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Yang W, Gupta R, Song Z, Wang B, Sun L. Mechanism of soot and particulate matter formation during high temperature pyrolysis and gasification of waste derived from MSW. Waste Manag 2024; 182:21-31. [PMID: 38631177 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
This research investigates the formation mechanism of soot and particulate matter during the pyrolysis and gasification of waste derived from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in a laboratory scale drop tube furnace. Compared with CO2 gasification atmosphere, more ultrafine particles (PM0.2, aerodynamic diameter less than 0.2 μm) were generated in N2 atmosphere at 1200℃, which were mainly composed of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), graphitic carbonaceous soot and volatile alkali salts. High reaction temperatures promote the formation of hydrocarbon gaseous products and their conversion to PAHs, which ultimately leads to the formation of soot particles. The soot particles generated by waste derived from MSW pyrolysis and gasification both have high specific surface area and well-developed pore structure. Compared with pyrolysis, the soot generated by gasification of waste derived from MSW had smaller size and higher proportion of inorganic components. The higher pyrolysis temperature led to the collapse of the mesoporous structure of submicron particles, resulting in a decrease in total pore volume and an increase in specific surface area. Innovatively, this research provides an explanation for the effect of reaction temperature/ CO2 on the formation pathways and physicochemical properties of soot and fine particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Rajender Gupta
- Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Zijian Song
- Resource and Environmental Branch, China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ben Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lushi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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2
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Esmeryan KD, Chaushev TA. Cryopreservation of human semen by inherently-controlled icing probability: Or how the surface profile of superhydrophobic carbon soot coatings and the sperm volume affect the outcome of slow freezing? Cryobiology 2024; 115:104863. [PMID: 38395186 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2024.104863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The restoration of initial functionality of human spermatozoa subjected to cryopreservation is challenging, because the deleterious intracellular icing and the occurrence of osmotic shocks due to prolonged exposure to increased concentrations of intracellular solutes are oppositely dependent on the cooling rate. This longstanding problem could be overcome if using superhydrophobic soot coatings delaying the heat transfer rate, reducing the ice formation probability and triggering balanced and timely dehydration of the cells, but the effect of their surface profile and sperm volume on the success rate of slow freezing is unclear. Here, we show for the first time that the two-factor freezing injury is entirely avoidable by tailoring the solid-to-gas voids (pores) fraction in the soot, leading to increased nucleation free energy barrier, presumable incipiency of ice crystals with controllable shape and size and hence, fully (100 %) recovered post-thaw sperm motility. It is demonstrated that the reason for such a unique scientific result is the selection of soot coatings with appropriate morphochemical features, hypothetically (not directly proven yet) inducing equilibrium among the solution composition and ice crystals formation, retarding the undesirable compression of liquid-filled "slush ice" channels surrounding the cytoplasm and impeding the ice recrystallization. The novel insights introduced in this article open endless horizon for customizing and revolutionizing the technical protocols in cryobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karekin D Esmeryan
- Acoustoelectronics Laboratory, Georgi Nadjakov Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72, Tzarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., 1784, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Todor A Chaushev
- Specialized Surgical Hospital "Doctor Malinov", 46, Gotse Delchev Blvd., 1860, Sofia, Bulgaria
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3
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Wu J, Faccinetto A, Batut S, Cazaunau M, Pangui E, Nuns N, Hanoune B, Doussin JF, Desgroux P, Petitprez D. On the correlation between hygroscopic properties and chemical composition of cloud condensation nuclei obtained from the chemical aging of soot particles with O 3 and SO 2. Sci Total Environ 2024; 906:167745. [PMID: 37827306 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Soot particles released in the atmosphere have long been investigated for their ability to affect the radiative forcing. Although freshly emitted soot particles are generally considered to yield only positive contributions to the radiative forcing, atmospheric aging can activate them into efficient cloud condensation or ice nuclei, which can trigger the formation of persistent clouds and ultimately provide a negative contribution to the radiative forcing. Depending on their residence time in the atmosphere, soot particles can undergo several physical and chemical aging processes that affect their chemical composition, particle size distribution and morphology, and ultimately their optical and hygroscopic properties. The impact of the physical-chemical aging on the properties of soot particles is still difficult to quantify, as well as their effect on the radiative forcing of the atmosphere. This work investigates the hygroscopic properties of chemically aged soot particles obtained from the combustion of aviation fuel, and in particular the interplay between aging mechanisms initiated by two widespread atmospheric oxidizers (O3 and SO2). Activation is measured in water supersaturation conditions using a cloud condensation nuclei counter. Once particle morphology and size distribution are taken into account, the hygroscopicity parameter κ is derived using κ-Köhler theory and correlated to the change of the chemical composition of the particles aged in a simulation chamber. While fresh soot particles are poor cloud condensation nuclei (κ < 10-4) and are not significantly affected by either O3 or SO2 at the timescale of the experiments, rapid activation is observed when they are simultaneously exposed to both oxidizers. Activated particles become efficient cloud condensation nuclei, comparable to the highly hygroscopic particulate matter typically found in the atmosphere (κ = 0.2-0.6 at RH = 20 %). Statistical analysis reveals a correlation between the activation and sulfur-containing ions detected on the chemically aged particles that are absent from the fresh particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junteng Wu
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Alessandro Faccinetto
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Batut
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Mathieu Cazaunau
- Univ. Paris Est Créteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Edouard Pangui
- Univ. Paris Est Créteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Nicolas Nuns
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, FR 2638 - IMEC - Institut Michel-Eugène Chevreul, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Benjamin Hanoune
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean-François Doussin
- Univ. Paris Est Créteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Pascale Desgroux
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Denis Petitprez
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France.
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4
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Martinot PL, Guigue C, Chifflet S, Cuny P, Barani A, Didry M, Dignan C, Guyomarc'h L, Pradel N, Pringault O, Van Wambeke F, Vu CT, Mari X, Tedetti M. Assessing the bioavailability of black carbon-derived dissolved organic matter for marine heterotrophic prokaryotes. Sci Total Environ 2023; 901:165802. [PMID: 37524184 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Here we investigated the bioavailability of black carbon (BC)-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) for a natural mixed community of marine heterotrophic prokaryotes. We ran an in vitro biodegradation experiment that took place over 3 months and exposed a community of organisms collected in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (Bay of Marseille, France) to three different soluble fractions of BC prepared in the laboratory from various fossil fuel combustion particulates: standard diesel (DREF), oxidized diesel (DREF-OX), and natural samples of ship soot (DSHIP). Over the course of the three months, we observed significant decreases in the concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC; from 9 to 21 %), dissolved BC (DBC; from 22 to 38 %) and dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (d-PAH; from 24 to 64 %) along with variability in the growth dynamics and activity of the heterotrophic prokaryotic community. The heterotrophic prokaryotic community exposed to DREF-OX treatment showed the highest values of respiration and production and the highest cell abundance, associated with the highest decrease in DOC (21 %) and d-PAH (64 %) concentrations. In the DREF and DSHIP treatments, prokaryotic activity was oriented towards anabolism. DREF treatment led to the highest decrease in DBC concentration (38 %). DSHIP treatment, which presented a substantially different d-PAH and dissolved metals content to the other two treatments, showed the lowest decreases in DOC, DBC and d-PAH concentrations, as well as the lowest prokaryotic activity and biomasses. Our results indicate that BC-derived DOM, including the most condensed fraction of this material, is partly bioavailable and therefore likely to be assimilated by marine prokaryotes. The origin of BC/soot deposited at the ocean surface turns out to be a key parameter that dictates the efficiency of biodegradation of its dissolved fraction by heterotrophic prokaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline L Martinot
- Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France; Water - Environment - Oceanography (WEO) Department, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Catherine Guigue
- Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France; Water - Environment - Oceanography (WEO) Department, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Sandrine Chifflet
- Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Cuny
- Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - Aude Barani
- Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - Morgane Didry
- Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - Clara Dignan
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Toulon, France
| | - Léa Guyomarc'h
- Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Pradel
- Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Pringault
- Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - France Van Wambeke
- Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - Cam Tu Vu
- Water - Environment - Oceanography (WEO) Department, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Xavier Mari
- Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France; Water - Environment - Oceanography (WEO) Department, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Marc Tedetti
- Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France; Water - Environment - Oceanography (WEO) Department, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Viet Nam
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Kang KA, Marín-Spiotta E, Vaughan E, Ferring CR, Ponette-González AG. Soil Black Carbon Increases Under Urban Trees with Road Density and Time: Opportunity Hotspots for Carbon Storage in Urban Ecosystems. Environmental Management 2023:10.1007/s00267-023-01911-z. [PMID: 37993546 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-023-01911-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) can comprise a significant fraction of the soil carbon pool in cities. However, vegetation cover and human activity influence the spatial distribution of urban soil BC. We quantified soil total carbon (TC), soil organic carbon (SOC), BC, and total nitrogen (TN) in a medium-sized city in Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas. Soils were sampled to 20 cm depth from underneath 16 paired Quercus stellata (post oak) trees and open lawns. Effects of vegetation cover, road density, and building age (a proxy for time since development) on soil C and N were analyzed. Soil OC concentrations were higher under post oak trees (5.5%) compared to open lawns (3.6%) at 0-10 cm, but not at 10-20 cm depth. In contrast, soil BC and TN did not differ by vegetation cover. There were significant interaction effects between vegetation cover and road density and vegetation cover and building age on soil BC. At 0-10 cm, soil BC concentrations, stock, and BC/SOC ratios increased more with road density under trees than lawns, indicating enhanced atmospheric BC deposition to tree canopies. Black carbon in tree soils also increased with building age as compared to lawn soils, likely due to higher BC retention under trees, enhanced BC losses under lawns, or both. Our findings show that urban tree soils are localized opportunity hotspots for BC storage in areas with elevated emissions and longer time since development. Conserving and planting urban trees above permeable surfaces and soils could contribute to long-term carbon storage in urban ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherina A Kang
- Department of Geography and the Environment, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Erika Marín-Spiotta
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Elliot Vaughan
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Evironmental Science Program, Southwest Minnesota State University, 1501 State St., Marshall, MN, 56258, USA
| | - C Reid Ferring
- Department of Geography and the Environment, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Alexandra G Ponette-González
- Department of Geography and the Environment, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA.
- Department of City and Metropolitan Planning, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
- Natural History Museum of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA.
