country (Bamako, Mali) between September 2012 and July 2013 were found to contain inhalable PM concentrations that exceeded World Health Organization (WHO) and US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) PM2.5 and PM10 24-h limits 58 - 98% of days and European Union (EU) PM10 24-h limit 98% of days. Mean concentrations were 1.2-to-4.5 fold greater than existing limits. Inhalable PM was enriched in transition metals, known to produce reactive oxygen species and initiate the inflammatory response, and other potentially bioactive and biotoxic metals/metalloids. Eroded mineral dust composed the bulk of inhalable PM, whereas most enriched metals/metalloids were likely emitted from oil combustion, biomass burning, refuse incineration, vehicle traffic, and mining activities. Human exposure to inhalable PM and associated metals/metalloids over 24-h was estimated. The findings indicate that inhalable PM in the Sahara-Sahel region may present a threat to human health, especially in urban areas with greater inhalable PM and transition metal exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V H Garrison
- US Geological Survey, 600 4th Street South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
| | - M S Majewski
- US Geological Survey, 6000 J St., Sacramento, CA 95819-6129, USA.
| | | | - R E Wolf
- US Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, Lakewood, CO 80225-0046, USA.
| | - R D Otto
- US Department of State, Office of Medical Services, 2401 E. Street NW, Washington, DC 20522-0101, USA.
| | - Y Tsuneoka
- Embassy of Japan in Sri Lanka, No. 20 Gregory's Road, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Thorsson S, Holmer B, Andjelic A, Lindén J, Cimerman S, Barregard L. Carbon monoxide concentrations in outdoor wood-fired kitchens in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso--implications for women's and children's health. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:4479-92. [PMID: 24652378 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3712-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A majority of households in developing countries rely on biomass fuel for cooking, typically burned in open fires or simple stoves. The incomplete combustion of these fuels causes adverse health effects such as respiratory diseases, especially among women and children. However, quantitative data on pollution levels and on associated diseases are limited. We examined cooking habits and self-reported health in 31 households with outdoor open wood fires in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, using structured interviews. In eight households, carbon monoxide (CO) was measured using passive sampling. In addition, meteorology and ambient CO concentrations were assessed. The average CO concentration during cooking was 4.3 ppm, with a maximum of 65.3 ppm and minimum of 0.3 ppm (1-min values). A clear daily pattern was observed, with relatively low concentrations during the day and high during the evening, occasionally exceeding the World Health Organization 1- and 8-h guidelines when the air stabilised. On average, CO concentrations were 43 % higher in kitchens located in closed yards than in those located in open yards, showing that fireplace location affected the levels. Eye irritation and coughing among women and children were reported by 30 % of the households. Based on previously reported relations between CO concentrations and fine particles (<2.5 μm), the exposure to biomass smoke appears to be high enough to pose a considerable health risk among women and children in households with outdoor open wood fires. The results suggest that burning should be limited between sunset and dawn and in areas with limited ventilation to reduce pollutions levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Thorsson
- Urban Climate Group, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 5A, 413 20, Göteborg, Sweden,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Allen RW, Gombojav E, Barkhasragchaa B, Byambaa T, Lkhasuren O, Amram O, Takaro TK, Janes CR. An assessment of air pollution and its attributable mortality in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2013; 6:137-150. [PMID: 23450113 PMCID: PMC3578716 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-011-0154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have consistently reported associations between outdoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution and adverse health effects. Although Asia bears the majority of the public health burden from air pollution, few epidemiologic studies have been conducted outside of North America and Europe due in part to challenges in population exposure assessment. We assessed the feasibility of two current exposure assessment techniques, land use regression (LUR) modeling and mobile monitoring, and estimated the mortality attributable to air pollution in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. We developed LUR models for predicting wintertime spatial patterns of NO2 and SO2 based on 2-week passive Ogawa measurements at 37 locations and freely available geographic predictors. The models explained 74% and 78% of the variance in NO2 and SO2, respectively. Land cover characteristics derived from satellite images were useful predictors of both pollutants. Mobile PM2.5 monitoring with an integrating nephelometer also showed promise, capturing substantial spatial variation in PM2.5 concentrations. The spatial patterns in SO2 and PM, seasonal and diurnal patterns in PM2.5, and high wintertime PM2.5/PM10 ratios were consistent with a major impact from coal and wood combustion in the city's low-income traditional housing (ger) areas. The annual average concentration of PM2.5 measured at a centrally located government monitoring site was 75 μg/m3 or more than seven times the World Health Organization's PM2.5 air quality guideline, driven by a wintertime average concentration of 148 μg/m3. PM2.5 concentrations measured in a traditional housing area were higher, with a wintertime mean PM2.5 concentration of 250 μg/m3. We conservatively estimated that 29% (95% CI, 12-43%) of cardiopulmonary deaths and 40% (95% CI, 17-56%) of lung cancer deaths in the city are attributable to outdoor air pollution. These deaths correspond to nearly 10% of the city's total mortality, with estimates ranging to more than 13% of mortality under less conservative model assumptions. LUR models and mobile monitoring can be successfully implemented in developing country cities, thus cost-effectively improving exposure assessment for epidemiology and risk assessment. Air pollution represents a major threat to public health in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, and reducing home heating emissions in traditional housing areas should be the primary focus of air pollution control efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W. Allen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Enkhjargal Gombojav
- School of Public Health, Health Sciences University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Tsogtbaatar Byambaa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | | | - Ofer Amram
- Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Tim K. Takaro
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Craig R. Janes
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lindén J, Boman J, Holmer B, Thorsson S, Eliasson I. Intra-urban air pollution in a rapidly growing Sahelian city. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 40:51-62. [PMID: 22280928 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we analyze spatial and temporal variations of air pollution (PM(1), PM(2.5), PM(10), CO, NO(x), O(3), Toluene and Benzene) and climate in areas of different development typology in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Analyses are based on measurements from fixed sites and car traverse measurements during field studies in 2007 and 2010. Large spatial and temporal variations were found, showing a generally poor air quality situation, with extreme levels of PM(10), commonly exceeding air quality guidelines of WHO. Pollution levels increase considerably with increased atmospheric stability. Important sources were transported dust and re-suspension of dust from unpaved roads, but also traffic emissions and biomass burning. The spatial variations are examined with focus on effects for variations in potential exposure depending on for example area of residence and daily activity pattern, showing that great differences are likely to exist. Ouagadougou, like most developing countries worldwide, currently experiences an extremely rapid population growth in combination with limited financial means. This is likely to create increasingly harmful air pollution situations for the rapidly growing populations of these areas, and shows an urgent need for increased understanding of the pollution situation as well as development of mitigation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Lindén
- Department of Earth Science, Urban Climate Group, University of Gothenburg, Box 460, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - J Boman
- Department of Chemistry, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - B Holmer
- Department of Earth Science, Urban Climate Group, University of Gothenburg, Box 460, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S Thorsson
- Department of Earth Science, Urban Climate Group, University of Gothenburg, Box 460, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - I Eliasson
- Department of Conservation, Box 130, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|