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Wu J, Faccinetto A, Batut S, Cazaunau M, Pangui E, Nuns N, Hanoune B, Doussin JF, Desgroux P, Petitprez D. On the correlation between hygroscopic properties and chemical composition of cloud condensation nuclei obtained from the chemical aging of soot particles with O 3 and SO 2. Sci Total Environ 2024; 906:167745. [PMID: 37827306 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Soot particles released in the atmosphere have long been investigated for their ability to affect the radiative forcing. Although freshly emitted soot particles are generally considered to yield only positive contributions to the radiative forcing, atmospheric aging can activate them into efficient cloud condensation or ice nuclei, which can trigger the formation of persistent clouds and ultimately provide a negative contribution to the radiative forcing. Depending on their residence time in the atmosphere, soot particles can undergo several physical and chemical aging processes that affect their chemical composition, particle size distribution and morphology, and ultimately their optical and hygroscopic properties. The impact of the physical-chemical aging on the properties of soot particles is still difficult to quantify, as well as their effect on the radiative forcing of the atmosphere. This work investigates the hygroscopic properties of chemically aged soot particles obtained from the combustion of aviation fuel, and in particular the interplay between aging mechanisms initiated by two widespread atmospheric oxidizers (O3 and SO2). Activation is measured in water supersaturation conditions using a cloud condensation nuclei counter. Once particle morphology and size distribution are taken into account, the hygroscopicity parameter κ is derived using κ-Köhler theory and correlated to the change of the chemical composition of the particles aged in a simulation chamber. While fresh soot particles are poor cloud condensation nuclei (κ < 10-4) and are not significantly affected by either O3 or SO2 at the timescale of the experiments, rapid activation is observed when they are simultaneously exposed to both oxidizers. Activated particles become efficient cloud condensation nuclei, comparable to the highly hygroscopic particulate matter typically found in the atmosphere (κ = 0.2-0.6 at RH = 20 %). Statistical analysis reveals a correlation between the activation and sulfur-containing ions detected on the chemically aged particles that are absent from the fresh particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junteng Wu
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Alessandro Faccinetto
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Batut
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Mathieu Cazaunau
- Univ. Paris Est Créteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Edouard Pangui
- Univ. Paris Est Créteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Nicolas Nuns
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, FR 2638 - IMEC - Institut Michel-Eugène Chevreul, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Benjamin Hanoune
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean-François Doussin
- Univ. Paris Est Créteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Pascale Desgroux
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Denis Petitprez
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France.
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Panaget T, Mokrani N, Batut S, Lahccen A, Fenard Y, Pillier L, Vanhove G. Insight into the Ozone-Assisted Low-Temperature Combustion of Dimethyl Ether by Means of Stabilized Cool Flames. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:9167-9179. [PMID: 34636244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c05583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The low-temperature combustion kinetics of dimethyl ether (DME) were studied by means of stabilized cool flames in a heated stagnation plate burner configuration using ozone-seeded premixed flows of DME/O2. Direct imaging of CH2O* chemiluminescence and laser-induced fluorescence of CH2O were used to determine the flame front positions in a wide range of lean and ultra-lean equivalence ratios and ozone concentrations for two strain rates. The temperature and species mole fraction profiles along the flame were measured by coupling thermocouples, gas chromatography, micro-chromatography, and quadrupole mass spectrometry analysis. A new kinetic model was built on the basis of the Aramco 1.3 model, coupled with a validated submechanism of O3 chemistry, and was updated to improve the agreement with the obtained experimental results and experimental data available in the literature. The main results show the efficiency of the tested model to predict the flame front position and temperature in every tested condition, as well as the importance of reactions typical of atmospheric chemistry in the prediction of cool flame occurrence. The agreement on the fuel and major products is overall good, except for methanol, highlighting some missing kinetic pathways for the DME/O2/O3 system, possibly linked to the direct addition of atomic oxygen on the fuel radical, modifying the product distribution after the cool flame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Panaget
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522-PC2A-Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nabil Mokrani
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522-PC2A-Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Batut
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522-PC2A-Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Amaury Lahccen
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522-PC2A-Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Yann Fenard