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Lara S, Villanueva F, Cabañas B, Sagrario S, Aranda I, Soriano JA, Martin P. Determination of policyclic aromatic compounds, (PAH, nitro-PAH and oxy-PAH) in soot collected from a diesel engine operating with different fuels. Sci Total Environ 2023; 900:165755. [PMID: 37499818 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
A qualitative and quantitative analysis of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oxygenated and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs and NPAHs)) present in the soluble organic fraction (SOF) of different soot samples has been carried out to determine the effect of soot-generation conditions on their composition and health effects. The soot samples were generated using a diesel engine bench powered by diesel (DS) and biodiesel (BS) fuels under different combustion conditions. To optimize the procedure, a surrogate soot (Printex-U) and a certified reference material (SRM1650b) were also tested. Different extraction methods were used to extract the PAHs, OPAHs and NPAHs, and the Soxhlet technique using pyridine:acetic acid 1 % was found to be the most suitable procedure to extract the highest concentration (ng mg-1) and more types of PAHs and OPAHs from the soot. The results show that the PACs identified, and their concentrations, depend on the formation and collection conditions. The predominant compounds in all soot samples studied were fluorene (Flo), phenanthrene (Phe), fluoranthene (Fla), pyrene (Pyr), 9-fluorenone (9Flo) and 9,10-anthraquinone (9,10Anq). As such, the presence of these PACs in the atmosphere of urban and rural areas can mainly be attributed to the emissions from diesel vehicles. The percentage of OPAHs with respect to total PACs was highest in the soot generated from a biofuel. These oxidized compounds favor regeneration of the diesel particulate filter (DPF). The results also indicate that the carcinogenicity of the soot depends on the combustion conditions and type of fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lara
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Instituto de Investigación en Combustión y Contaminación Atmosférica, Camino de Moledores s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - F Villanueva
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Instituto de Investigación en Combustión y Contaminación Atmosférica, Camino de Moledores s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla-La Mancha, Paseo de la Innovación 1, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - B Cabañas
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Instituto de Investigación en Combustión y Contaminación Atmosférica, Camino de Moledores s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - S Sagrario
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Instituto de Investigación en Combustión y Contaminación Atmosférica, Camino de Moledores s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - I Aranda
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Instituto de Investigación en Combustión y Contaminación Atmosférica, Camino de Moledores s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J A Soriano
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus de Excelencia Internacional en Energía y Medioambiente, Instituto de Investigación Aplicada a la Industria Aeronáutica INAIA, Escuela de Ingeniería Industrial y Aeroespacial de Toledo. Real Fábrica de Armas, Edif. Sabatini, Av. Carlos III s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - P Martin
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Instituto de Investigación en Combustión y Contaminación Atmosférica, Camino de Moledores s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Vaezzadeh V, Zhong G, Zhang G. Benzene polycarboxylic acids as molecular markers of black carbon: Progresses and challenges. Chemosphere 2023; 341:140112. [PMID: 37689153 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is generated as a result of the pyrolysis of biomass and fossil fuels. Different approaches have been taken to analyse BC in the environment, including thermal, optical and chemical methods. The chemical approach which uses benzene polycarboxylic acids (BPCAs) as molecular markers of BC has gained popularity within the scientific community recently. These pyrogenic molecular markers can be used to reconstruct ancient fire history and human presence. Here we review the development of the BPCA protocols for the analysis of BC and the previous studies that have used these methods. Additionally, this review explores the biogeochemical factors that influence the content and composition of BPCAs, which in turn affect the sources attributed to BC. These factors include the generation temperature of char, photodegradation, biodegradation and the interference of non-pyrogenic organic matter (OM) in BPCA-BC analysis. Different combustion temperatures can yield charred BC with varying degrees of aromatic condensation throughout the BC continuum, while aged soot-BC undergoes photochemical degradation, causing the loss of its original condensed aromatic structure. Photodegradation reduces the degree of BC condensation by preferentially breaking down the most condensed forms, whereas biodegradation primarily mineralizes the smaller and more biolabile BC. Non-pyrogenic sources, such as humic acids (HAs), have been found to contribute up to 25% of BPCA-BC in soil, and their presence can lead to overestimations of BC. Future research should focus on calibrating contemporary BPCA protocols using known reference materials and investigating the role of non-pyrogenic OM in BPCA-BC analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahab Vaezzadeh
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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Luo J, Zhang H, Liu Z, Zhang Z, Pan Y, Liang X, Wu S, Xu H, Xu S, Jiang C. A review of regeneration mechanism and methods for reducing soot emissions from diesel particulate filter in diesel engine. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:86556-86597. [PMID: 37421534 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28405-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
With the global emphasis on environmental protection and the proposal of the climate goal of "carbon neutrality," countries around the world are calling for reductions in carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and particulate matter pollution. These pollutants have severe impacts on human lives and should be effectively controlled. Engine exhaust is the most serious pollution source, and diesel engine is an important contributor to particulate matter. Diesel particulate filter (DPF) technology has proven to be an effective technology for soot control at the present and in the future. Firstly, the exacerbating effect of particulate matter on human infectious disease viruses is discussed. Then, the latest developments in the influence of key factors on DPF performance are reviewed at different observation scales (wall, channel, and entire filter). In addition, current soot catalytic oxidant schemes are presented in the review, and the significance of catalyst activity and soot oxidation kinetic models are highlighted. Finally, the areas that need further research are determined, which has important guiding significance for future research. Current catalytic technologies are focused on stable materials with high mobility of oxidizing substances and low cost. The challenge of DPF optimization design is to accurately calculate the balance between soot and ash load, DPF regeneration control strategy, and exhaust heat management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Luo
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, 545006, Liuzhou, China
| | - Haiguo Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, 545006, Liuzhou, China
| | - Zhonghang Liu
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, 545006, Liuzhou, China
| | - Zhiqing Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, 545006, Liuzhou, China.
| | - Yajuan Pan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Liuzhou Institute of Technology, Liuzhou, 545616, China
| | - Xiguang Liang
- Liuzhou Jindongfang Automotive Parts Co., Ltd., Liuzhou, 545036, China
| | - Shizhuo Wu
- Liuzhou Branch, Aisn AUTO R&D Co., Ltd., Liuzhou, 545616, China
| | - Hongxiang Xu
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, 545006, Liuzhou, China
| | - Song Xu
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, 545006, Liuzhou, China
| | - Chunmei Jiang
- Institute of the New Energy and Energy-Saving & Emission-Reduction, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545006, China
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9
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Vence J, Paz C, Suárez E, Cabarcos A, Conde-Fontenla M. Experimental evaluation of the effect of ozone treatment on the oxidation and removal of dry soot deposits of the exhaust gas recirculation system. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17861. [PMID: 37519737 PMCID: PMC10372213 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The integration of alternative energy sources as a replacement for fossil fuels across various industrial sectors, including power generation, emergency systems, or marine applications, is uncertain. As a result, the utilization of traditional fuels is not anticipated to be fully phased out in the near future. To address this, new technologies, such as those that employ oxidising atmospheres, have been explored as a means to enhance the pollution control capabilities of existing technologies, as the Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) system. In this regard, the present study has assessed the efficacy of ozone atmosphere exposure in mitigating the formation of undesired fouling deposits within the system, with the aim of facilitating more efficient operation of EGR devices and extending their service life. To this end, dry soot samples have been exposed to various ozone atmospheres at different temperatures and ozone concentrations through the utilization of an experimental test bench. The oxidation potential of these atmospheres has been evaluated through the analysis of the deposit mass loss. Likewise, confocal microscopy techniques have been employed to obtain the 3D topography of the fouling samples before and after the ozone treatment, allowing the assessment of the deposit thickness reduction, as well as the surface roughness variation. Additionally, thermogravimetric analysis has been conducted to examine the effects of the oxidation processes on fouling samples composition. The findings of this study have revealed that ozone atmospheres have been effective in reducing deposit mass at ozone treatment temperatures above 100 °C. The reduction in mass has reached 78.5% and 91.8% with treatment temperature of 140 °C with ozone concentrations of 30 gO3/m³ and 50 gO3/m³, respectively. It has also been established that treatment conditions with ozone concentrations of 30 gO3/m³ and 50 gO3/m³ are effective in reducing the thickness of deposits even at intermediate treatment temperatures, resulting in a thickness reduction of 78.6% and 81.1% at 80 °C, respectively. Additionally, it has been observed that the ozone exposure leads to the increase in the proportion of volatile material within the deposit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Vence
- CINTECX, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Concepción Paz
- CINTECX, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Eduardo Suárez
- CINTECX, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Adrián Cabarcos
- CINTECX, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Marcos Conde-Fontenla
- CINTECX, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
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Li Z, Ni H, Wang P, Liu Z, Ao C, Zhang L, Wang Y. Evolution hydrothermal aging mechanism for Ag/CeO 2 catalysts in regeneration of catalytic diesel particulate filter with DFT calculation. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27626-6. [PMID: 37231133 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27626-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In order to avoid the high cost of existing precious metal catalyst like Pt, Ag/CeO2 was the most promising catalysts for mobile source soot emission control technologies, but there was a clear trade-off between hydrothermal aging resistance and catalytic oxidation performance hindered the application of this catalyst. In order to reveal the hydrothermal aging mechanism of Ag/CeO2 catalysts, the TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) experiments were investigated to reveal the mechanism of Ag modification on catalytic activity of CeO2 catalyst between fresh and hydrothermal aging and were also characterized with the related characterization experiments to in-depth research the lattice morphology and valence changes. The degradation mechanism of Ag/CeO2 catalysts in vapor with high-temperature was also explained and demonstrated based on density functional and molecular thermodynamics theories. The experimental and simulation data showed that the catalytic activity of soot combustion within Ag/CeO2 decreased more significantly after hydrothermal aging than CeO2 due to the less agglomerated, which caused by the decreased in OII/OI and Ce3+/Ce4+ compared with CeO2. As shown in density function theory (DFT) calculation, the decreased surface energy and the increased oxygen vacancy formation energy of the low Mille index surface after Ag modification led to the instability structure and the high catalytic activity. Ag modification also increased the adsorption energy and Gibbs free energy of H2O on the low Miller index surface compared to CeO2, indicating that the desorption temperature of H2O molecules in (1 1 0) and (1 0 0) was higher than (1 1 1) in CeO2 and Ag/CeO2, which led to the migration of (1 1 1) crystal surfaces to (1 1 0) and (1 0 0) in the vapor environment. These conclusions can provide a valuable addition to the regenerative application of Ce-based catalysts in diesel exhaust aftertreatment system the aerial pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonglin Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, China
- School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Hong Ni
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Pan Wang
- School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Zhengtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Riskj Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Chengcheng Ao
- School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Lidong Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yunjing Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, China
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11
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Maricq MM. Engine, aftertreatment, fuel quality and non-tailpipe achievements to lower gasoline vehicle PM emissions: Literature review and future prospects. Sci Total Environ 2023; 866:161225. [PMID: 36596425 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Spark ignition gasoline vehicles comprise most light duty vehicles worldwide. These vehicles were not historically associated with PM emissions. This changed about 15 years ago when emissions regulations forced diesel engines to employ exhaust particulate filters and fuel economy requirements ushered in gasoline direct injection (GDI) technology. These shifts reversed the roles of gasoline and diesel vehicles, with GDI vehicles now regarded as the high PM emitters. Regulators worldwide responded with new or revised PM emissions standards. This review takes a comprehensive look at PM emissions from gasoline vehicles. It examines the technological advances that made it possible for GDI vehicles to meet even the most stringent tailpipe PM standards. These include fuel injection strategies and injector designs to limit fuel films in the engine cylinder that were pathways for soot formation and the development of gasoline particle filters to remove PM from engine exhaust. The review also examines non-exhaust PM emissions from brake, tire, and road wear, which have become the dominant sources of vehicle derived PM. Understanding the low levels of GDI tailpipe PM emissions that have been achieved and its contribution to total vehicle PM emissions is essential for the current debate about the future of internal combustion engines versus rapidly evolving battery electric vehicles. In this context, it does not make sense to consider BEVs as zero emitting vehicles. Rather, a more holistic framework is needed to compare the relative merits of various vehicle powertrains.
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12
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Zhang K, Xu Y, Li Y, Liu Y, Wang B, Wang H, Ma J, Cheng X. Effects of ammonia on morphological characteristics and nanostructure of soot in the combustion of diesel surrogate fuels. J Hazard Mater 2023; 445:130645. [PMID: 37056027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The morphological characteristics and nanostructure of soot particles in pure n-heptane (C7H16) and n-heptane/ammonia co-flow diffusion flames were analyzed and compared using thermophoretic sampling and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation combining with quantitative image information extraction methods. The results showed that the overall formation and evolution of soot particles in NH3-doped n-heptane flames along the flame centerline were similar with that without NH3-doping. However, compared to n-heptane flame, the peak average diameter of primary soot particles and the peak gyration radius of soot aggregates in NH3-doped flames were reduced by about 45% and 37%, respectively, which indicated that the growth of both primary soot particles via surface reaction/condensation and soot aggregates via coagulation were significantly decreased. Meanwhile, the fractal dimension of soot aggregates was lower with NH3 addition as the structure of soot aggregates was looser and tended to be more chain-like. After NH3 doping, the peak average fringe length inside soot particles was decreased by 13%, and the inter-fringe spacing and tortuosity of soot were increased by 8% and 3%, respectively. This represented a more disordered microcrystal structure and lower degree of graphitization of soot particles, meaningfully indicating a higher oxidation reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yishu Xu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Yu Li
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Bowen Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Huakun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jingjing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xiaobei Cheng
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
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Guerrero Peña GDJ, Reddy KSK, Varghese AM, Prabhu A, Dabbawala AA, Polychronopoulou K, Baker MA, Anjum D, Das G, Aubry C, Hassan Ali MI, Karanikolos GN, Raj A, Elkadi M. Carbon dioxide adsorbents from flame-made diesel soot nanoparticles. Sci Total Environ 2023; 859:160140. [PMID: 36379328 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the top contributor to global warming. On the other, soot particles formed during fuel combustion and released into the atmosphere are harmful and also contribute to global warming. It would therefore be highly advantageous to capture soot and make use of it as a feedstock to synthesize carbon-based materials for applications such as carbon dioxide adsorption. In this work, flame-made diesel soot nanoparticles were used to produce a variety of activated carbons by combined oxidative treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and potassium hydroxide (KOH), and their performance towards CO2 adsorption was evaluated. The effect of the chemical activation of soot with H2O2 for different reaction times and with KOH on the physicochemical properties of the activated carbons was investigated and compared to fresh soot. Interestingly, hollow aggregates of carbonaceous nanoparticles of a high interplanar distance, reduced polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) size, shorter PAH stacks, mesoporous structure, and a high content of oxygen functionalities along with other structural defects in PAHs were obtained in the synthesized activated carbons. Among the various analysis techniques employed, Raman spectroscopy indicated that the ID/IG ratio in soot decreased after simultaneous chemical treatment, though it did not indicate any enhancement in the graphitic character since the carbonyl and carboxylic containing PAHs and monovacancies (which cause defects in PAHs) also contribute to the increase in the intensity of the graphitic band. The activated carbons possessed promising CO2 adsorption capacities, adsorption kinetics and CO2/N2 selectivity. For example, one of the activated carbons, following H2O2 treatment for 9 h and a subsequent KOH activation, exhibited a CO2 adsorption capacity of 1.78 mmol/g at 1 bar and 25 °C, representing an increase of 161 % in capacity as compared to fresh soot. Hollow aggregates of carbonaceous nanoparticles consisting of shorter PAHs with a larger number of defects led to enhanced CO2 adsorption rate and CO2/N2 selectivity on activated carbons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K Suresh Kumar Reddy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Center for Catalysis and Separation (CeCaS), Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anish Mathai Varghese
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Center for Catalysis and Separation (CeCaS), Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Azhagapillai Prabhu
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aasif A Dabbawala
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kyriaki Polychronopoulou
- Center for Catalysis and Separation (CeCaS), Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mark A Baker
- The Surface Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 4DL, UK
| | - Dalaver Anjum
- Center for Catalysis and Separation (CeCaS), Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Physics, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gobind Das
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Cyril Aubry
- Electron Microscopy Core Labs, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed I Hassan Ali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Georgios N Karanikolos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Center for Catalysis and Separation (CeCaS), Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Research and Innovation Center on CO(2) and H(2) (RICH), Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Abhijeet Raj
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, Delhi, India
| | - Mirella Elkadi
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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14
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Van Hal M, Lenaerts S, Verbruggen SW. Photocatalytic soot degradation under UV and visible light. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:22262-22272. [PMID: 36282379 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23804-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter is one of the most persistent global air pollutants that is causing health problems, climate disturbance and building deterioration. A sustainable technique that is able to degrade soot using (sun)light is photocatalysis. Currently, research on photocatalytic soot oxidation focusses on large band gap TiO2-based photocatalysts and thus requires the use of UV light. It would prove useful if visible light, and thus a larger fraction of the (freely available) solar spectrum, could additionally be utilised to drive this process. In this work, a visible light-active photocatalyst, WO3, is benchmarked to TiO2 under both UV and visible light. At the same time, the versatility and drastic improvement of a recently introduced digital image-based soot degradation detection method are demonstrated. An additional step correcting for non-soot related catalyst colour changes is applied, resulting in accurate detection and quantification of soot degradation for all studied photocatalysts, even for materials such as WO3 that are inherently coloured. With this study, we aim to broaden the scope of photocatalytic soot oxidation technology to visible light-active photocatalyst. Along with this study, we provide a versatile soot degradation detection methodology based on digital image analysis that is made widely applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrthe Van Hal
- Sustainable Energy, Air & Water Technology (DuEL), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Silvia Lenaerts
- Sustainable Energy, Air & Water Technology (DuEL), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sammy W Verbruggen
- Sustainable Energy, Air & Water Technology (DuEL), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
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15
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Wang Y, Yang H, Liang X, Song H, Tao Z. Effect of lubricating base oil on the oxidation behavior of diesel exhaust soot. Sci Total Environ 2023; 858:160009. [PMID: 36368398 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the oxidation behaviors of soot particles from diesel engine when using neat diesel fuel (DF) and lubricating base oil-blended fuel (BBF) were investigated. The changes in the average particle size and nanostructure parameters during soot oxidation process were analyzed. Exhaust particulate matter (PM) samples were collected from a four-stroke, four-cylinder and turbo0charged diesel engine operated under 1200 rpm and 200 Nm. DF and BBF Soot samples with different oxidation weight losses of 20 %, 40 %, and 60 % were obtained by thermogravimetric isothermal oxidation experiments at 600 °C, and the particle size and nanostructure parameters (fringe length, La; fringe tortuosity, Tf) were characterized using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Results show that the DF soot particles exhibited an oxidation mode that was initially dominated by surface oxidation and gradually deviated to internal oxidation. Combustion of the base oil increased the soot internal oxidation tendency. HRTEM results showed that as the soot oxidation progressed, the primary particles showed a shell-core, onion-like and hollow structure gradually. The La of the primary particles gradually increased, and the Tf gradually decreased, indicating that the soot layer crystallites were rearranged during the oxidation process, which resulted in a disordered nanostructure that transitioned to a more graphitized nanostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Wang
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - He Yang
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xingyu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Haiqing Song
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhiping Tao
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, China
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16
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Azari F, Kennedy G, Zhang K, Bernstein E, Chang A, Nadeem B, Segil A, Desphande C, Delikatny J, Kucharczuk J, Singhal S. Effects of Light-absorbing Carbons in Intraoperative Molecular Imaging-Guided Lung Cancer Resections. Mol Imaging Biol 2023; 25:156-167. [PMID: 35290565 PMCID: PMC9474735 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01699-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the novel advancements to enhance the visual aspects of lung cancer identification is intraoperative molecular imaging (IMI), which can reliably detect tumors that would otherwise be missed by standard techniques such as tactile and visual feedback, particularly for sub-centimeter or ground-glass nodules. However, there remains a subset of patients who do not benefit from IMI due to excessive background fluorescence secondary to parenchymal light-absorbing carbon deposition. Our goal was to identify the effects of these carbonaceous materials on the quality of IMI-guided lung cancer resections. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Between July 2014 and May 2021, a total of 311 patients were included in the study. Patients underwent infusion of the study drug OTL38 or ICG up to 24 h prior to VATS for lung cancer. Several factors such as age, tumor subtype, PET SUV, smoking, demographics, chronic lung conditions, patient domicile, and anthracosis were analyzed with respect to lung fluorescence during IMI. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS Variables such as age, sex, and race had no statistical correlation to IMI success. However, smoking status and pack year had a statistically significant correlation with background parenchymal fluorescence and lung inflammation (p < 0.05). MFI of background (lung parenchyma) correlated with smoking history (p < 0.05) which led to decreased tumor-to-background ratio (TBR) measurements for all patients with proven malignancy (p < 0.05). Patients with chronic lung disease appear to have increased background parenchymal fluorescence regardless of smoking history (287 vs. 154, p < 0.01). City dwellers compared to other groups appear to be exposed to higher pollutant load and have higher rates of anthracosis, but living location's impact on fluorescence quantification appears to be not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Smokers with greater than 10 PPY and those with chronic lung disease appear to have decreased lesion-to-background discrimination, significant anthracosis, and reduced IMI efficacy secondary to light-absorbing carbon deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feredun Azari
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gregory Kennedy
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kevin Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Bernstein
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ashley Chang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bilal Nadeem
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alix Segil
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Charuhas Desphande
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James Delikatny
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Kucharczuk
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sunil Singhal
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Aminuddin M, Sargowo D, Sardjono TW, Widjiati W. Curcuma longa supplementation reduces MDA, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels in a rat model exposed to soot particulates. Open Vet J 2023; 13:11-19. [PMID: 36777433 PMCID: PMC9897504 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Particulate matter (PM) is one of the important components in air pollution that can cause endothelial vascular dysfunction through exacerbation of atherosclerosis and inflammation of the respiratory system. Increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in blood plasma can be an indicator of oxidative stress. Then, macrophages can secrete proinflammatory cytokines that will stimulate immune cells and vascular endothelial cells to release inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrotic factor-α (TNF-α). Curcuma longa works by scavenging the active free radicals involved in the peroxidation process. Aims This study aims to prove that the administration of C. longa can reduce MDA, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels in Rattus norvegicus exposed to soot particulates. Methods The subjects of this study were 30 male rats which were divided into 5 treatment groups with the following: (C0): negative control; (C+): positive control; (T1): Treatment group 2, rats exposed to particulate soot at a concentration of 1,064 mg/m3 for 8 hours and given C. longa at a dose of 1 mg/kg bw; (T2): Treatment group 3 was rats exposed to soot particulates at a concentration of 1,064 mg/m3 for 8 hours and given C. longa at a dose of 2 mg/kg bw; (T3): Treatment group 4 was rats exposed to soot particulates at a concentration of 1,064 mg/m3 for 8 hours and given C. longa at a dose of 3 mg/kg bw.Giving the C. longa extract orally with a probe every day for 30 days after treatment of exposure to soot. Examination of MDA, TNF-, and IL-6 levels with the ELISA method. Results The administration of C. longa can reduce MDA while the lowest MDA levels were obtained in the T3 treatment with an average of 1.542 ± 0.231. The results of the description of the lowest levels of TNF-α were obtained in the C-treatment with an average of 55.981 ± 4.689. Then, the lowest levels of IL-6 were obtained in the C-treatment with an average of 2.292 ± 0.461. Conclusion The results stated that the administration of C. longa could reduce MDA levels, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels. Curcuma longa as an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant play an effective role in inhibiting inflammation by decreasing IL-6 cytokine and TNF-α. Curcuma longa can inhibit lipid peroxidation initiated by free radicals and then reduce MDA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aminuddin
- Postgraduate Program Students, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Djanggan Sargowo
- Department of Internal Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Teguh Wahju Sardjono
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Widjiati Widjiati
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia,Corresponding Author: Widjiati Widjiati. Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
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18
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Chapple R, Chivas-Joly C, Roux JC, Dumazert L, Ferry L, Lopez-Cuesta JM, Erskine EL, Kandola BK. Characterization of aerosolized particles in effluents from carbon fibre composites incorporating nanomaterials during simultaneous fire and impact. NanoImpact 2023; 29:100446. [PMID: 36503111 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the aerosols emitted from carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy composites (CFC) incorporating nanomaterials (nanoclays and nanotubes), subjected to simultaneous fire and impact, representing an aeroplane or automotive crash. Simultaneous fire and impact tests were performed using a previously described bespoke testing methodology with the capability to collect particles released from the front/back faces of the impacted composites plus the effluents. In this work the methodology has been further developed by connecting the Dekati Low Pressure Impactor (DLPI) and Mini Particle Sampler (MPS) sampling system in the extraction chimney. The aerosols emitted have been characterized using various devices devoted to the analysis of aerosols. The influence of the nanoadditives in the matrix on the number concentration and the size distribution of airborne particles produced, was studied with a cascade impactor in the 5 nm-10 μm range. The morphology of the separated soot fractions was examined by SEM. The measurement of aerodynamic size of particles that can deposit in human respiratory tract indicate that 75% of the soot and particles released from CFC could deposit in the lungs reaching the bronchi region at a minimum. There was however, a minimal difference between the number particle concentrations or particle-size mass distribution of particles from CFC and CFC containing nanoadditives. Moreover, no fibres were found in the effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chapple
- IMRI, University of Bolton, Deane Road, Bolton BL3 5AB, UK
| | - C Chivas-Joly
- LNE, CARMEN Platform, DMSI, 29 Avenue Roger Hennequin, 78197 Trappes, France
| | - J-C Roux
- PCH, IMT Mines Ales, 6 Avenue de Clavières 30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - L Dumazert
- PCH, IMT Mines Ales, 6 Avenue de Clavières 30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - L Ferry
- PCH, IMT Mines Ales, 6 Avenue de Clavières 30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - J-M Lopez-Cuesta
- PCH, IMT Mines Ales, 6 Avenue de Clavières 30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | | | - B K Kandola
- IMRI, University of Bolton, Deane Road, Bolton BL3 5AB, UK.