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522-PC2A-Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Laure Pillier
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522-PC2A-Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Guillaume Vanhove
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522-PC2A-Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
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Mermet K, Perraudin E, Dusanter S, Sauvage S, Léonardis T, Flaud PM, Bsaibes S, Kammer J, Michoud V, Gratien A, Cirtog M, Al Ajami M, Truong F, Batut S, Hecquet C, Doussin JF, Schoemaecker C, Gros V, Locoge N, Villenave E. Atmospheric reactivity of biogenic volatile organic compounds in a maritime pine forest during the LANDEX episode 1 field campaign. Sci Total Environ 2021; 756:144129. [PMID: 33310213 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Trace gas measurements were performed during the LANDEX (the LANDes EXperiment) Episode 1 field campaign in the summer 2017, in one of the largest European maritime pine forests (> 95% Pinus pinaster) located in southwestern France. Efforts have been focused on obtaining a good speciation of 20 major biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs, including pinenes, carenes, terpinenes, linalool, camphene, etc.). This was made possible by the development of a new and specific chromatographic method. In order to assess the role of BVOCs in the local gas phase chemistry budget, their reactivity with the main atmospheric oxidants (hydroxyl radicals (OH), ozone (O3) and nitrate radicals (NO3)) and the corresponding consumption rates were determined. When considering the OH reactivity with BVOCs, isoprene and linalool accounted for 10-47% of the OH depletion during daytime, and monoterpenes for 50-65%, whereas monoterpenes were the main contributors during the night (70-85%). Sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes were the main contributors to the ozone reactivity, especially β-caryophyllene (30-70%), with a maximum contribution during nighttime. Nighttime nitrate reactivity was predominantly due to monoterpenes (i.e. 90-95%). Five specific groups have been proposed to classify the 19 BVOCs measured in the forest, according to their reactivity with atmospheric oxidants and their concentrations. The total amount of BVOCs consumed under and above the forest canopy was evaluated for 7 BVOCs (i.e. isoprene, α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcene, limonene + cis-ocimene and Δ3-carene). The reactivity of atmospheric oxidants and BVOCs at a local level are discussed in order to highlight the compounds (BVOCs, other VOCs), the atmospheric oxidants and the main associated reactive processes observed under the canopy of a maritime pine forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Mermet
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, EPOC, EPHE, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France; IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille - SAGE, Département Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Emilie Perraudin
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, EPOC, EPHE, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Sébastien Dusanter
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille - SAGE, Département Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Stéphane Sauvage
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille - SAGE, Département Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Thierry Léonardis
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille - SAGE, Département Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Sandy Bsaibes
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE, UMR CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Julien Kammer
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, EPOC, EPHE, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE, UMR CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Vincent Michoud
- LISA, UMR CNRS 7583, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Université de Paris, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - Aline Gratien
- LISA, UMR CNRS 7583, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Université de Paris, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - Manuela Cirtog
- LISA, UMR CNRS 7583, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Université de Paris, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - Mohamad Al Ajami
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, PC2A, UMR 8522, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - François Truong
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE, UMR CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sébastien Batut
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, PC2A, UMR 8522, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Christophe Hecquet
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, PC2A, UMR 8522, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Jean-Francois Doussin
- LISA, UMR CNRS 7583, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Université de Paris, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - Coralie Schoemaecker
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, PC2A, UMR 8522, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Valérie Gros
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE, UMR CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nadine Locoge
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille - SAGE, Département Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Eric Villenave
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, EPOC, EPHE, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France.