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19
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Zhang B, Aravind I, Yang S, Weng S, Zhao B, Schroeder C, Schroeder W, Thomas M, Umstattd R, Singleton D, Sanders J, Jung H, Cronin SB. Plasma-enhanced electrostatic precipitation of diesel exhaust particulates using nanosecond high voltage pulse discharge for mobile source emission control. Sci Total Environ 2022; 851:158181. [PMID: 35988598 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study reports enhancement in the electrostatic precipitation (ESP) of diesel engine exhaust particulates using high voltage nanosecond pulse discharge in conjunction with a negative direct current (DC) bias voltage. The high voltage (20 kV) nanosecond pulses produce ion densities that are several orders of magnitude higher than those in the corona produced by a standard DC-only ESP. This plasma-enhanced electrostatic precipitator (PE-ESP) demonstrated 95 % remediation of PM and consumes less than 1 % of the engine power (i.e., 37 kW diesel engine at 75 % load). While the DC-only ESP remediation increases linearly with applied voltage, the plasma-enhanced ESP remains approximately constant over the applied range of negative DC biases. Numerical simulations of the PE-ESP process agree with the DC-only experimental results and enable us to verify the charge-based mechanism of enhancement provided by the nanosecond high voltage pulse plasma. Two different reactor configurations with different flow rates yielded the same remediation values despite one having half the flow rate of the other. This indicates that the reactor can be made even smaller without sacrificing performance. Here, this study finds that the plasma enhancement enables high remediation values at low DC voltages and smaller ESP reactors to be made with high remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxin Zhang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Indu Aravind
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Sisi Yang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Sizhe Weng
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Bofan Zhao
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Christi Schroeder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - William Schroeder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Mark Thomas
- Transient Plasma Systems, Inc., Torrance, CA 90501, USA
| | - Ryan Umstattd
- Transient Plasma Systems, Inc., Torrance, CA 90501, USA
| | - Dan Singleton
- Transient Plasma Systems, Inc., Torrance, CA 90501, USA
| | - Jason Sanders
- Transient Plasma Systems, Inc., Torrance, CA 90501, USA
| | - Heejung Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; College of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - Stephen B Cronin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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20
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Cao Z, Wu H, Zhao R, Wang H, Shi Z, Zhang G, Li X. Numerical study on the wall-impinging diesel spray soot generation and oxidation in the cylinder under cold-start conditions of a diesel engine. Chemosphere 2022; 309:136619. [PMID: 36181842 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The combustion of wall-impinging diesel spray of heavy-duty diesel engines deteriorates combustion quality under cold-start conditions, making it difficult to control soot emissions. To investigate the causes of soot increase in the combustion of wall-impinging spray at low temperature and low speed starting conditions, the effect of the starting fuel mass on the soot formation and oxidation process was analyzed using a multidimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. The results show that the diesel spray is guided by the piston wall and the limited space, the spray impinged on the wall and the vapor-phase fuel flowed in the spray interaction zone. Thus, the soot mainly accumulates in the spray interaction zone, the region near the cylinder head and the bowl wall in the combustion chamber bowl. The soot from the vapor of deposited fuel film in the piston bowl wall and near wall region accumulates continuously in the after combustion stage, becoming the main source of soot emissions at the time of exhaust valve opening (EVO). Increasing the mass of starting fuel raises the mass of the rich mixture and wall-impinging fuel, which enhances the mismatch between fuel and air, resulting in higher soot generation, while soot is more difficult to be completely oxidized by OH radicals, and ultimately soot emissions increase significantly. It can be deduced that the engine-optimized injection strategy may mitigate the increase in soot emissions at high start-up fuel injection conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Cao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Han Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Ruina Zhao
- Beijing North Vehicle Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100072, China
| | - Haohan Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhicheng Shi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Guixian Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiangrong Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
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21
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Qin Z, Zhang Q, Luo J, Zhang Y. Optical properties of soot aggregates with different monomer shapes. Environ Res 2022; 214:113895. [PMID: 35863444 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The monomer of soot fractal aggregate is usually considered to be sphere, but the monomer shapes are cube and hexagon by some transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation. In this paper, the fractal soot models of different monomer shapes (sphere, cube, ellipsoid, hexagonal prism) were established. And the optical properties of models are calculated by discrete dipole approximation (DDA). After systematically comparing the Muller matrix and optical cross section properties between the models, we find that monomer deviation from sphericity does not necessarily lead to further decline of F22(π)/F11(π) even at shorter wavelengths. In other words, the non-sphericity of monomers does not necessarily affect the non-sphericity of whole soot particle. This can provide some implication for lidar remote sensing observation. However, other light scattering matrix elements can keep good consistency. The maximum deviation of extinction cross section of hexagonal prism model is 11.2%. The more the monomer shape deviates from the sphere, the more the optical integral properties of the non-spherical monomer model deviates from the optical integral properties of sphere monomer model. Hence, the difference in optical properties caused by different monomer shapes cannot be neglected when the monomer deviates significantly from a spherical shape. This work is helpful to evaluate the optical properties of soot aggregates more precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhai Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Qixing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
| | - Jie Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China; State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Satellite Remote Sensing, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yongming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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22
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Holzinger A, Mair MM, Lücker D, Seidenath D, Opel T, Langhof N, Otti O, Feldhaar H. Comparison of fitness effects in the earthworm Eisenia fetida after exposure to single or multiple anthropogenic pollutants. Sci Total Environ 2022; 838:156387. [PMID: 35660620 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial ecosystems are exposed to many anthropogenic pollutants. Non-target effects of pesticides and fertilizers have put agricultural intensification in the focus as a driver for biodiversity loss. However, other pollutants, such as heavy metals, particulate matter, or microplastic also enter the environment, e.g. via traffic and industrial activities in urban areas. As soil acts as a potential sink for such pollutants, soil invertebrates like earthworms may be particularly affected by them. Under natural conditions soil invertebrates will likely be exposed to combinations of pollutants simultaneously, which may result in stronger negative effects if pollutants act synergistically. Within this work we study how multiple pollutants affect the soil-dwelling, substrate feeding earthworm Eisenia fetida. We compared the effects of the single stressors, polystyrene microplastic fragments, polystyrene fibers, brake dust and carbon black, with the combined effect of these pollutants when applied as a mixture. Endpoints measured were survival, increase in body weight, reproductive fitness, and changes in three oxidative stress markers (glutathione S-transferase, catalase and malondialdehyde). We found that among single pollutant treatments, brake dust imposed the strongest negative effects on earthworms in all measured endpoints including increased mortality rates. Sub-lethal effects were found for all pollutants. Exposing earthworms to all four pollutants simultaneously led to effects on mortality and oxidative stress markers that were smaller than expected by the respective null models. These antagonistic effects are likely a result of the adsorption of toxic substances found in brake dust to the other pollutants. With this study we show that effects of combinations of pollutants cannot necessarily be predicted from their individual effects and that combined effects will likely depend on identity and concentration of the pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Holzinger
- Animal Population Ecology, Animal Ecology I, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Magdalena M Mair
- Statistical Ecotoxicology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Darleen Lücker
- Animal Population Ecology, Animal Ecology I, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Dimitri Seidenath
- Animal Population Ecology, Animal Ecology I, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thorsten Opel
- Department of Ceramic Materials Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Nico Langhof
- Department of Ceramic Materials Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Oliver Otti
- Animal Population Ecology, Animal Ecology I, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Heike Feldhaar
- Animal Population Ecology, Animal Ecology I, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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23
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Ali B, Sajjad W, Ilahi N, Bahadur A, Kang S. Soot biodegradation by psychrotolerant bacterial consortia. Biodegradation 2022; 33:407-418. [PMID: 35666328 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-022-09990-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
To probe the bioavailability of soot released into the atmosphere is pivotal to understanding their environmental impacts. Soot aerosol absorbs organic matter, creating a hot spot for biogeochemical transformation and the global carbon cycle. Soot primarily contains condensed aromatics chemically recalcitrant; however, oligotrophic microorganisms might use it as a nutritional source. This study investigated the influence of psychrotolerant bacterial consortia on soot. Significant increase in the bacterial biomass, reduction in water-insoluble organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in soot residues and increase in water-soluble OC in the filtrate signifies the use of soot as a carbon and nutritional source. The influence on morphology and composition of soot was reported using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Energy Dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX). The FTIR analysis showed significant variations in the pattern of soot spectra, suggesting degradation. Elemental analysis and EDX showed a reduction in carbon percentage. Besides, the reduction of optical density with incubation time signifies the OC and EC consumption. This study shows that soot can be a substrate and pivotal factor in the microbial food web. Nowadays, soot emission to the environment is growing; therefore, soot involvement in microbe-mediated processes should be closely focused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkat Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donggang West Rd. 320, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
| | - Wasim Sajjad
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donggang West Rd. 320, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Nikhat Ilahi
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ali Bahadur
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donggang West Rd. 320, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donggang West Rd. 320, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China.
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24
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Wang W, Zhao S, Tang X, Chen C, Yi H. Stainless steel catalyst for air pollution control: structure, properties, and activity. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:55367-55399. [PMID: 35672638 PMCID: PMC9173842 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21079-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the awakening of environmental awareness, the importance of air quality to human health and the proper functioning of social mechanisms is becoming increasingly prominent. The low cost and high efficiency of catalytic technique makes it a natural choice for achieving deep air purification. Stainless steel alloys have demonstrated their full potential for application in a variety of catalytic fields. The diversity of 3D networks or fibrous structures increases the turbulence within the heterogeneous catalysis, balance the temperature distribution in the reaction bed and, in combination with a highly thermally conductive skeleton, avoid agglomeration and deactivation of the active components; corrosion resistance and thermal stability are adapted to highly endothermic/exothermic or corrosive reaction environments; oxide layers formed by bulk transition metals activated by thermal treatment or etching can significantly alter the physico-chemical properties between the substrate and active species, further improving the stability of stainless steel catalysts; suitable electronic conductivity can be applied to the electrothermal catalysis, which is expected to provide guidance for the reduction of intermittent emission exhausts and the storage of renewable energy. The current applications of stainless steel as catalyst or support in the air purification have covered soot particle capture and combustion, catalytic oxidation of VOCs, SCR, and air sterilization. This paper summarizes several preparation methods and presents the relationships between the preparation process and the activity, and reviews its application and the current status of research in atmospheric environmental management, proposing the advantages and challenges of the stainless steel-based catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiao Wang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shunzheng Zhao
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-Oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaolong Tang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-Oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chaoqi Chen
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Honghong Yi
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-Oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, Beijing, 100083, China.
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25
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Yin F, Song Z, He Z, Qin B, John GF, Zhang L, Su P, Zhang W, Yang T. Chemical fingerprinting and characterization of spilled oils and burnt soot particles - A case study on the Sanchi oil tanker collision in the East China Sea. Sci Total Environ 2022; 824:153896. [PMID: 35182621 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The condensate spill accident from the Sanchi oil tanker collision in the East China Sea is unique in world history. To date, the spilled and burnt amounts of condensate remain unknown. The present study demonstrates the chemical fingerprints of a surrogate condensate (SC) from the same source, and of the carried heavy fuel oil (HFO) of the Sanchi accident. The evaporative features of the condensate are demonstrated by allowing the SC to naturally volatilize in a dark fume hood. In addition, the combustion emission of the SC is characterized by conducting a laboratory-scale combustion experiment. The evaporation experiment suggests that the volatilization process plays a significant role in the weathering of the condensate. The results show that the SC and HFO can be clearly distinguished based on their chemical fingerprints of C27-C35 hopanes and C9-C36 n-alkanes, along with priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their alkylated derivatives. The compositional data reveal that the lighter component is predominant in the SC, thereby supporting its high volatility and flammability. The greater amounts of heavier components in the HFO indicate its long-term degradation and potential ecological risks to the environment. Further, the trisnorhopane thermal indicator (Ts/Tm) and C29/C30 ratio of hopanes are validated for identification of the SC and the HFO. More importantly, the changes in the hopane ratios of the soot particles are analyzed for the first time in this study, and the results demonstrate the validity of using hopane ratios to fingerprint the condensate soot particles. The diagnostic ratios of 2-MP/1-MP, 9/4-MP/1-MP, and InP/(InP+BghiP) also show decent performance on source identification after the condensate evaporation and combustion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yin
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Zhibo Song
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Zhiwei He
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Boyu Qin
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Gerald F John
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Penghao Su
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Wenshu Zhang
- Nantong Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Nantong 226002, PR China
| | - Tao Yang
- East China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Shanghai 201206, PR China.
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26
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Lee Y, Lee Y, Moon S, Lee S, Roh Y, Min K. Development of semi-empirical soot emission model for a CI engine. Sci Total Environ 2022; 820:153327. [PMID: 35066050 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soot is one of the main harmful emissions of diesel engines that is mainly generated in the reacting fuel jet of diesel injection. Over 99% of the engine-out soot can be filtered by a diesel particulate filter (DPF). However, when the soot load of the DPF is high, a regeneration process that oxidizes the accumulated soot reduces fuel economy. A real-time soot estimation model can contribute to real-time feedback soot control under transient conditions to minimize the engine-out soot emission and frequency of DPF regeneration. A zero-dimensional engine-out soot estimation model for a diesel engine is developed in this study. The semi-empirical soot model considers both the formation and oxidation of soot. In the model, soot formation was correlated with the cross-sectional average equivalence ratio at the lift-off length of the fuel spray. The equivalence ratio at the lift-off length is an indicator of how much air and vaporized fuel are mixed as the fuel reaches the reaction zone. The mass of the injected fuel and combustion duration were also correlated with soot formation. The Nagle and Strickland-Constable mechanism, which calculates the soot oxidation rate was correlated with the soot oxidation in this study. The results of the soot estimation showed an R2 of 0.901 and root mean square error of 10.8 mg/m3 for steady-state experimental cases. The engine-out soot model was also combined with the in-cylinder pressure model proposed by the authors, and validated through the transient Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) mode. The estimates agreed with the measured soot, with an accumulated soot error of approximately 6% during the WLTC, even without using an in-cylinder pressure sensor. The soot model developed in this study can help minimize tailpipe-out soot emissions and improve fuel economy by influencing the real-time feedback control during transient and frequent DPF regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngbok Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjoo Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Moon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungha Lee
- Hyundai Motor Group, 150 HyundaiYeonguso-ro, Namyang-eup, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18280, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjun Roh
- Hyundai Motor Group, 150 HyundaiYeonguso-ro, Namyang-eup, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18280, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungdoug Min
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Faksness LG, Leirvik F, Taban IC, Engen F, Jensen HV, Holbu JW, Dolva H, Bråtveit M. Offshore field experiments with in-situ burning of oil: Emissions and burn efficiency. Environ Res 2022; 205:112419. [PMID: 34822858 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In situ burning (ISB) is an oil spill response technique including ignition and burning to remove oil on the water surface. The technique rapidly and effectively removes large portions of the oil. However, the combustion process causes a large smoke plume and leaves a viscous residue in the water. During six large-scale experimental burns in the North Sea in 2018 and 2019, the smoke plume, released oil and contained residues were analysed. The objectives were to document the content of particles and gases in the smoke plume, properties of both the released oils and residues, and the effectiveness of the burns. Oseberg crude oil, Ultra Low Sulphur Fuel Oil (ULSFO), Intermediate Fuel Oil (IFO180) and Marine Gas Oil (MGO) were released into a fire-boom and ignited. Particles and gases in the smoke plume were monitored using drones with several sensors. Soot particle monitoring indicated that more than 90% of the particles produced during the burns were <1 μm. Soot fallout was mainly limited to visible smoke, and the particle concentration was highest directly under the smoke plume and declined with distance from the burn. Gas monitoring in the smoke indicated low concentrations of SO2 and NOX (<2 ppm), and the concentrations of CO2 and CO were within air quality standards. Black Carbon produced relative to the amount of oil burned was 10-18%. The burn efficiency varied and were estimated to 80-91% for Oseberg, >90% for MGO, and <60% for both ULSFO and IFO180. The present paper addresses the results of the smoke plume monitoring, properties of the ISB residues and the burn efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ingrid C Taban
- Norwegian Clean Seas Association for Operating Companies, NO-4068, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Frode Engen
- Norwegian Clean Seas Association for Operating Companies, NO-4068, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Hans V Jensen
- Norwegian Clean Seas Association for Operating Companies, NO-4068, Stavanger, Norway
| | | | - Hilde Dolva
- Norwegian Coastal Administration, NO-3187, Horten, Norway
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Al Sheikh Omar A, Salehi FM, Farooq U, Neville A, Morina A. Effect of Zinc Dialkyl Dithiophosphate Replenishment on Tribological Performance of Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Oil. Tribol Lett 2022; 70:24. [PMID: 35210723 PMCID: PMC8827380 DOI: 10.1007/s11249-022-01565-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soot is the main contamination that affects oil performance and increases the frequency of oil changes in heavy-duty engine oil. Several studies discussed that additive concentration in engine oil can be influenced due to additive depletion over time and additive adsorption on soot particles. To extend oil drain intervals and improve oil performance, filter manufactures explore removing the soot to a certain level and replenishing the consumed additives. Zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) is one of the most favored antiwear additives that react very rapidly with rubbing surfaces to form tribofilm that reduces wear. In this study, the experimental work aims to investigate the effect of ZDDP replenishment on tribological performance in the existence of soot and after removing soot from heavy-duty used oil. The study reveals that reclaiming the used oil can be achieved by removing the soot to a certain level. The results demonstrate that the reclaimed oil after removing soot is still not as good as the fresh oil. This study proves that additive depletion, additive adsorption on soot, and the decomposition of antiwear additive adversely influence the reclaimed oil performance. However, replenishing the consumed additive by adding a small amount of ZDDP helps to improve the reclaimed oil performance compared to a large amount of ZDDP which is required to re-gain the oil performance in the existence of soot.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Al Sheikh Omar
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Functional Surfaces, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - F. Motamen Salehi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Functional Surfaces, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - U. Farooq
- Racor Filter Division Europe, Parker Hannifin Manufacturing Ltd, Dewsbury, UK
| | - A. Neville
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Functional Surfaces, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - A. Morina
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Functional Surfaces, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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29
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Crispo M, Cameron DD, Meredith W, Eveleigh A, Ladommatos N, Mašek O, Edmondson JL. Opening the black box: Soil microcosm experiments reveal soot black carbon short-term oxidation and influence on soil organic carbon mineralisation. Sci Total Environ 2021; 801:149659. [PMID: 34416602 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soils hold three quarters of the total organic carbon (OC) stock in terrestrial ecosystems and yet we fundamentally lack detailed mechanistic understanding of the turnover of major soil OC pools. Black carbon (BC), the product of the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass, is ubiquitous in soils globally. Although BC is a major soil carbon pool, its effects on the global carbon cycle have not yet been resolved. Soil BC represents a large stable carbon pool turning over on geological timescales, but research suggests it can alter soil biogeochemical cycling including that of soil OC. Here, we established two soil microcosm experiments: experiment one added 13C OC to soil with and without added BC (soot or biochar) to investigate whether it suppresses OC mineralisation; experiment two added 13C BC (soot) to soil to establish whether it is mineralised in soil over a short timescale. Gases were sampled over six-months and analysed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry. In experiment one we found that the efflux of 13C OC from soil decreased over time, but the addition of soot to soil significantly reduced the mineralisation of OC from 32% of the total supplied without soot to 14% of the total supplied with soot. In contrast, there was not a significant difference after the addition of biochar in the flux of 13C from the OC added to the soil. In experiment two, we found that the efflux 13C from soil with added 13C soot significantly differed from the control, but this efflux declined over time. There was a cumulative loss of 0.17% 13C from soot over the experiment. These experimental results represent a step-change in understanding the influence of BC continuum on carbon dynamics, which has major consequences for the way we monitor and manage soils for carbon sequestration in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Crispo
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Duncan D Cameron
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Will Meredith
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Aaron Eveleigh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Nicos Ladommatos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Ondřej Mašek
- UK Biochar Research Centre, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Jill L Edmondson