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Mercier X, Faccinetto A, Batut S, Vanhove G, Božanić DK, Hróðmarsson HR, Garcia GA, Nahon L. Selective identification of cyclopentaring-fused PAHs and side-substituted PAHs in a low pressure premixed sooting flame by photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:15926-15944. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02740e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Selective on-line identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) formed in a low-pressure methane sooting flame, carried out using the double imaging Photoelectron Photoion Coincidence Spectroscopy method (i2PEPICO).
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Mercier
- Université Lille
- CNRS
- UMR 8522 – PC2A – Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l’Atmosphère
- F-59000 Lille
- France
| | - A. Faccinetto
- Université Lille
- CNRS
- UMR 8522 – PC2A – Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l’Atmosphère
- F-59000 Lille
- France
| | - S. Batut
- Université Lille
- CNRS
- UMR 8522 – PC2A – Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l’Atmosphère
- F-59000 Lille
- France
| | - G. Vanhove
- Université Lille
- CNRS
- UMR 8522 – PC2A – Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l’Atmosphère
- F-59000 Lille
- France
| | - D. K. Božanić
- Synchrotron SOLEIL
- L ‘Orme des Merisiers
- 91192 Gif sur Yvette
- France
| | | | - G. A. Garcia
- Synchrotron SOLEIL
- L ‘Orme des Merisiers
- 91192 Gif sur Yvette
- France
| | - L. Nahon
- Synchrotron SOLEIL
- L ‘Orme des Merisiers
- 91192 Gif sur Yvette
- France
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Chao W, Jr‐Min Lin J, Takahashi K, Tomas A, Yu L, Kajii Y, Batut S, Schoemaecker C, Fittschen C. Water Vapor Does Not Catalyze the Reaction between Methanol and OH Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5013-5017. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chao
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular SciencesAcademia Sinica Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Jim Jr‐Min Lin
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular SciencesAcademia Sinica Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Kaito Takahashi
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular SciencesAcademia Sinica Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Alexandre Tomas
- Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement SAGEIMT Lille Douai 941 Rue Charles Bourseul 59508 Douai France
| | - Lu Yu
- Atmospheric ChemistryDepartment of Natural SourcesUniversity of Kyoto Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Yoshizumi Kajii
- Atmospheric ChemistryDepartment of Natural SourcesUniversity of Kyoto Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Sébastien Batut
- Physical Chemistry of Combustion and Atmospheric ProcessesUniversity Lille/ CNRS UMR 8522 Cité Scientifique, Bât. C11 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - Coralie Schoemaecker
- Physical Chemistry of Combustion and Atmospheric ProcessesUniversity Lille/ CNRS UMR 8522 Cité Scientifique, Bât. C11 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - Christa Fittschen
- Physical Chemistry of Combustion and Atmospheric ProcessesUniversity Lille/ CNRS UMR 8522 Cité Scientifique, Bât. C11 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq France
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Chao W, Jr‐Min Lin J, Takahashi K, Tomas A, Yu L, Kajii Y, Batut S, Schoemaecker C, Fittschen C. Water Vapor Does Not Catalyze the Reaction between Methanol and OH Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chao
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular SciencesAcademia Sinica Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Jim Jr‐Min Lin
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular SciencesAcademia Sinica Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Kaito Takahashi
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular SciencesAcademia Sinica Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Alexandre Tomas
- Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement SAGEIMT Lille Douai 941 Rue Charles Bourseul 59508 Douai France
| | - Lu Yu
- Atmospheric ChemistryDepartment of Natural SourcesUniversity of Kyoto Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Yoshizumi Kajii
- Atmospheric ChemistryDepartment of Natural SourcesUniversity of Kyoto Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Sébastien Batut
- Physical Chemistry of Combustion and Atmospheric ProcessesUniversity Lille/ CNRS UMR 8522 Cité Scientifique, Bât. C11 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - Coralie Schoemaecker
- Physical Chemistry of Combustion and Atmospheric ProcessesUniversity Lille/ CNRS UMR 8522 Cité Scientifique, Bât. C11 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - Christa Fittschen