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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Feng N, Yang W, Zhao X, Chen M, Qiu Y, Zheng M. Semi-enclosed bays serve as hotspots for black carbon burial: A case study in Jiaozhou Bay, western Yellow Sea. Sci Total Environ 2021; 797:149100. [PMID: 34303985 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The provenance of black carbon (BC) and its role in affecting contaminant cycling in both the atmosphere and aquatic environments have been extensively studied. However, the fate and cycling dynamics of BC, particularly in marine environments, are poorly understood. Herein, soot BC was determined in the semi-enclosed Jiaozhou Bay to examine the seasonal variability, residence timescale in seawater, and settling flux to sediments, together with particle-reactive 234Th. Soot BC ranged from 0.39 to 4.26 μmol-C L-1. On average, spring produced the highest value of 1.88 ± 0.31 μmol-C L-1, followed by winter (1.59 ± 0.18 μmol-C L-1), summer (0.94 ± 0.09 μmol-C L-1), and autumn (0.90 ± 0.09 μmol-C L-1). The seasonality of soot BC was similar to the activity concentration of particulate 234Th (i.e., 234ThP). The close relationships between soot BC and 234ThP (p < 0.01) provide the basis for the application of 234Th to trace the fate of soot BC. Based on the 234Th deficit with respect to 238U, the residence times of soot BC were estimated to be 41 ± 6 d and 36 ± 5 d for May-August and August-November, respectively. The shorter residence times of soot BC than that of seawater indicated that soot BC delivered to Jiaozhou Bay settled in the local sediments. Furthermore, soot BC concentrations were higher in the inflow seawater from the Yellow Sea than the outflow water from Jiaozhou Bay, implying a net input of soot BC from the Yellow Sea to Jiaozhou Bay. The soot BC fluxes were 0.266 ± 0.035 mmol-C m-2 d-1 and 0.0472 ± 0.0065 mmol-C m-2 d-1 for May-August and August-November, respectively. From the bay-scale perspective, Jiaozhou Bay had buried 0.101 ± 0.010 Gg of soot BC each year. These results indicate that the semi-enclosed Jiaozhou Bay acts as an effective trap for soot BC and particle-reactive contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Feng
- Stake Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Weifeng Yang
- Stake Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Xiufeng Zhao
- Stake Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Min Chen
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yusheng Qiu
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Minfang Zheng
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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Sonwani S, Saxena P. Water-insoluble carbonaceous components in rainwater over an urban background location in Northern India during pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:53058-53073. [PMID: 34021892 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14132-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The carbonaceous content of rainwater was investigated in samples collected at an urban background site in northern India. Sampling was performed on an event basis during two seasons: pre-monsoon (PM) and monsoon (MN) season covering May-June and July-August, respectively, in 2016. The concentrations of different fractions of water-insoluble organic carbon (WIOC) and elemental carbon (EC) were precisely determined, and the sources of WIOC and EC were also analysed. The result revealed that the average WIOC and EC concentration in rainwater ranged from 0.4 to 52 mgC/L and from 0.1 to 15.3 mgC/L, respectively. The concentrations of WIOC and EC were found to be ~ 9 times and ~ 12 times higher, respectively, in the PM season than MN season. The WIOC/EC ratio indicated higher variation in PM season as compared to that of the MN season, suggesting divergent emission sources during the PM season. The formation of water-insoluble secondary organic carbon (WISOC) has also been identified as one of the causes for the extensive difference in the WIOC/EC ratio in different seasons. Results showed that the WIOC and its fractions were efficiently scavenged through rain. While EC and its fractions were less significantly scavenged, due to its hydrophobicity and fine size. The atmospheric scavenging coefficients of selected carbonaceous components were found significantly correlated with rain intensity (RI) during both the seasons. Higher rain intensity caused greater rates of carbonaceous component wash-out and decreasing concentrations of carbonaceous components in the rain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Sonwani
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
- Department of Environmental Studies, Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110002, India.
| | - Pallavi Saxena
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Hindu College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
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Pędziwiatr A, Potysz A, Uzarowicz Ł. Combustion wastes from thermal power stations and household stoves: A comparison of properties, mineralogical and chemical composition, and element mobilization by water and fertilizers. Waste Manag 2021; 131:136-146. [PMID: 34120079 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wood and coal combustion generate wastes, which may negatively influence the environment. However, studies concerning coal combustion products serving as soil additives are currently in progress. Hence, this study was conducted to compare properties (mineralogy, metallic element content, and rare earth element content) of combustion wastes of different genesis (ash and soot after wood and coal combustion in households, ash from thermal power stations) and to assess possible risk posed to the soil environment when used as soil additive. This study demonstrated the diversity of chemical and mineralogical features of ashes of household genesis originating from thermal power stations. Ash from household stoves showed a higher concentration of metallic elements (i.e., Zn) compared to those originating from thermal power stations. Antimony (Sb) content in household ash can serve as an indicator of plastic (polyethylene) combustion, which is legally prohibited. Leaching tests using water and common mineral fertilizers showed that ammonium sulfate mobilizes metallic elements (Cu, Zn, Pb) more significantly than potassium nitrate or deionized water. The leaching of metallic elements from household stove's ash certainly excludes the possibility of applying the ash as a soil additive even when the ash contains a source of beneficial elements for plants (i.e., Ca).
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Pędziwiatr
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Institute of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, Nowoursynowska St. 159 Building no 37, 02-776 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Anna Potysz
- University of Wrocław, Institute of Geological Sciences, Cybulskiego St. 30, 50-205 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Łukasz Uzarowicz
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Institute of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, Nowoursynowska St. 159 Building no 37, 02-776 Warszawa, Poland
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33
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Chinnamuthu N, Ganapathy SC, Malaiperumal V, Varuvel EG, Raman V, Boologarajan P, Kannan A. Computational analysis of turbulence enhancement in a compression ignition engine with modified inlet design. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:33866-33879. [PMID: 32754883 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10157-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to enhance the turbulence of direct injection (DI) diesel engine by modifying the inlet manifold design with an inclined nozzle-like provision angles of 30°, 60°, and 90° along with its regular intake system. Numerical analysis was carried out using the computational fluid dynamics package (STAR-CD libraries of es-ice) to study the flow field and combustion characteristic with the modified intake manifold geometries. The computational investigation was carried out for both single and double pass conditions at 1500 rpm under high-load operating condition (5.2 kW). The computational results showed that the velocity magnitude of modified single pass intake manifold increases by about 10% that results in higher turbulence even near the point of fuel injection. Through the modification in the inlet manifold, the combustion parameters such as in-cylinder pressure and in-cylinder temperature are increased as compared to the standard manifold for the same quantity of fuel injected per cycle. In summary, the 60° modified manifold with a single pass shows better combustion and emission characteristics compared to that of regular inflow manifolds due to the improvement in turbulence levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandakumar Chinnamuthu
- Department of Production Technology, Madras Institute of Technology, Anna University, MIT campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | | | - Edwin Geo Varuvel
- Green Vehicle Technology Research Centre, Department of Automobile Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, 603203, India.
| | - Vallinayagam Raman
- Clean Combustion Research Centre, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ashok Kannan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pondicherry Engineering College, Puducherry, India
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34
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Chen H, Duan F, Du J, Yin R, Zhu L, Dong J, He K, Sun Z, Wang S. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering for mixing state characterization of individual fine particles during a haze episode in Beijing, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 104:216-224. [PMID: 33985724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The nondestructive characterization of the mixing state of individual fine particles using the traditional single particle analysis technique remains a challenge. In this study, fine particles were collected during haze events under different pollution levels from September 5 to 11 2017 in Beijing, China. A nondestructive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique was employed to investigate the morphology, chemical composition, and mixing state of the multiple components in the individual fine particles. Optical image and SERS spectral analysis results show that soot existing in the form of opaque material was predominant during clear periods (PM2.5 ≤ 75 µg/m3). During polluted periods (PM2.5 > 75 µg/m3), opaque particles mixed with transparent particles (nitrates and sulfates) were generally observed. Direct classical least squares analysis further identified the relative abundances of the three major components of the single particles: soot (69.18%), nitrates (28.71%), and sulfates (2.11%). A negative correlation was observed between the abundance of soot and the mass concentration of PM2.5. Furthermore, mapping analysis revealed that on hazy days, PM2.5 existed as a core-shell structure with soot surrounded by nitrates and sulfates. This mixing state analysis method for individual PM2.5 particles provides information regarding chemical composition and haze formation mechanisms, and has the potential to facilitate the formulation of haze prevention and control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Fengkui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingjing Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ranhao Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemcial Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Lidan Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinlu Dong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhenli Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Suhua Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemcial Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
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35
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Zhao P, Feng N, Fang F, Wan H, Guan G. Surface acid etching for efficient anchoring of potassium on 3DOM La 0.8Sr 0.2MnO 3 catalyst: An integration strategy for boosting soot and NOx simultaneous elimination. J Hazard Mater 2021; 409:124916. [PMID: 33422755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The emission of soot and NOx is one of the most severe environmental issues, and the key factor is the development of catalysts in after-treatment systems. In this study, an innovative non-noble metal catalyst, named HKLSM, was fabricated by etching 3DOM La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 with citric acid and synchronously anchoring potassium salt, for soot and NOx simultaneous removal. The citric acid could not only slightly erode the 3DOM skeleton, thereby beneficial to the dispersion of potassium, but also react with high-valence state Mn to generate abundant coordination unsaturated Mn3+ sites, which could produce more active oxygen species. Moreover, HKLSM showed a higher NOx adsorption capability than the samples that were not subjected to acid etching. This adsorbed NOx could be stored as NO3- species, which could facilitate soot combustion. Among all the as-prepared catalysts, HKLSM demonstrated a competitive soot combustion activity with a T50 value of 368 °C, a TOF value of 3.24 × 10-4 s-1, a reaction rate of 1.87 × 10-7 molg-1s-1, a total NOx to N2 yield of 42.0% and favorable reusability and water-resistance. This integration strategy can rationalize an alternative protocol to soot and NOx simultaneous elimination or even other catalysis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Nengjie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Fan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Hui Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Guofeng Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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36
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Yamashita Y, Kojima D, Yoshida N, Shibata H. Relationships between dissolved black carbon and dissolved organic matter in streams. Chemosphere 2021; 271:129824. [PMID: 33736211 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is a pyrolyzed product derived from incomplete combustion. A major fraction of BC produced by landscape fires is initially deposited onto onsite soils. Atmospheric deposition of soot is known to be an important source of soil BC, especially in watersheds that are not affected by landscape fires. The transport of the dissolved fraction of oxidized BC in soil, defined as dissolved black carbon (DBC), to streams is considered one of the important loss pathways of BC in soil, but the mechanism is not well documented. We measured the quantity and quality of DBC, determined by a benzenepolycarboxylic acid method, and the quantitative and qualitative parameters of bulk dissolved organic matter (DOM) in streams in Hokkaido, northern Japan, whose catchments were not affected by landscape fire for at least 110 years. DBC with relatively low polycondensed signatures occurred in the streams, irrespective of differences in watershed characteristics and seasons, suggesting that atmospheric deposition of soot into the catchment is probably a major source of stream DBC. The DBC concentration was linearly related to the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, irrespective of the differences in watershed characteristics and seasons. Furthermore, the polycondensation degree of DBC was observed to correlate with the qualitative parameters of bulk DOM. Such quantitative and qualitative relationships between DBC and bulk DOM imply that the transfer mechanism from soils to streams of soot-derived polycondensed DBC is linked with that of higher plant-derived, high-molecular-weight aromatic DOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhei Yamashita
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Daiki Kojima
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Natsumi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Shibata
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Japan
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Dasappa S, Camacho J. Raman spectroscopy, mobility size and radiative emissions data for soot formed at increasing temperature and equivalence ratio in flames hotter than conventional combustion applications. Data Brief 2021; 36:107064. [PMID: 34026968 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.107064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The dataset presented in this article is linked to the research article titled "Evolution in size and structural order for incipient soot formed at flame temperatures greater than 2100 K"[1]. The research article discusses the systematic evolution of flame formed carbon in premixed stagnation flames with flame temperatures hotter than conventional combustion applications. The effect of the growth environment on particle size, structure, composition and properties are studied. The flame temperature (1950 K < Tf,max < 2250 K) and equivalence ratio (Φ = 2.4, 2.5, and 2.6) are methodically varied to analyze impact on insipient soot while maintaining a comparable particle residence time (tp ~ 15 ms). This article presents the data acquired for this systematic study. The data presented herein provides fundamental observations suitable for development of soot formation theory and modeling. Characterization of material properties and morphology are also relevant to potential applications of functional carbon nanomaterials. Raman spectra are measured for carbon films deposited from the flames, soot particle size distributions are obtained by aerosol sampling from the flames and soot radiative emissions are measured in-situ by color-ratio pyrometry. Deconvolution of Raman peaks is carried out to extract information on carbon bonding and structural order. Flame temperature is extracted from the measured color-ratio field making assumptions for the soot optical dispersion exponent.
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He JJ, Hu QX, Jiang MN, Huang QX. Nanostructure and reactivity of soot particles from open burning of household solid waste. Chemosphere 2021; 269:129395. [PMID: 33385669 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The main purpose of this work was to quantify and characterize chemically and morphologically the emission of soot particles from the open burning of several common solid waste including paperboard, wood, peel, chemical fiber, polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The experiment was conducted in a laboratory-scale open-burning combustor with a dilution sampling system to obtain soot particles. The thermogravimetric profiles (TGA) showed an increasing order of oxidation reactivity: PE > PVC > fiber > paper ≈ peel > wood. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images revealed more detailed information about the morphology and the particle size of soot aggregates. Subsequent quantification of nanostructure by fringe analysis showed that plastics generated soot particles with the looser carbon layers with higher tortuosity compared to the three kind of biomass. Raman spectroscopy further confirms the observed differences. In addition, wood soot exhibited the highest content of C-OH group (17.5%) among the six samples (X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS), whereas PE and PVC soot exhibited the highest absorption peaks of aliphatic C-H groups (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR). Comparative analysis revealed that the interlayer distance was more important on the evaluation of reactivity than soot morphologies. The present work concluded that the physiochemical characteristics of soot particles releasing during open burning are strongly depending on waste composition and provided new data for the understanding of soot emissions from open burning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie He
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Qin-Xuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Ming-Nan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Qun-Xing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Institute of Frontier Technologies, China.
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Seong H, Choi S, Zaluzec NJ, Lee S, Wu T, Shao H, Remias JE. Identification of engine oil-derived ash nanoparticles and ash formation process for a gasoline direct-injection engine. Environ Pollut 2021; 272:116390. [PMID: 33450641 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Engine oil-derived ash particles emitted from internal combustion (IC) engines are unwanted by-products, after oil is involved in in-cylinder combustion process. Since they typically come out together with particulate emissions, no detail has been reported about their early-stage particles other than agglomerated particles loaded on aftertreatment catalysts and filters. To better understand ash formation process during the combustion process, differently formulated engine oils were dosed into a fuel system of a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine that produces low soot mass emissions at normal operating conditions to increase the chances to find stand-alone ash particles separated from soot aggregates in the sub-20-nm size range. In addition to them, ash/soot aggregates in the larger size range were examined using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)-X-ray electron dispersive spectroscopy (XEDS) to present elemental information at different sizes of particles from various oil formulations. The STEM-XEDS results showed that regardless of formulated oil type and particle size, Ca, P and C were always contained, while Zn was occasionally found on relatively large particles, suggesting that these elements get together from an early stage of particle formation. The S, Ca and P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) analyses were performed for bulk soot containing raw ash. The linear combination approach & cross-checking among XANES results proposed that Ca5(OH)(PO4)2, Ca3(PO4)2 and Zn3(PO4)2 are potentially major chemical compounds in raw ash particles, when combined with the STEM-XEDS results. Despite many reports that CaSO4 is a major ash chemical when ash found in DPF/GFP systems was examined, it was observed to be rarely present in raw ashes using the S K-edge XANES analysis, suggesting ash transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeje Seong
- Center for Transportation Research, Argonne National Laboratory, USA.
| | - Seungmok Choi
- Center for Transportation Research, Argonne National Laboratory, USA
| | | | - Sungsik Lee
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, USA
| | - Tianpin Wu
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, USA
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Zhu J, Shang J, Zhu T. A new understanding of the microstructure of soot particles: The reduced graphene oxide-like skeleton and its visible-light driven formation of reactive oxygen species. Environ Pollut 2021; 270:116079. [PMID: 33234379 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of soot's photochemistry are still unclear, especially, how the microstructure and composition of soot influence its photoactivity. In the current study, we started with the exploration of the microstructure of soot particles and gained new insights. The elemental-carbon fraction of soot (E-soot), considered the core component of soot and can reflect the intrinsic characteristics of soot, was extracted by organic solvents and characterized in terms of structure and chemical reactivity. The intrinsic structure of E-soot was found to be more analogous to reduced graphene oxide than to graphene, in terms of containing similar levels of defective sites such as oxygen-containing functional groups and environmentally persistent free radicals, as well as exhibiting similar optoelectronic performance. The generation of reactive oxygen species via an electron transfer pathway under visible light suggests that reduced graphene oxide-like E-soot can serve as a potential carbo-photocatalyst, which facilitates elucidating the mechanism of E-soot's role during soot's photochemical aging. Our study reveals the intrinsic structure of soot and its role in photo-triggered reactive oxygen species production, which is vital for atmospheric and health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Jing Shang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, PR China.
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, PR China; Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology (BIC-ESAT), Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, PR China
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Pitre C, Ponette-González AG, Rindy JE, Lee A, Doherty D, Fry M, Johnson JA. Bird feathers are potential biomonitors for airborne elemental carbon. Environ Monit Assess 2021; 193:35. [PMID: 33409602 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08804-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Birds can serve as effective biomonitors of air pollution, yet few studies have quantified external particulate matter accumulation on bird feathers. Biomonitoring of airborne elemental carbon (EC) is of critical significance because EC is a component of particulate matter with adverse effects on air quality and human health. To assess their effectiveness for use in EC monitoring, we compared EC accumulation on bird feathers at two sites that differed in vehicular traffic volume in an urban environment within the Dallas-Fort Worth Metropolitan Area, USA. Moulted flight feathers from domestic chickens were experimentally exposed to ambient EC pollution for 5 days in two urban microenvironments 1.5 km distant from each other that differed in traffic volume--adjacent to an interstate highway and a university campus bus stop. Feathers near the highway accumulated approximately eight times more EC (307 ± 34 μg m-2 day-1), on average, than feathers near the bus stop (40 ± 9 μg m-2 day-1). These findings indicate that EC accumulation on feathers varies over short distances within urban areas and that bird feathers potentially can be used for biomonitoring airborne EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Pitre
- Department of Geography and the Environment, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305279, Denton, TX, USA
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer - Institute for Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra G Ponette-González
- Department of Geography and the Environment, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305279, Denton, TX, USA.
| | - Jenna E Rindy
- Department of Geography and the Environment, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305279, Denton, TX, USA
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna Lee
- Department of Studio Art, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 1155 Union Circle #305100, USA
| | - Dornith Doherty
- Department of Studio Art, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 1155 Union Circle #305100, USA
| | - Matthew Fry
- Department of Geography and the Environment, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305279, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Jeff A Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #310559, Denton, TX, USA
- Wolf Creek Operating Foundation, 1026 Soldier Creek Road, Wolf, WY, 82844, USA
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Oo HM, Karin P, Chollacoop N, Hanamura K. Physicochemical characterization of forest and sugarcane leaf combustion's particulate matters using electron microscopy, EDS, XRD and TGA. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 99:296-310. [PMID: 33183709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Physical characteristics and quantitative elemental composition of PM and residual ash produced from sugarcane leaves (SCL) combustion were investigated using TEM-EDS compared with forest leaves (FRL). SEM-EDS was used to analyze the microstructure and chemical composition of biomass raw leaves and PM. XRD analysis was also performed to investigate the characterization of the crystalline nanostructure, structure of PM, and residual ash compared to the TEM image processing method. The oxidation kinetics of biomass raw materials, PM, and residual ash were investigated by TGA. The morphology of fine and ultrafine agglomerate structure of SCL soot and residual ash are not significantly different from the FRL soot and residual ash. The average diameter sizes of single primary nanoparticles of SCL and FRL soot are approximately 37 nm and 35 nm, while the sizes of residual ash are about 18 nm and 22 nm, respectively. The single primary nanoparticles of soot are mainly composed of curve line crystallites of carbon fringes, while residual ash is composed of straight-line lattice fringes. The average fringe lengths of SCL and FRL soot are about 1.25 nm and 1.04 nm from the outer shell and 0.89 nm and 0.74 nm from the inner core. The interlayer spacing of curve line carbon fringes of SCL and FRL soot is approximately 0.359 nm and 0.362 nm by the TEM image analysis and it was matched with XRD analysis. The biomass PMs are mainly composed of soot, Si, Ca, and K compounds: SiO2, CaCO3, and KCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hay Mon Oo
- Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Preechar Karin
- Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand.
| | - Nuwong Chollacoop
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Katsunori Hanamura
- School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW The evidence on the role of air pollution on skin aging has increased in recent years. The accumulating evidence is based on both, epidemiological and mechanistic studies. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the recent evidence on the impacts of air pollution on skin aging as well as identify knowledge gaps for future research. RECENT FINDINGS Traffic-related air pollution exposure (particulate matter (PM), soot and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)) has been associated with premature skin aging in several independent cohorts. In real life, human skin is additionally exposed to UV radiation, which is known for its effects on premature skin aging. More recent epidemiological findings suggest that (1) associations of PM can be altered by UV radiation with stronger PM associations at lower levels of UV, and (2) there is an association of tropospheric ozone with wrinkle formation, independent of NO2, PM, and UV. The association between traffic-related air pollution and skin aging has been well-established. More recent epidemiological studies focused on the associations with ozone as well as interactions with of ambient air pollution with UV radiation, a research area that is becoming more important with the increase of global warming.