- Physical Chemistry of Combustion and Atmospheric ProcessesUniversity Lille/ CNRS UMR 8522 Cité Scientifique, Bât. C11 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq France
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Blocquet M, Guo F, Mendez M, Ward M, Coudert S, Batut S, Hecquet C, Blond N, Fittschen C, Schoemaecker C. Impact of the spectral and spatial properties of natural light on indoor gas-phase chemistry: Experimental and modeling study. Indoor Air 2018; 28:426-440. [PMID: 29377266 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of indoor light (intensity, spectral, spatial distribution) originating from outdoors have been studied using experimental and modeling tools. They are influenced by many parameters such as building location, meteorological conditions, and the type of window. They have a direct impact on indoor air quality through a change in chemical processes by varying the photolysis rates of indoor pollutants. Transmittances of different windows have been measured and exhibit different wavelength cutoffs, thus influencing the potential of different species to be photolysed. The spectral distribution of light entering indoors through the windows was measured under different conditions and was found to be weakly dependent on the time of day for indirect cloudy, direct sunshine, partly cloudy conditions contrary to the light intensity, in agreement with calculations of the transmittance as a function of the zenithal angle and the calculated outdoor spectral distribution. The same conclusion can be drawn concerning the position within the room. The impact of these light characteristics on the indoor chemistry has been studied using the INCA-Indoor model by considering the variation in the photolysis rates of key indoor species. Depending on the conditions, photolysis processes can lead to a significant production of radicals and secondary species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Blocquet
- PC2A, UMR 8522 CNRS/Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - F Guo
- CNRS, Laboratoire Image Ville Environnement (LIVE), UMR 7362, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - M Mendez
- Octopus Lab, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - M Ward
- PC2A, UMR 8522 CNRS/Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - S Coudert
- PC2A, UMR 8522 CNRS/Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - S Batut
- PC2A, UMR 8522 CNRS/Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - C Hecquet
- PC2A, UMR 8522 CNRS/Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - N Blond
- CNRS, Laboratoire Image Ville Environnement (LIVE), UMR 7362, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - C Fittschen
- PC2A, UMR 8522 CNRS/Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - C Schoemaecker
- PC2A, UMR 8522 CNRS/Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Parez N, Quinet B, Batut S, Grimprel E, Larroquet M, Audry G, Bégué P. [Cholelithiasis in children with sickle cell disease: experience of a French pediatric hospital]. Arch Pediatr 2001; 8:1045-9. [PMID: 11683094 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(01)00581-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gallstones are frequently encountered in sickle cell disease. Their complications are difficult to distinguish from vaso-occlusive abdominal pain and they can sometimes threaten the patient's life. The aim of this study was to describe our local experience with cholelithiasis in children with sickle cell disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS We analyzed the follow-up records and abdominal sonography results of 185 children with sickle cell anemia, aged zero to 18 years, followed up in Trousseau Children's Hospital (Paris) from 1982 to 1998. RESULTS Cholelithiasis was detected in 26 patients. The youngest patient was five years old. Cholelithiasis was discovered because of clinical manifestations in 12 patients. Asymptomatic cholelithiasis patients developed clinical manifestations in 28% cases in a maximum delay of two and a half years after its diagnosis. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed in nine cases and open cholecystectomy in 17 cases. The mean postoperative length of stay was significantly shorter in the group of patients with laparoscopy in comparison with the group with open cholecystectomy. Histologic analysis of the gallbladders noted 85% of acute or chronic cholecystis. CONCLUSION We suggest that cholelithiasis should be carefully sought in the presence of abdominal manifestations in sickle cell patients. We recommend that annual abdominal sonography be performed in sickle cell patients as early as seven years of age and elective cholecystectomy be performed on patients with cholelithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Parez
- Service de pédiatrie générale, pathologies infectieuses et tropicales, hôpital d'enfants Armand-Trousseau, 75571 Paris, France.
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