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Li Y, Zhou S, Liu K, Wang G, Wang J. Application of APCA-MLR receptor model for source apportionment of char and soot in sediments. Sci Total Environ 2020; 746:141165. [PMID: 32771758 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (char and soot) has attracted increasing attention due to its important role in the global carbon cycle, adsorption of pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals), climate effects and threats to human health. However, few studies have included source analysis of black carbon (char and soot). In this study, the levels of char, soot and PAHs in sediments of West Taihu Lake were assessed, and an absolute principal component analysis followed by multiple linear regression (APCA-MLR) receptor model was used to successfully analyze the material sources of char and soot, providing a new perspective and method for exploring the sources of char and soot. The contributions of coal combustion sources to char and soot are 62.0% and 43.2%, respectively, which are significantly higher than those of biomass combustion sources (13.7% and 19.8%). The contributions of oil combustion sources to char and soot are 24.3% and 37.0%, respectively. The contributions of coal, oil and biomass combustion to char and soot have similar spatial distributions: the coal combustion sources and biomass combustion sources are mainly affected by urban development, which is largely distributed in the northwest of the study area, whereas the oil combustion sources are mainly affected by automobile traffic and lake ports, which are mainly distributed in the west of the study area, and these effects decrease with an increase in offshore distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shenglu Zhou
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Liu
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Genmei Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junxiao Wang
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
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Sabbah H, Commodo M, Picca F, De Falco G, Minutolo P, D’Anna A, Joblin C. Molecular content of nascent soot: Family characterization using two-step laser desorption laser ionization mass spectrometry. Proc Combust Inst 2020; 38:1241-1248. [PMID: 33850480 PMCID: PMC7610591 DOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Molecules constituting nascent soot particles have been analyzed by two-step laser desorption laser ionization mass spectrometry. Three samples have been collected from a slightly sooting ethylene/air premixed flame with the aim to investigate soot composition in the transition from nucleated to just-grown soot particles. Sampling locations have been selected based on the evolution of the particle size distribution along the flame axis. The mass spectrometric results point to a strong evolution of the molecular composition. Just-nucleated soot is rich in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) dominated by medium sizes from 18 to 40 carbon atoms but containing sizes as large as 90 carbon atoms. Most abundant PAHs are in the form of peri-condensed structures. The presence of a large fraction of odd numbered carbon species shows that pentagonal cycles are a common feature of the detected population. Increasing the distance from the burner outlet, i.e., the particle residence time in flame, leads to an evolution of the chemical composition of this population with a major contribution of carbon clusters including also fullerenes up to about 160 carbon atoms. Our data support a scenario in which large PAHs containing pentagonal rings evolve very efficiently upon thermal processing by a series of dehydrogenation and isomerization processes to form fullerenes. This chemistry happens in the early steps of soot growth showing that carbonization is already active at this stage. © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The Combustion Institute. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Sabbah
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie
(IRAP), Université de Toulouse (UPS), CNRS, CNES, 9 Av. du Colonel Roche,
31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Mario Commodo
- Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione, CNR, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125
Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Picca
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione
Industriale - Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80,
80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gianluigi De Falco
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione
Industriale - Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80,
80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Patrizia Minutolo
- Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione, CNR, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125
Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea D’Anna
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione
Industriale - Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80,
80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Christine Joblin
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie
(IRAP), Université de Toulouse (UPS), CNRS, CNES, 9 Av. du Colonel Roche,
31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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Williams J, Petrik L, Wichmann J. PM 2.5 chemical composition and geographical origin of air masses in Cape Town, South Africa. Air Qual Atmos Health 2020; 14:431-442. [PMID: 33042291 PMCID: PMC7539287 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-020-00947-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 in the indoor and outdoor environment has been linked in epidemiology studies to the symptoms, hospital admissions and development of numerous health outcomes including death. The study was conducted during April 2017 and April 2018. PM2.5 samples were collected over 24 h and every third day. The mean PM2.5 level was 13.4 μg m-3 (range: 1.17-39.1 μg m-3). PM2.5 levels exceeded the daily World Health Organization air quality guideline (25 μg m-3) on 14 occasions. The mean soot level was 1.38 m-1 × 10-5 (range: 0 to 5.38 m-1 × 10-5). Cl-, NO3 -, SO4 2-, Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Na and Zn were detected in the PM2.5 samples. The geographical origin of air masses that passed Cape Town was estimated using the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory software. Four air masses were identified in the cluster analysis: Atlantic-Ocean-WSW, Atlantic-Ocean-SW, Atlantic-Ocean-SSW and Indian-Ocean. The population of Cape Town may experience various health outcomes from the outdoor exposure to PM2.5 and the chemical composition of PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Williams
- Environmental and Nano Sciences Group, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leslie Petrik
- Environmental and Nano Sciences Group, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Janine Wichmann
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Morán J, Yon J, Poux A, Corbin F, Ouf FX, Siméon A. Monte Carlo Aggregation Code (MCAC) Part 2: Application to soot agglomeration, highlighting the importance of primary particles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 575:274-285. [PMID: 32380319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During the agglomeration of nanoparticles and in particular, soot, a change in both the flow regime (from free molecular to near continuum) as well as the change of agglomeration regime (from ballistic to diffusive) is expected. However, these effects are rarely taken into account in numerical simulations of particle agglomeration and yet, they are suspected to have an important impact on the agglomeration kinetics, particle morphologies, and size distributions. This work intends to study these properties by using the Monte Carlo Aggregation Code (MCAC) presented in the preceding work (part 1), focusing on the physical impacts of varying the particle volume fraction and monomers size and polydispersity. The results show an important sensitivity of the kinetics of agglomeration, coagulation homogeneity, and agglomerate morphology to the size of monomers. First, for smaller monomer diameters, the agglomeration kinetic is enhanced and agglomerates are characterized by larger fractal dimensions. Second, for large monomer diameters, fractal dimensions down to 1.67 can be found being smaller than the classical 1.78 for Diffusion Limited Cluster Agglomeration (DLCA) mechanism. One important conclusion is that variation in time of both regimes has to be considered for a more accurate simulation of the agglomerate size distribution and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Morán
- Normandie Université, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, CORIA, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - J Yon
- Normandie Université, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, CORIA, 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - A Poux
- Normandie Université, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, CORIA, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - F Corbin
- Normandie Université, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, CORIA, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - F-X Ouf
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucéaire (IRSN), PSN-RES, SCA, Gif-Sur-Yvette 91192, France
| | - A Siméon
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518 - LOA - Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique, 59000 Lille, France
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Tiwari S, Kun L, Chen B. Spatial variability of sedimentary carbon in South Yellow Sea, China: impact of anthropogenic emission and long-range transportation. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:23812-23823. [PMID: 32301087 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08686-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During the last few decades, sedimentary carbons gain great concerns of research interest among the scientific committee worldwide due to their adverse impact on aquatic chemistry, ecology, and hence human health along with global climate change. In the present study, we investigated the spatial distribution of mass concentration of sedimentary carbon (viz. black carbon: BC, and its components, char and soot) along with their burial fluxes in the surface sediments of the South Yellow Sea (SYS). The concentration of sedimentary carbon is measured by using an emerging method of thermal/optical reflectance. The observed BC concentration is found in the range of 0.02-1.02 mg g-1 with a mean value of 0.49 ± 0.26 mg g-1. The mean burial fluxes of BC, char, and soot also have a similar spatial variation to their concentration with the mean value along with relative standard deviation (in bracket) 22.43 ± 12.49 (~ 56%), 5.90 ± 3.99 (~ 68%), and 16.53 ± 10.67 (65%), respectively. Relatively lower value of char/soot ratio, i.e., 0.48 ± 0.22, indicates the dominance of soot in surface sediments that could be mainly derived from the fossil fuel combustion which is further confirmed from emission inventory data suggesting maximum contribution, i.e., ~ 66-80%, of the total BC emission emitted from residential and industrial emission sources. The back trajectories analysis revealed a significant impact of long-range transportation on BC concentration in the surface sediments of SYS. Further study of BC concentrations in sea sediments and their interaction with other organic/inorganic compounds in continental shelves is highly needed for a better understanding of the global carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani Tiwari
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Liu Kun
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266061, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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49
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Zhan C, Wan D, Han Y, Zhang J. Historical variation of black carbon and PAHs over the last ~200 years in central North China: Evidence from lake sediment records. Sci Total Environ 2019; 690:891-899. [PMID: 31302553 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As the largest coal-producing province in China, the coal production of Shanxi Province accounts for one third of the country's total. Thus it is of great importance to study the pollution history of typical pollutants in Shanxi Province and their links with energy usage in North China. Sediment cores from two relatively remote lakes in central North China were retrieved to investigate historical evolutions of black carbon (BC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the last ~200 years. The two records show several-fold increases in both concentrations and depositional fluxes of BC, char, soot, and PAHs in recent five decades, which were associated with the influence of anthropogenic activities resulting from socio-economic development in Shanxi Province. However, after ~2000 their fluxes decreased sharply due to China's effort on environmental protection. These changes indicate that atmospheric BC and PAHs loads in the region were affected significantly by recent anthropogenic activities and environmental policies. Ratios of individual PAHs and char/soot indicate pyrogenic sources of these increased pollutants in recent decades, with coking industry and coal combustion as the two major sources. Significant positive correlations between BC and PAHs were observed in both cores of Lake Gonghai and Lake Mayinghai, indicating that they were likely co-transported by BC particles from similar sources. This study provides new and important understanding of the atmospheric pollution history of BC and PAHs in North China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlin Zhan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China
| | - Dejun Wan
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Yongming Han
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jiaquan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China
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50
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Esmeryan KD, Lazarov Y, Stamenov GS, Chaushev TA. When condensed matter physics meets biology: Does superhydrophobicity benefiting the cryopreservation of human spermatozoa? Cryobiology 2019; 92:263-266. [PMID: 31600483 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing demand in regenerative and reproductive medicine for successful conservation of living matter, the need of reliable platform in cell banking seems inevitable. Whilst the cells storage at cryogenic temperatures is a well-developed method, far less is known about the efficiency of nanotechnology in cryogenics. The primary objective of this study is to represent the first of its kind experimental results related to cryopreservation of human spermatozoa by means of superhydrophobic carbon soot coatings. The inclusion of soot-based water repellent interface during the freezing and thawing of human semen minimizes the solid-liquid interfacial area, retards the heat transfer rate and promotes the recovery of up to 80% of initial motility of post-thaw sperm cells. Our discoveries reveal a fundamentally new and exciting direction of development of cryopreservation technologies in the battle against painful biopsies and repetitive surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karekin D Esmeryan
- Acoustoelectronics Laboratory, Georgi Nadjakov Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72, Tzarigradsko Chaussee Blvd, 1784, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Yuliyan Lazarov
- Acoustoelectronics Laboratory, Georgi Nadjakov Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72, Tzarigradsko Chaussee Blvd, 1784, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Georgi S Stamenov
- Research Department, Nadezhda Women's Health Hospital, 3 "BlagaVest" Street, 1330, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Todor A Chaushev
- Research Department, Nadezhda Women's Health Hospital, 3 "BlagaVest" Street, 1330, Sofia, Bulgaria
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